Someone who goes out of their way to tell possibly unwelcome truths extends honesty into the region of candor or frankness. TheCynics engaged in a challenging sort of frankness like this calledparrhêsia.
Tolstoy thought that honesty was revolutionary: “No feats of heroism are needed to achieve the greatest and most important changes in the existence of humanity.... it is only needful that each individual should say what he really feels or thinks, or at least that he should not say what he does not think.”[4]Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ("Live Not By Lies," 1974) andVáclav Havel (The Power of the Powerless, 1978) agreed. Havel wrote:
[L]iving within the truth has more than a mere existential dimension (returning humanity to its inherent nature), or a noetic dimension (revealing reality as it is), or a moral dimension (setting an example for others). It also has an unambiguous political dimension. If the main pillar of the system is living a lie, then it is not surprising that the fundamental threat to it is living the truth.
The 18th century enlightenment philosopherWilliam Wollaston argued that all religion ultimately reduces to ethics and all ethics reduces to honesty (The Religion of Nature Delineated, 1722). “[E]very intelligent, active, and free being should so behave himself, as by no act to contradict truth; ...treat every thing as being what it is.” All else would follow from that.
Others noted, however, that "too much honesty might be seen as undisciplined openness".[5] For example, individuals may beperceived as being "too honest" if they honestly express the negativeopinions of others, either without having been asked their opinion, or having been asked in a circumstance where the response would be trivial. This concern manifests inpolitical correctness, with individuals refraining from expressing their true opinions due to a general societal condemnation of such views. Research also found that honesty can lead to interpersonal harm because people avoid information about how their honest behavior affects others.[6]
Merriam-Webster defines honesty as "fairness and straightforwardness of conduct" or "adherence to the facts".[7]
TheOxford English Dictionary defines honesty as "the quality of being honest."[8] Honest is, in turn, defined as "Free of deceit; truthful and sincere...Morally correct or virtuous...(attributive) Fairly earned, especially through hard work...(of an action) done with good intentions even if unsuccessful or misguided...(attributive) Simple, unpretentious, and unsophisticated.[9]
Rogers, Carl R. (1964). "Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person".The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.68 (2):160–67.doi:10.1037/h0046419.PMID14117966.
Dahlsgaard, Katherine; Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E.P. (2005). "Shared Virtue: The Convergence of Valued Human Strengths Across Culture and History".Review of General Psychology.9 (3):203–13.doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203.
Hilbig, Benjamin E.; Zettler, Ingo (2009). "Pillars of cooperation: Honesty–Humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior".Journal of Research in Personality.43 (3):516–19.doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.003.
Van Lange, Paul A.M.; Kuhlman, D. Michael (1994). "Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.67 (1):126–41.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.126.
Schluter, Dolph; Price, Trevor (1993). "Honesty, Perception and Population Divergence in Sexually Selected Traits".Proceedings of the Royal Society B.253 (1336):117–22.doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0089.PMID8396772.
^"Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon".The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827. January 12, 1819.Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. RetrievedJuly 9, 2013.
