Health is a video game ortabletop game quality that determines the maximum amount of damage or fatigue something takes before leaving the main game. Inrole-playing games, this typically takes the form ofhit points (HP), anumerical attribute representing the health of a character or object.[1][2] The game character can be aplayer character, aboss, or amob. Health can also be attributed todestructible elements of the game environment or inanimate objects such as vehicles and their individual parts. In video games, health is often represented by visual elements such as a numerical fraction, a health bar or a series of small icons, though it may also be represented acoustically, such as through a character's heartbeat.
In video games, as in tabletop role-playing games, an object usually loses health as a result of being attacked.[3][4] Protection points or armor help them to reduce the damage taken.[3] Characters acting astanks usually have more health and armor.[2][5] In many games, particularly role-playing video games, the player starts with a small number of health and defense points,[6] but can increase them by gaining the required number ofexperience points and raising the character's level.[7][8]
Ingame design, it is considered important to clearly show that the player's character (or other object that they control) is losing health. In his bookLevel Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design, game designer Scott Rogers wrote that "health should deplete in an obvious manner, because with every hit, a player is closer to losing their life". As examples of visualizing health loss, Rogers citedArthur ofGhosts 'n Goblins, who loses a piece of armor with each sustained hit, as well as the cars in theGrand Theft Auto series, in which smoke begins to flow from the hood after the car takes a significant amount of damage.[9]
The use of health points simplifies the game development process (since developers do not need to create complex damage systems), allows computers to simplify calculations associated with the game, and makes it easier for the player to understand the game.[10] However, more complex and realistic damage systems are used in a number of games. InDwarf Fortress, instead of health points, dwarves have separate body parts, each of which can be damaged.[11] TheFallout games use health points, but allow characters to inflict damage to different parts of the enemy's body, which affects gameplay.[12][13] For example, if a leg is injured, the character can get afracture, which will reduce their movement speed,[14] and if their arm is injured, the character can drop their weapon.[12] Health can also serve as a plot element. InAssassin's Creed, if the protagonist takes too much damage, thus departing from the "correct" route, the game ends and returns the player to the nearest checkpoint.[15]
In some games such asThe Legend of Zelda andMonster Hunter, only the player's health points are visible. This is done so that the player does not know how many blows still need to be delivered, which makes the game less predictable.[16] Contrariwise, other games such as theStreet Fighter series have both the player's and the opponent's health meters clearly visible, which allows the player to understand how successful their combat strategy is and how many remaining blows need to be inflicted on the enemy.[17]
Players can often restore a character's health by using variousitems such as potions, food or first-aid kits.[18] In role-playing video games, the player often can also restore a character's health by visiting a doctor or resting at aninn.[19] A number of games incorporate a mechanic known as "life steal" or "life leech", which allows a character to restore health by siphoning it from an enemy.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Methods for replenishing health differ from each other and are dependent on the game's genre. In more dynamicaction games, it is important to quickly restore a character's health, while role-playing games feature slower-paced methods of health restoration to achieve realism.[26]
A number of games incorporate a regeneration system that automatically replenishes health if the character does not take damage. This makes the game easier to play by giving the player the opportunity to restore the character's health after a difficult battle. This system may allow the player to safely run through dangerous parts of the game without consequence.[27]
Tag team games often regenerate part of the health of a resting character.[28]
In some role-playing games,armor class (abbreviatedAC; also known asdefense) is aderived statistic that indicates how difficult it is to land a successful blow on a character with an attack; it can also indicate damage reduction to a character's health. AC is typically a representation of a character's physical defenses such as their ability to dodge attacks and their protective equipment.[29][30][31] Armor class is a mechanic that can be used as part of health and combatgame balancing.[32] AC "is roughly equivalent todefensive dodging in war games".[29]
The health indicator can be represented in various ways.[15] The most basic forms are fractions and health bars,[33] as well as various icons such as hearts or shields.[34] More recent games can use a nonlinear health bar, where earlier hits take off more damage than later ones, in order to make the game appear more exciting.[35]
The indicator can be combined with other elements of the game interface.Doom uses a character portrait located at the bottom of the screen as such an indicator, in addition to a numerical health percentage display. If the hero takes damage, his face will appear increasingly pained and blood-covered.[36] The health point indicator can also be part of the character. InDead Space, it is located on the main character's costume.[37] InTrespasser, it is represented as a tattoo on the main character's chest.[38] InHalf-Life: Alyx, a VR game, the indicator is located on the back of the player's non-dominant hand, requiring the player to physically look at their tracked hand to check their health.[39] The character's condition can be conveyed through sound. InDungeons of Daggorath, the frequency of the player character's audible heartbeat is dependent on how much damage has been received.[40]Silent Hill uses a similar system, but transmits the heartbeat via vibrations from theDualShock controller.[41]
The player character's health point indicator often occupies a significant position in the game'sheads-up display. InThe Legend of Zelda, it occupies one third of the HUD.[42][better source needed] However, a number of games do without such an indicator. In theSuper Mario series, the player character initially only has one health point, and the character's appearance is used to signify the number of health points; if the character collects aSuper Mushroom, they grow in size and gain an additional health point.[43] In a number offirst-person shooters, such asCall of Duty orHalo, the numerical value of the character's health points is hidden from the player. However, when the player character receives a large amount of damage, the game screen (or the part of the screen to which damage was dealt) is painted red, often including drops of blood, which simulates the effect of real-life injury. As health is restored, these effects gradually disappear.[44]
The term "hit points" was coined byDungeons & Dragons co-creatorDave Arneson.[45][46][47] While developing thetabletop role-playing gameDungeons & Dragons withGary Gygax based on the latter's previous gameChainmail, Arneson felt that it was more interesting for players to manage small squads than a large army. This also allowed them to act out the role of each squad member. However, this approach had one drawback: according to the rules ofChainmail, the player rolls the dice during each battle, and depending on the number rolled, the character either kills the enemy or is killed. Because players did not want to lose the characters they had become accustomed to, Arneson created a "hit point" system based on similar mechanics previously used in the wargamesDon't Give Up the Ship andIronclads.[45][47][48][49] According to this system, each character has a certain number of hit points, which decreases with each blow dealt to them. This allows the character to survive several hits from an enemy.[45]
Some of the firsthome computer games to use hit points areRogue (1980),[50] in which health is represented by a fraction,[51] andDungeons of Daggorath (1982), which includes an audible heartbeat influenced by theplayer character's condition.[40]Action games also began moving away from one-hit deaths to health systems allowing players to take multiple hits, such asSNK's arcadeshoot 'em up gameOzma Wars (1979) numerically representing an energy supply that depletes when taking hits andMattel'sIntellivision gameTron: Deadly Discs (1982) allowing players to take multiple hits at the cost of reducing maneuverability.[52]
Before the introduction of health meters,action video games typically used alives system in which the player could only take damage once, but could continue the game at the expense of a life. The introduction of health meters granted players the right to make mistakes and allowed game developers to influence a game's difficulty by adjusting the damage an enemy character inflicts.[53]
Data East'sFlash Boy (1981) for the arcadeDECO Cassette System, ascrolling action game based on themanga andanime seriesAstro Boy (1952–1968), has an energy bar that gradually depletes over time and some of which can be sacrificed for temporary invincibility.[54]Punch-Out!! (1983), an arcadeboxing game developed byNintendo, has a stamina meter that replenishes every time the player successfully strikes the opponent and decreases if the player fails to dodge the opponent's blow; if the meter is fully depleted, the player character loses consciousness.[55]
Yie Ar Kung-Fu (1984), an arcadefighting game developed byKonami, replaced the point-scoring system ofKarate Champ (1984) with a health meter system. Each fighter has a health meter, which depletes as they take hits; once a fighter's health meter is fully depleted, it leads to aknockout.Yie Ar Kung-Fu established health meters as a standard feature in fighting games.[56]Kung-Fu Master (1984), an arcadebeat 'em up developed byIrem, uses a health meter to represent player health, with the bar depleting when taking damage. In addition to the player character having a health meter, the bosses also have health meters, which leads to the game temporarily becoming a one-on-one fighting game during boss battles.[57][58]Kung-Fu Master established health meters as a standard feature inside-scrolling action games such as beat 'em ups.[58]
Health meters also began being used to represent hit points inrole-playing video games, starting withThe Black Onyx (1984), developed byBullet-Proof Software. This inspired the use of a health bar inHydlide (1984), anaction role-playing game byT&E Soft, which took it a step further with a regenerating health bar.[59]Namco's arcade action role-playing titleDragon Buster (1984) further popularized the use of a health bar in role-playing games.[53]
The 1982 Apple II platform gameCrisis Mountain displays health as a number from 3 (full) to 0 (dead), which gradually heals one point at a time.[60] In Nintendo's arcade gamePunch-Out!! (1983), a stamina meter replenishes every time the player successfully strikes the opponent.[55] InHydlide (1984) and theYs series,[61][62] the character's health (represented as both hit points and a health meter) is gradually restored when the character does not move.[63][64]Halo: Combat Evolved (2001) is credited with popularizing the use of regeneration infirst-person shooters.[65] However, according toGamesRadar+'s Jeff Dunn, regeneration in its current form was introduced inThe Getaway (2002), asHalo: Combat Evolved only used shield regeneration.[61]
Arneson is also credited for the term "armor class" which was used inChainmail and thenDungeons & Dragons;[66][67] "although armor class might have been inspired by the rules inDon't Give Up the Ship!, there is not an explicit attribute with that name in the game's rules. [...] It seems more likely that Arneson's house rules for armor class never made it into the final published version of the wargame".[48] However, many role-playing games that followedDungeons & Dragons moved away from the term "armor class" and simply replaced the term with "defense".[48]
Like Thomas, the end bosses all had health meters, so the game would momentarily become a one-on-one fighter
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