| House of Neville | |
|---|---|
 Arms of Neville:Gules, asaltire argent | |
| Country | Kingdom of England,United Kingdom |
| Founded | Before 1129 |
| Founder | Uhtred |
| Current head | Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny |
| Titles | |
TheHouse of Neville orNevill family (originallyFitzMaldred) is anoble house ofearly medieval origin, which was a leading force inEnglish politics in theLate Middle Ages. The family became one of the two major powers innorthern England and played a central role in theWars of the Roses along withtheir rival, theHouse of Percy.
The great Neville family traces its origins to Geoffrey "de Neville" (d.circa 1242), the son of Robert FitzMaldred and Isabel de Neville, who adopted the family name of his mother.
The male line of the Nevilles was ofnative origin, and the family may well have been part of the pre-Conquest aristocracy ofNorthumbria.[1] Following the Norman Conquest, most of the existing Anglo-Saxon aristocracy of England were dispossessed and replaced by a new Norman ruling elite, and although such survivals are very rare, continued landholding by native families was more common in the far north of England, including inCounty Durham, the area of their earliest recorded landholdings.
The male-line of the family can be traced back to a certain Uhtred, whose identity is unclear, since the ancestors of Robert FitzMaldred first appear in surviving records only decades after theNorman Conquest of England (1066) andDomesday Book (1086), which did not cover County Durham. In the 16th century, the Nevilles claimed that their ancestor Uhtred was descended fromCrinan of Dunkeld, ancestor of the Scottish royalHouse of Dunkeld.[2] As well as prestigious ancient connections with the royal families of both England andScotland, this claim entailed a line of descent from theBamburgh dynasty ofEarls of Northumbria, attaching the Nevilles' later power in the north to a pedigree of pre-eminence in the region stretching back at least as far as the early 10th century. Modern genealogists have speculated about theories to connect Uhtred with his purported forebears, but none of these is supported by any direct evidence.[1] Meanwhile,Horace Round (1895) suggests that Uhtred may have been identical with the man of that name who was a son of Ligulf, a great Northumbrianthegn killed at Durham in 1080.[3]
Dolfin, called in the records "son of Uhtred", is first attested in 1129, asholding themanor ofStaindrop (formerly Stainthorp) in County Durham, from thePrior of Durham. It shared with a vast church estate some limitedcommon land of 14,000 acres (5,700 ha).[4] This locality remained the principal seat of the family until 1569, their chief residence being at Raby in the north of theparish of Staindrop, where in the 14th century they built the presentRaby Castle.[5]
Dolfin was succeeded by his son Meldred. He in turn was succeeded by his son RobertFitzMeldred.
Already before the Neville marriage, the FitzMeldred family was a major power in the area: "In the extent of their landed possessions this family, holding on obdurately to native names for a full hundred years after 1066, was pre-eminent among the lay proprietors within the bishopric of Durham during the twelfth century".[6]
The Anglo-Norman Ancient House of de Nevilles traces back toOdo, Count of Penthièvre and his son Ribald.[citation needed]
In 1069,William the Conqueror granted the Lordship ofMiddleham to his Breton cousinAlan Rufus, son of Odo, who built a woodenmotte-and-bailey castle above the town. It has been dubbed the "Windsor of the North". By the time of the 1086 Domesday Book, Alan had passed the castle to his brother Ribald.
The Middleham castle eventually passed to Ribald's descendant[citation needed]Geoffrey de Neville (died 1193), 2ndfeudal baron of Ashby in Lincolnshire.[7] At some time before 1176 he married Emma de Bulmer (d.1208), who brought to her husband several estates, includingBrancepeth Castle in County Durham andSheriff Hutton Castle near Bulmer,[8] Raskelf and Sutton-in-the-Forest, all in Yorkshire.
His second child and heiress was Isabel de Neville (d.1248/54),[9] who married Robert FitzMaldred (1170/4-1242/8).
Geoffrey "de Neville" (d.c. 1242) inherited the estates of his mother's family as well as his father's, and adopted his mother's surname, but retained his paternal arms ofGules, a saltire argent.[10] In Norman-ruled England, a Norman surname was more prestigious and socially advantageous[11] than his original English surname FitzRobert.
Geoffrey de Neville's eldest son and heir wasRobert de Neville,Sheriff of Yorkshire andSheriff of Northumberland (1258). Other children include Geoffrey—who was to start acadet branch of the family inHornby, Lancashire[12]—John,[12] and Hugh.[13] The identity of the mother, however, is disputed among scholars.A. F. Pollard, for example, writing in theDictionary of National Biography in 1894 suggested that she was Margaret, daughter of Sir John de Longvillers. However, this Margaret was married until 1285, and there is evidence from aLincolnshirefine of 1247 which refers to one Robert de Neville, knight, and his mother, Joan.[12][note 1]
The family's wealth and power grew steadily over the following centuries. Their regional power benefited greatly from frequent appointment to such royal offices assheriff,castellan, justice of the forest, andjustice of the peace in various parts of northern England.[16] This prominent office-holding began with Geoffrey de Neville's son Robert, in the reign ofHenry III, whom Robert supported against the barons underSimon de Montfort.[17] The Nevilles also held administrative office under theprince-bishops of Durham.[18] Robert's grandsonRalph Neville was one of the founding members of thePeerage of England, being summoned to sit in theHouse of Lords at its establishment in 1295, and thus initiating the line ofBarons Neville de Raby.[19]
Service in the wars of the late 13th and 14th centuries against Scotland, and later in theHundred Years' War inFrance was of key importance in further enhancing the family's standing.[20] In 1334Ralph Neville, Lord of Raby was appointed one of thewardens of the marches, the chief officers for frontier defence, and the Nevilles were habitually appointed to these posts thereafter.[21] Ralph commanded the force that crushed an invading Scottish army at theBattle of Neville's Cross outside Durham and capturedKing David II in 1346. In the mid-14th century, the Nevilles became involved in naval defence as well, holding the post of Admiral of the North.[22] During this period they also began to be appointed to high office at court and in the Church: the victor of Neville's Cross served asSteward of the Royal Household, and on his death was succeeded in the office by his eldest sonJohn. John's brotherAlexander Neville becameArchbishop of York and was a close advisor ofRichard II. As such, he was prosecuted, along with Richard's other leading adherents, when the disgruntledLords Appellant seized power in 1386–9. He suffered the confiscation of his property but, as a clergyman, he escaped the death sentences imposed on his colleagues.[23]
By the late 14th century, the family had acquired an extensive array of estates across northern England. Besides their original powerbase in County Durham, they possessed a large block of lands in northern and centralYorkshire and significant holdings inCumberland andNorthumberland. They also held scattered estates inLancashire and further south inLincolnshire,Norfolk,Northamptonshire,Bedfordshire andEssex. In addition to Raby, they acquired or built important castles atBrancepeth near Durham and atMiddleham,Sheriff Hutton andSnape in Yorkshire.[24] Although geographically concentrated, their main estates were organised into three different administrative units (receiverships), based at Raby, Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. These were respectively responsible for the holdings in County Durham, in north-western Yorkshire, and in central Yorkshire. Towards the end of the 14th century, Middleham became a second habitual residence of the head of the family.[25]
The Nevilles' emergence into the highest echelon of the aristocracy received formal recognition in 1397, when the Lord of RabyRalph Neville was createdEarl of Westmorland by Richard II. By this time the Nevilles' power in the north was matched only by thePercyEarls of Northumberland, with whom they developedan acrimonious rivalry. These competing northern magnates enjoyed an exceptional degree of autonomy from royal authority, owing to the remoteness and insecurity of the region where they were established. The king, whose court was based in the south, had to rely on powerful lords from both houses to protect the border from Scottish invasion, counterbalance each other's influence, and help with general governance.
Although the family had previously been close to Richard II, Earl Ralph was quick to join Henry Bolingbroke when he landed in England to overthrow Richard in 1399. Shortly after Bolingbroke's successful usurpation, taking the throne asHenry IV, Westmorland was rewarded with marriage to the new king's half-sisterJoan Beaufort, daughter of princeJohn of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. Henry extended Richard II's policy of bolstering the strength of the Nevilles as a check to the troublesome Percys. The family gained from the weakening of Percy power as a result of the Crown's suppression of a series of rebellions involving that family in the 1400s.[26]
While increasing the political standing of the Nevilles, the royal marriage led to a serious split in the family. Earl Ralph had previously been married toMargaret de Stafford, and the title of Earl of Westmorland descended through his son by this marriage. However, he favoured his sons by his second marriage, who received the bulk of the family lands on his death. This led to bitter disputes over the inheritance and lasting estrangement between the Nevilles of Raby, descended from Margaret Stafford, and the Nevilles of Middleham, descended from Joan Beaufort.[27]
In addition to his patrimonial inheritance, Ralph's eldest son by Joan,Richard Neville, acquired theearldom of Salisbury by marriage to its heiress. Salisbury's own eldest sonRichard becameEarl of Warwick by the same means. These marriages brought the family huge new estates. Those of the earldom of Warwick, inherited from the Beauchamp family, were concentrated chiefly inWarwickshire andWorcestershire, but with lesser holdings in County Durham,Devon,Cornwall and theWelsh Marches. The main Salisbury lands, formerly held by the Montagus, were widely distributed across the south-west, with clusters in Devon,Dorset,Somerset andWiltshire.[28] The family also acquired the barony ofLatimer through the marriage of the first Earl of Westmorland'sfather, later passed on to one of the first earl's younger sons, and the baronies ofFauconberg andBergavenny through the marriages of two more of those sons.
Salisbury and Warwick became the most important supporters ofRichard, Duke of York during the early stages of theWars of the Roses. They probably hoped that aYorkist seizure of power would bring a favourable resolution of major inheritance disputes involving Warwick, and of asporadically violent struggle for preeminence in the north between Salisbury and the Percys. They were also connected to York by marriage, as he had married Salisbury's sisterCecily; their children included the future kingsEdward IV andRichard III. In addition to their own wealth and armed following, the Nevilles' heft in this and subsequent conflicts was enhanced by Warwick's position asConstable of Calais and commissioner for the keeping of the seas. These offices gave him command of England's only significant standing armed force and control of a war-fleet. They also enabled him to develop close ties with the London corporation of theMerchants of the Staple, a major source of financial support, and to gain popularity with the discontented populace of London and the south-east, especiallyKent, whom Warwick and his allies repeatedly stirred into revolt. York and Salisbury were both killed at theBattle of Wakefield in 1460, but Warwick helped York's son Edward, Earl of March, to deposeHenry VI and gain the throne as Edward IV in 1461.[29]
Among the family's rewards for their support was the elevation of Salisbury's brother, the veteran soldierWilliam Neville, Lord Fauconberg, asEarl of Kent. He, Warwick, and Salisbury's younger sonJohn Neville, now ennobled asBaron Montagu, directed the suppression of lingeringLancastrian resistance in the north, where the ousted dynasty clung on for three years after their decisive defeat at theBattle of Towton in 1461. The Percys were among the principal supporters of the Lancastrian cause, and following the death at Towton ofHenry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and the final elimination of resistance in the north in 1464, the Nevilles secured their greatest triumph over their rivals, acquiring the earldom of Northumberland for John Neville in 1465.[30]
Warwick, now the richest man in England after the king, was thepower behind the throne in Edward's regime during its early years, but the two men later fell out. Their estrangement was due in large part to the king's secret marriage in 1464 toElizabeth Woodville. This humiliated Warwick, who had negotiated an agreement withLouis XI of France for Edward to marry the French king's sister-in-law. Relations were further aggravated by the subsequent influence of the Woodvilles, who successfully opposed Warwick over foreign policy.[31]
In 1469 Warwick seized control of government, in conjunction with his brotherGeorge Neville, Archbishop of York, and Edward's own brotherGeorge Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence. Their alliance had been sealed by Clarence's marriage to Warwick's daughterIsabel. Warwick and Clarence imprisoned the king and sought to rule in his name, but the new regime was unable to impose its authority, and Edward was released. The king refrained from punishing the rebels, but sought to reestablish a northern counterweight to the Nevilles by restoring the earldom of Northumberland to the dispossessed heir,Henry Percy. This meant depriving John Neville, who had remained loyal to the king when his brothers rebelled, of his title, lands and offices. Edward sought to retain John's allegiance by compensating him with estates in the south-west, the new title ofMarquess of Montagu, and the betrothal of his young sonGeorge Neville to the king's eldest daughter and current heir,Elizabeth of York. George was madeDuke of Bedford in recognition of his future prospects. All this, however, evidently failed to mollify Montagu.
Warwick and Clarence again rebelled in 1470, apparently aiming to put Clarence on the throne. Defeated, they fled abroad, where they made common cause with the exiled Lancastrians, marrying Warwick's daughterAnne to Henry VI's only sonEdward of Westminster. When Warwick and other leaders of this alliance landed in England to raise revolt once more, they were backed by leading nobles still in England, including Montagu, who turned the troops he had nominally raised for Edward IV against the king. Edward fled the country and Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne, but Edward soon counter-attacked successfully, and Warwick and Montagu were killed at theBattle of Barnet in 1471.[32]
Warwick and Montagu were never formallyattainted, which would have meant the forfeiture of their property. Nonetheless, the victorious Yorkists did not allow the process of inheritance to follow its normal legal course. Montagu's estates should have passed to his son George Neville, Duke of Bedford, along with the considerable portion of Warwick's inherited possessions which had been entailed to heirs male, giving Bedford precedence over Warwick's daughters. However, in practice Bedford was denied his inheritance, while his engagement to Elizabeth of York was cancelled. He would eventually be deprived of his title byAct of Parliament in 1478, ostensibly on the grounds that he lacked the wealth required to maintain the standing of a duke.
The legacy of the Middleham Nevilles instead became the object of dispute between King Edward's brothers: Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and Clarence, who had returned to the family fold before the Battle of Barnet. Clarence, whose claim was founded on his marriage to Isabel Neville, gained the earldoms of Warwick and Salisbury. Gloucester acquired the old Neville estates in the north, establishing his claim by marrying Anne Neville, who had been widowed by Prince Edward's death in the final Lancastrian defeat at theBattle of Tewkesbury in 1471. The northern lands and clientage inherited from the Nevilles became Gloucester's main powerbase, and he adopted Middleham Castle as his principal residence until his usurpation of the throne asRichard III in 1483.
Reflecting the estrangement between the two branches of the family, the Nevilles of Raby, headed byRalph Neville, Earl of Westmorland, had sided with the Lancastrians from the outset. Westmorland's brotherJohn Neville, Lord of Raby was killed in the defeat at Towton. The line of the Earls of Westmorland survived the wars, but the loss of most of the ancestral estates through their inheritance by the Nevilles of Middleham and their subsequent downfall left the family a much diminished force.[33]
Junior lines of the Middleham Nevilles also survived, including the holders of the Latimer and Bergavenny baronies, based, respectively, at Snape and atAbergavenny Castle.Edward Neville, Lord Bergavenny had for many years been forcibly deprived of his inheritance by his nephew the Earl of Warwick. During the wars, each of these lines of the family had fought sometimes alongside and sometimes against the core group of Middleham Nevilles led by Salisbury and Warwick.[34]
The regional power of the northern magnates, already severely weakened by the losses suffered in the Wars of the Roses, was further diminished by the growing power of central government in the 16th century. In 1569 the Nevilles and Percys buried their traditional rivalry to undertake theRevolt of the Northern Earls, an attempt to overthrowElizabeth I and replace her with the CatholicMary, Queen of Scots. The rebellion was a fiasco, and the Earl of Westmorland,Charles Neville, fled into exile abroad. He wasattainted in his absence, losing his title and lands. When he died in 1601 he left no male heir, thus extinguishing the senior Neville line.
The Latimer branch of the family had also died out in 1577, but the Bergavenny line endured. After the death ofHenry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny in 1587, his daughter Mary Nevill(e) fought a legal battle to be recognised as heiress to all the remaining Neville inheritance. Ultimately, however, these lands were split between her and her first cousinEdward Nevill, who inherited the baronial title. Her sonFrancis Fane inherited through her the very old title ofBaron le Despencer; to him, the Neville family's senior title ofEarl of Westmorland was recreated, and remains with his male-line descendants.
Edward Nevill's descendants were raised to the status ofEarls and thenMarquesses of Abergavenny. This line continues; the present head of the family isChristopher Nevill, the 6th Marquess. His family lands have been eroded through the passage of time (whether by subdivision orinheritance tax), but the main home, atEridge Park in East Sussex, has been in the family since 1448.[35]
| Title | Held | Designation and details |
|---|---|---|
| Baron Neville de Raby | 1295–1571 | Created by writ in thePeerage of England in 1295 whenRalph Neville was summoned to Parliament.Attainted in 1571. |
| Earl of Westmorland | 1397–1571 | Created in the Peerage of England in 1397 forRalph Neville, 4th Baron Neville de Raby. Attainted in 1571. |
| Earl of Salisbury | 1428–1471 | Richard Neville, the son ofRalph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marriedAlice Montacute, the heiress ofThomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury and inherited the title. Deprived in 1471. |
| Baron Fauconberg | 1429–1463 | William Neville, the son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marriedJoan Fauconberg, daughter ofThomas de Fauconberg, 5th Baron Fauconberg, and became Baron Fauconbergjure uxoris. Abeyant on his death in 1463. |
| Baron Latymer | 1432–1577 | Created in the Peerage of England by writ in 1432 whenGeorge Nevill, the son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland was summoned to Parliament. Abeyant in 1577. |
| Baron Bergavenny | 1447–1938 | Created in the Peerage of England by writ in 1447 whenEdward Nevill, the 7th son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and husband of Elizabeth de Beauchamp,suo jure 3rd Baroness Bergavenny, was summoned to Parliament. Abeyant in 1938. |
| Earl of Warwick | 1449–1471 | Richard Neville, the son ofRichard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, marriedAnne Beauchamp, the heiress ofRichard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and became Earl of Warwickjure uxoris. Deprived in 1471. |
| Baron Montagu | 1461–1471 | Created in the Peerage of England by writ in 1461 whenJohn Neville, the son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury was summoned to Parliament. Deprived in 1471. |
| Earl of Kent | 1461–1463 | William Neville, 6th Baron Fauconberg created Earl of Kent in the Peerage of England in 1461. Extinct on his death in 1463. |
| Earl of Northumberland | 1465–1470 | John Neville, 1st Baron Montagu created Earl of Northumberland in the Peerage of England in 1465, following the death and attainder ofHenry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland. Deprived in 1470, for the title to be restored toHenry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. |
| Marquess of Montagu | 1470–1471 | Created in the Peerage of England in 1470 forJohn Neville, 1st Earl of Northumberland. Deprived in 1471. |
| Duke of Bedford | 1470–1478 | George Neville, the son of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, created Duke of Bedford in the Peerage of England in 1470. Deprived by Act of Parliament in 1478. |
| Earl of Abergavenny | 1784–present | Created in thePeerage of Great Britain in 1784 forGeorge Neville, 17th Baron Bergavenny. Extant. |
| Marquess of Abergavenny | 1876–present | Created in thePeerage of Great Britain in 1876 forWilliam Neville, 5th Earl of Abergavenny. Extant. |
| Earl of Lewes | 1876–present | Created in thePeerage of Great Britain in 1876 forWilliam Neville, 5th Earl of Abergavenny. Extant. |
John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby
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crinan neville.