| House of Guise Maison de Guise | |
|---|---|
| Noble house | |
.svg) Coat of arms of Claude of Lorraine | |
| Parent house | House of Lorraine |
| Country |  France |
| Founded | 1528 (1528); 497 years ago |
| Founder | Claude of Lorraine |
| Final ruler | Marie of Lorraine(Guise) Charles de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac (Guise-Armagnac) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc(Guise-Elbeuf) |
| Titles | |
| Motto | Dederit'ne viam casus've Deus've (Shall chance or God provide the path?) |
| Dissolution | 1688 (1688)(Guise) 1751 (1751)(Guise-Armagnac) 1825 (1825)(Guise-Elbeuf) |
| Cadet branches | |
TheHouse of Guise (/ɡwiːz/GWEEZ,French:[ɡ(ɥ)iz];Dutch:Wieze;German:Wiese) was a prominent Frenchnoble family that was involved heavily in theFrench Wars of Religion. The House of Guise was the founding house of thePrincipality of Joinville.
The House of Guise was founded as acadet branch of theHouse of Lorraine byClaude of Lorraine (1496–1550), who entered French service and was made the firstDuke of Guise byKing Francis I in 1527. The family's high rank was not due to possession of the Guisedukedom but to their membership in a sovereign dynasty, which procured for them the rank ofprince étranger at theroyal court of France. Claude's daughterMary of Guise (1515–1560) married KingJames V of Scotland and was mother ofMary, Queen of Scots. Claude's eldest son,Francis, became the second Duke of Guise at his father's death on 12 April 1550 and became a military hero thanks to hisdefense of Metz in 1552 and thecapture of Calais from the English in 1558, while another son,Charles, becameArchbishop of Reims and aCardinal in the Catholic Church.
In 1558, theDauphinFrancis marriedMary, Queen of Scots. When the young man became king after his father's death in 1559, the queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and his brother the Cardinal of Lorraine, controlled French politics during his short reign.
In March 1560, opposition to the Guise government coalesced into aconspiracy, led by La Renaudie with support from theBourbonPrince de Condé.[1] Having been made aware of it, the Guise family were able to crush the conspiracy before the king could be seized.[2] The Guise would take the opportunity of the conspiracy to reorient the Crown's religious policy by scaling down the persecution of the last 10 years for a new policy of no toleration and no persecution with the eventual hope the two sects would reunify.[3] Still incensed at his involvement in Amboise, the Guise called the Prince of Condé to them and oversaw a quick trial to establish his guilt, only for the death of Francis II and the succession of Charles IX to sever their links to the government.[4] With Catherine assuming the regency for her young son, the Guise departed court and set themselves up in opposition to her toleration policy in alliance with their rival the Montmorency.[5] In 1562, Catherine would promulgate theEdict of Saint-Germain. Francis returned to court so that he might oppose it, on his way, his retinue massacred a Protestant congregation at Wassy. In response, Condé went into open rebellion and thus started the French Wars of Religion.[6]
Duke Francis helped to defeat the Huguenots at theBattle of Dreux (19 December 1562), but he wasassassinated at theSiege of Orleans on 24 February 1563 while he was seeking a final victory.[7] His son,Henry, inherited his titles; and under the direction of his uncle Charles began a campaign to accuse Admiral Coligny of orchestrating his fathers assassination.[8] Charles meanwhile led the French delegation at the Council of Trent, converting to the Papal line in 1563.[9] In 1564, no longer permitted to continue his feud with Coligny through legal channels, he and his uncleCharles, Cardinal of Lorraine would attempt to make a show of force by entering Paris, but their entry ended with both besieged in their residence and forced to concede.[10]
In 1566, the crown forced Charles at Moulins to make the kiss of peace with Coligny to end their feud, but Henry refused to attend. He would also challenge Coligny andAnne de Montmorency to duels, but they rebuffed his attempts. No longer welcome at court, he and his brotherCharles, Duke of Mayenne decided to crusade against theOttoman Empire inHungary. In September 1568, he reached his majority, just as Charles returned to the centre of French politics with his readmission to the Privy Council.[11] No sooner had he returned to the council than he began leading the war party to break off thePeace of Longjumeau, which would be annulled shortly thereafter and started the Third French War of religion.[12] He would fight atJarnac,Moncontour and defendPoitiers from a siege by Coligny.[11] By the termination of the third war, the Guise would once more find themselves in disgrace from court due both to their hawkish policy and Henry's affair withMargaret de Valois.[13][14]
Having returned to favour, Henry helped plan the assassination ofColigny, the final culmination of his feud that would spiral into theSt. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of the Huguenots in 1572. In 1576, frustrated with thePolitiques' direction of the government ofHenri III, Guise would be instrumental in the formation of theCatholic League. The death of the royal heir presumptive,Francis, Duke of Anjou, in 1584, which made the Protestant KingHenry of Navarre the heir to the French throne, led to a new civil war, theWar of the Three Henries, with KingHenry III of France, Henry of Navarre and Henry of Guise fighting for control of France. Guise began the war by declaring the unacceptability of Navarre as King of France and controlled the powerful Catholic League, which soon forced the French king to follow in his wake. In 1588 Guise, with Spanish support, instigated a revolt against the king,took control of the city ofParis and became the de facto ruler of France.
After an apparent reconciliation between the French king and the Duke, King Henry III had both the Duke of Guise and his brother,Louis of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise (1555–1588), murdered in December 1588 during a meeting in theRoyal Chateau at Blois. The leadership of the Catholic League fell to their brother,Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, the commander of the armed forces of the Catholic League.
The Duke of Mayenne's nephew, the young Duke of Guise, Charles, was proposed by the Catholic League as a candidate for the throne, possibly through a marriage toPhilip II of Spain's daughterIsabella, the granddaughter ofHenry II of France. The Catholic League was eventually defeated, but for the sake of the country,King Henry IV became a Catholic and bought peace with Mayenne, and in January 1596, a treaty was signed that put an end to the League.
After this, the House of Guise receded from its prominent position in French politics, and the senior line, that of the Dukes of Guise became extinct in 1688. The vast estates and title were disputed and diverted by various relatives although several junior branches of the family (Dukes of Mayenne,Dukes of Elbeuf etc.) perpetuated the male line until 1825.
Their principal title,Duke de Guise in 1688 was awarded to a branch of theHouse of Bourbon and afterwards to theHouse of Orléans. The title, with one exception, was not used by pretenders to throne of France, who were overthrown by theFrench Revolution of 1848. One of House of Guise's heads,Prince Jean, Duke of Guise (1874–1940) nonetheless took it as histitle of pretence to the former crown of France and was supported by some of the 19th centuryOrleanist activists. They formed for at the time the junior set ofLegitimists, who are claimants to be senior descendants of the pre-1848 French Royal Family and have been supported by restorative movements before, during and after theSecond French Empire of EmperorNapoleon III, the last undoubted monarch of France. By the end of the 1880s, a series of republicanPresidents during the relatively-newFrench Third Republic largely ended any hope of a restored monarchy.
SeeDuke of Guise for a list.SeeDuchess of Guise for a list of their wives.
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.
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