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Article 45 is an article of theHong Kong Basic Law. It states that theChief Executive should be chosen byuniversal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representativenominating committee as an eventual goal.

Article 45 gives the requirements for choosing the Chief Executive:

"TheChief Executive of theHong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by theCentral People's Government.^[1]"

"The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representativenominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures.^[1]"

Details of procedures to be adopted are found in Annex I to the Basic Law where the same expression "broadly representative" is used to describe the constituency of the Election Committee notwithstanding its only representing a tiny section of the total number of registered electors.

Paragraph 3 of Annex I Section I of theSino-British Joint Declaration provides the corresponding backing for art.45:

"The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations to be held locally."

The earlier version of Article 45, from December 1987 (Article 45 in 1987), contained the details of the methods for selecting the Chief Executive, which was put in the Annex I to the April 1988 version and then in the enacted version. TheHong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee noted that opinions were expressed on several areas of the article, including whether the Chief Executive should be appointed by the Central People's Government; that consultation is not as democratic as direct or indirect elections; and that the clause “in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress” is vague and difficult to define legally.^[2]

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The focus of initial controversy was on the timetable for progress towards universal suffrage^[3] but, having extracted a promise of a timetable of reform (2016 for the legislature and2017 for the Chief Executive) heated debate ensued over the details of the election systems to be employed. Positions on both sides hardened in early 2013, with the newly appointed chairman of the PRC government's Law Committee,Qiao Xiaoyang, espousing hard-to-define pre-conditions on CE candidature, ("love China and Hong Kong" and "not oppose the Central Government") including declaring that Beijing would refuse to appoint an unsupportive Hong Kong CE even if democratically elected. Pro-democracy groups formed theAlliance for True Democracy in support of theOccupy Central with Love and Peace protest movement, devised byUniversity of Hong KongAssociate ProfessorBenny Tai, demanding unconditional universal suffrage.

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Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45

• Article 45 Concern Group
• Democratic development in Hong Kong
• 2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
• Politics of Hong Kong

• Politics of Hong Kong
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