New Hampshire is astate in theNew England region of thenortheastern United States. During theAmerican Revolution, it was one of theThirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule. One of the smallest U.S. states in area and population, it was part of New England's textile economy between the American Civil War and World War II. Since the 20th century, the state has been known for itspresidential primary, outdoor recreation, educational boarding schools, and being part of the biotech industry.
VariousAlgonquian-speakingAbenaki tribes, largely divided between the Androscoggin,Ko'asek andPennacook nations, lived in the area as long as 12,000 years before European settlement.[1][2] Despite the similar language, they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples. English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, andDavid Thompson settled at Odiorne's Point in present-dayRye in 1623.
The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-dayDover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover,Durham andStratham; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province".Dummer's War was fought between the colonists and theWabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.
The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by theCouncil for New England to CaptainJohn Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and SirFerdinando Gorges (who founded Maine). The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the Englishcounty ofHampshire, one of the first Saxonshires. Hampshire was itself named after the port ofSouthampton, which was known previously as simply "Hampton".
New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans atOdiorne's Point in Rye (nearPortsmouth) by a group of fishermen from England, under David Thompson[3] in 1623, three years after thePilgrims landed atPlymouth. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshirite, John Thompson, was born there.
Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason, to be followed a few years later by Edward and William Hilton. They led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover, which they called Northam. Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded. Settlers from Pannaway, moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company (formed 1629) under Captain Neal, called their new settlementStrawbery Banke. In 1638Exeter was founded byJohn Wheelwright.
In 1631, CaptainThomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover,Durham andStratham). All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but meanwhile, Massachusetts had claimed the territory. In 1641, an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction. Home rule of the towns was allowed. In 1653, Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth, which was granted.
The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason. In 1679King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts, issuing a charter for the royalProvince of New Hampshire, withJohn Cutt as governor. New Hampshire was absorbed into theDominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689. After a brief period without formal government (the settlements werede facto ruled by Massachusetts)William III andMary II issued a new provincial charter in 1691. From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire.
The province's geography placed it on the frontier between British and French colonies in North America, and it was for many years subjected to native claims, especially in the central and northern portions of its territory. Because of these factors, it was on the front lines of many military conflicts, includingKing William's War,Queen Anne's War,Father Rale's War, andKing George's War. By the 1740s most of the native population had either been killed or driven out of the province's territory.
Because New Hampshire's governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts, border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years. These issues principally revolved around territory west of theMerrimack River, which issuers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire charters had incorrectly believed to flow primarily from west to east. In the 1730s New Hampshire political interest led by Lieutenant GovernorJohn Wentworth were able to raise the profile of these issues to colonial officials and the crown in London, even while Governor and Massachusetts nativeJonathan Belcher preferentially granted land to Massachusetts interests in the disputed area. In 1741 KingGeorge II ruled thatthe border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today, and also separated the governorships of the two provinces.Benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non-Massachusetts governor sinceEdward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s.
Wentworth promptly complicated New Hampshire's territorial claims by interpreting the provincial charter to include territory west of theConnecticut River and began issuing land grants in this territory, which was also claimed by theProvince of New York. The so-calledNew Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s when it was admitted to the United States as the state ofVermont.
As in the other Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in the colonial Americas, racially conditioned slavery was a firmly established institution in New Hampshire. TheNew Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night":[4][5]
Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries, are ofttimes raised and committed in the night time, by Indian, Negro, and Molatto servants and slaves, to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty's good subjects: No Indian, Negro, or Molatto servant or slave, may presume to absent from the families where they respectively belong, or be found abroad in the night time after nine o'clock; unless it is upon errand for their respective masters or owners.
Notices emphasizing and re-affirming the curfew were published inThe New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771.[4]
"Furthermore, as one of the few colonies that did not impose a tariff on slaves, New Hampshire became a base for slaves to be imported into America and then smuggled into other colonies. Every census up to the Revolution showed an increase in the black population, though they remained proportionally fewer than in most other New England colonies."[6]
Following the Revolution, a powerfully-writtenpetition of 1779 sent by 20 slaves in Portsmouth—members of what historianIra Berlin identified as therevolutionary generations [de] of enslaved people in his pivotal workMany Thousands Gone[7]—unsuccessfully requested freedom for the enslaved. The New Hampshire legislature would not officially eliminate slavery in the state until 1857, long after the death of many of the signatories. The1840 United States census was the last to enumerate any slaves in the households of the state.[4]
While the number of slaves resident in New Hampshire itself dwindled during the 19th century, the state's economy remained closely interlinked with, and dependent upon, the economies of theslave states. Slave-produced raw materials, such as cotton for textiles, and slave-manufactured goods were imported. The ship Nightingale of Boston, built inEliot, Maine in 1851 and outfitted in Portsmouth, would serve as aslave ship before itscapture by the African Slave Trade Patrol in 1861, indicating the region's further economic connection to the ongoingAtlantic slave trade.[4][8]
The only battle fought in New Hampshire was theraid onFort William and Mary, December 14, 1774, inPortsmouth Harbor, which netted the rebellion sizable quantities of gunpowder, small arms, and cannon over the course of two nights. (General Sullivan, leader of the raid, described it as "remainder of the powder, the small arms, bayonets, and cartouche-boxes, together with the cannon and ordnance stores".) This raid was preceded by a warning to local patriots the previous day, byPaul Revere on December 13, 1774, that the fort was to be reinforced by troops sailing from Boston. According to unverified accounts, the gunpowder was later used at the Battle of Bunker Hill, transported there by Major Demerit, who was one of several New Hampshire patriots who stored the powder in their homes until it was transported elsewhere for use in revolutionary activities. During the raid, the British soldiers fired upon the rebels with cannon and muskets. Although there were apparently no casualties, these were among the first shots in the American Revolutionary period, occurring approximately five months before theBattles of Lexington and Concord. On January 5, 1776, New Hampshire became the first colony to declare independence from Great Britain, almost six months before the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress.[9]
New Hampshire was one of theThirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule during theAmerican Revolution. TheMassachusetts Provincial Congress called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army. In response, on May 22, 1775, the New HampshireProvincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force to join the patriot army at Boston. In January 1776, it became the first colony to set up an independent government and the first to establish a constitution,[10] but the latter explicitly stated "we never sought to throw off our dependence on Great Britain", meaning that it was not the first to actually declare its independence (that distinction instead belongs toRhode Island).[11] The historic attack onFort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army that was needed for theBattle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. New Hampshire raised three regiments for theContinental Army, the1st,2nd and3rd New Hampshire regiments.New Hampshire Militia units were called up to fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill,Battle of Bennington,Saratoga Campaign and theBattle of Rhode Island.John Paul Jones' ship thesloop-of-warUSSRanger and thefrigateUSSRaleigh were built inPortsmouth, New Hampshire, along with other naval ships for theContinental Navy andprivateers to hunt down British merchant shipping.
Concord was named the state capital in 1808.[12]
In 1832, New Hampshire saw a curious development: the founding of theRepublic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue. In 1835 the so-called "republic" was annexed by New Hampshire, with the dispute finally resolved in 1842 by theWebster–Ashburton Treaty.[13]
Abolitionists from Dartmouth College founded the experimental, interracialNoyes Academy inCanaan, New Hampshire, in 1835, at a point in history when slaves still appeared in the households of New Hampshire in the census. Rural opponents of the school eventually dragged the school away with oxen before lighting it ablaze to protest integrated education, within months of the school's founding.
Abolitionist sentiment was a strong undercurrent in the state, with significant support given theFree Soil Party ofJohn P. Hale. However the conservative Jacksonian Democrats usually maintained control, under the leadership of editorIsaac Hill.[14]
Nativism aimed at the rapid influx of Irish Catholics characterized the short-lived secretKnow Nothing movement, and its instrument the "American Party." Appearing out of nowhere, they scored a landslide in 1855. They won 51% of the vote against a divided opposition. They won over 94% of the men who voted Free Soil the year before. They won 79% of the Whigs, plus 15% of Democrats and 24% of those who abstained in the 1854 election for governor.[15] In full control of the legislature, the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda. According to Lex Renda, they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization. They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power; they reformed the state courts. They expanded the number and power of banks; they strengthened corporations; they defeated a proposed 10-hour law that would help workers. They reformed the tax system; increased state spending on public schools; set up a system to build high schools; prohibited the sale of liquor; and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories.[16]
The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854–55. In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept the state against the Democrats and the small new Republican party. When the Know Nothing ("American" Party) collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans, New Hampshire now had a two party system with theRepublican Party headed byAmos Tuck edging out the Democrats.[17]
After Abraham Lincoln gave speeches in March 1860, he was well regarded. However, the radical wing of the Republican Party increasingly took control.[citation needed] As early as January 1861, top officials were secretly meeting with GovernorJohn A. Andrew of Massachusetts to coordinate plans in case the war came. Plans were made to rush militia units to Washington in an emergency.[18]
New Hampshire fielded 31,650 soldiers and 836 officers during theAmerican Civil War; of these, about 20% died of disease, accident or combat wounds.[19] The state provided eighteen volunteerinfantryregiments (thirteen of which were raised in 1861 in response toLincoln's call to arms), threerifle regiments (who served in the1st United States Sharpshooters and2nd United States Sharpshooters), onecavalry battalion (the1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry, which was attached to the 1st New England Volunteer Cavalry), and twoartillery units (the1st New Hampshire Light Battery and1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery), as well as additional troops for theNavy andMarine Corps.[19]
Among the most celebrated of New Hampshire's units was the5th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, commanded byColonelEdward Ephraim Cross.[20] Called the "Fighting Fifth" in newspaper accounts, the regiment was considered among the Union's best both during the war (Major GeneralWinfield Scott called the regiment "refined gold" in 1863) and by historians afterward.[20] The Civil War veteran and early Civil War historianWilliam F. Fox determined that this regiment had the highest number of battle-related deaths of any Union regiment.[20] The 20th-century historianBruce Catton said that the Fifth New Hampshire was "one of the best combat units in the army" and that Cross was "an uncommonly talented regimental commander."[20]
The critical post of state Adjutant General was held in 1861–1864 by elderly politician Anthony C. Colby (1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state had no track of soldiers who enlisted after 1861; no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees. There was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. Nathaniel Head (1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As a result, widows, orphans, and veterans who served, received the postwar payments they had earned.[21]
Between 1884 and 1903, New Hampshire attracted many immigrants.French Canadian migration to the state was significant, and at the turn of the century, French Canadians represented 16 percent of the state's population, and one-fourth the population of Manchester.[22]Polish immigration to the state was also significant; there were about 850 Polish Americans in Manchester in 1902.[22]Joseph Laurent, a 19th/early 20th century Abenaki chief, immigrated from Quebec, wrote an Abenaki English language dictionary,[23] set up an Indian trading post and served as its postmaster. Today theIntervale site has been listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[24]
The textile industry was hit hard by the depression and growing competition from southern mills. The closing of theAmoskeag Mills in 1935 was a major blow toManchester, as was the closing of the formerNashua Manufacturing Company mill inNashua in 1949 and the bankruptcy of theBrown Company paper mill inBerlin in the 1940s, which led to new ownership.
The post-World War II decades have seen New Hampshire increase its economic and cultural links with the greaterBoston, Massachusetts, region. This reflects a national trend, in which improved highway networks have helped metropolitan areas expand into formerly rural areas or small nearby cities.
The replacement of the Nashua textile mill with defense electronics contractorSanders Associates in 1952 and the arrival of minicomputer giantDigital Equipment Corporation in the early 1970s helped lead the way toward southern New Hampshire's role as a high-tech adjunct of theRoute 128 corridor.
The postwar years also saw the rise of New Hampshire'spolitical primary for President of the United States, which as the first primary in the quadrennial campaign season draws enormous attention.
The largely unsung founder of New Hampshire is David Thompson (spelt "Thomson" by some accounts). Thompson's father worked for SirFerdinando Gorges of Plymouth, a most powerful English noble who had received the rights from King James I to set up the first two American "plantations" at Jamestown and Plymouth.
