On commercially successful albums such asAutobahn (1974),Trans-Europe Express (1977),The Man-Machine (1978), andComputer World (1981), Kraftwerk developed a self-described "robot pop" style that combined electronic music with pop melodies, sparse arrangements, and repetitive rhythms, while adopting a stylized image including matching suits. Following the release ofElectric Café (1986), Flür left the group in 1987, followed by Bartos in 1990. The band releasedTour de France Soundtracks, their most recent studio and concept album, in 2003. Founding member Schneider left in 2008 to pursue solo work until his passing in 2020. The band, with new members, has continued to tour under the leadership of Hütter.
They joined a quintet known asOrganisation, which released one album,Tone Float in 1970, issued onRCA Records in the UK, and split shortly thereafter.[7] Schneider became interested in synthesizers, deciding to acquire one in 1970. While visiting an exhibition in their hometown about visual artistsGilbert and George, they see "two men wearing suits and ties, claiming to bring art into everyday life. The same year, Hütter and Schneider started bringing everyday life into art and form Kraftwerk".[8]
Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970 to 1974 fluctuated, as Hütter and Schneider worked with around a half-dozen other musicians during the preparations for and the recording of three albums and sporadic live appearances, including guitaristMichael Rother and drummerKlaus Dinger, who left to formNeu!.[6][page needed] The only constant figure in these line-ups was Schneider, whose main instrument at the time was the flute; at times he also played the violin and guitar, all processed through a varied array of electronic devices. Hütter, who left the band for eight months to focus on completing his university studies, played synthesizer and keyboards (including Farfisa organ and electric piano).[citation needed]
The band released two free-form experimental rock albums,Kraftwerk (1970) andKraftwerk 2 (1972). The albums were mostly exploratory musical improvisations played on a variety of traditional instruments including guitar, bass, drums, organ, flute, and violin. Post-production modifications to these recordings were used to distort the sound of the instruments, particularly audio-tape manipulation and multiple dubbings of one instrument on the same track. Both albums are purely instrumental. Live performances from 1972 to 1973 were mostly made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronicdrum machine with preset rhythms taken from an electric organ. Occasionally, they performed with bass players as well. These shows were mainly in Germany, with occasional shows in France.[6][page needed] Later in 1973,Wolfgang Flür joined the group for rehearsals, and the unit performed as a trio on the television showAspekte for German television networkZDF.[9]
WithRalf und Florian, released in 1973, Kraftwerk began to rely more heavily on synthesizers and drum machines. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerk's first use of thevocoder in the song "Ananas Symphonie" (Pineapple Symphony,) which became one of its musical signatures. According to English music journalistSimon Reynolds, Kraftwerk were influenced by what he called the "adrenalized insurgency" of Detroit artists of the late '60sMC5 andthe Stooges.[10]
The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineerKonrad "Conny" Plank was highly significant in the early years of Kraftwerk. Plank also worked with many of the other leading German electronic acts of that time, including members ofCan,Neu!,Cluster, andHarmonia. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Plank's studio nearCologne became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank co-produced the first four Kraftwerk albums.[6][page needed]
International breakthrough:Autobahn andRadioactivity (1974–1976)
The release ofAutobahn in 1974 saw Kraftwerk moving away from the sound of its first three albums. Hütter and Schneider had invested in newer technology such as theMinimoog and theEMS Synthi AKS, helping give Kraftwerk a newer, "disciplined" sound.Autobahn was also the last album thatConny Plank engineered. After the commercial success ofAutobahn in the US, where it peaked at number 5 in theBillboard Top LPs & Tapes,[11] Hütter and Schneider invested in updating their studio, thus lessening their reliance on outside producers. At this time the painter and graphic artistEmil Schult became a regular collaborator, designing artwork, cowriting lyrics, and accompanying the group on tour.[6][page needed]
The year 1975 saw a turning point in Kraftwerk's live shows. With financial support fromPhonogram Inc., in the US, they were able to undertake a tour to promote theAutobahn album, a tour which took them to the US, Canada and the UK for the first time. The tour also saw a new, stable, live line-up in the form of a quartet. Hütter and Schneider continued playing keyboard synthesizers such as theMinimoog andARP Odyssey, with Schneider's use of flute diminishing. The two men started singing live for the first time, and Schneider processing his voice with a vocoder live. Wolfgang Flür and new recruitKarl Bartos performed on home-made electronic percussion instruments. Bartos also used a Deaganvibraphone on stage. The Hütter-Schneider-Bartos-Flür formation remained in place until the late 1980s and is now regarded as the classic live line-up of Kraftwerk. Emil Schult generally fulfilled the role of tour manager.[6][page needed]
After the 1975Autobahn tour, Kraftwerk began work on a follow-up album,Radio-Activity (German title:Radio-Aktivität). After further investment in new equipment, theKling Klang Studio became a fully working recording studio. The group used the central theme in radio communication, which had become enhanced on their last tour of the United States. With Emil Schult working on artwork and lyrics, Kraftwerk began to compose music for the new record. Even thoughRadio-Activity was less commercially successful thanAutobahn in the UK and United States, the album served to open up the European market for Kraftwerk, earning them agold disc in France. Kraftwerk made videos and performed several European live dates to promote the album. With the release ofAutobahn andRadio-Activity, Kraftwerk left behind avant-garde experimentation and moved towards the electronic pop tunes for which they are best known.[6][page needed]
In 1976, Kraftwerk toured in support of theRadio-Activity album.David Bowie was among the fans of the record and invited the band to support him on hisStation to Station tour, an offer the group declined.[12] Despite some innovations in touring, Kraftwerk took a break from live performances after theRadio-Activity tour of 1976.
Trans-Europe Express,The Man-Machine andComputer World (1977–1982)
After having finished the Radio-Activity tour Kraftwerk began recordingTrans-Europe Express (German:Trans-Europa-Express) at the Kling Klang Studio.Trans-Europe Express was mixed at theRecord Plant Studios in Los Angeles. It was around this time that Hütter and Schneider met David Bowie at the Kling Klang Studio. A collaboration was mentioned in an interview (Brian Eno) with Hütter, but it never materialised. The release ofTrans-Europe Express in March 1977 was marked with an extravagant train journey used as a press conference by EMI France. The album won a disco award in New York later that year.
In May 1978 Kraftwerk releasedThe Man-Machine (German:Die Mensch-Maschine), recorded at the Kling Klang Studio. Due to the complexity of the recording, the album was mixed at Studio Rudas in Düsseldorf. The band hired sound engineer Leanard Jackson from Detroit to work with Joschko Rudas on the final mix.The Man-Machine was the first Kraftwerk album whereKarl Bartos was cocredited as a songwriter. The cover, produced in black, white and red, was inspired by Russian artistEl Lissitzky and theSuprematism movement. Gunther Frohling photographed the group for the cover, a now-iconic image which featured the quartet dressed in red shirts and black ties. After it was released Kraftwerk did not release another album or tour for three years.
In May 1981 Kraftwerk releasedComputer World (German:Computerwelt) onEMI Records. It was recorded at Kling Klang Studio between 1978 and 1981. Much of this time was spent modifying the studio to make it portable so the band could take it on tour. Some of the electronic vocals onComputer World were generated using aTexas Instruments language translator.[13] "Computer Love" was released as a single backed with theMan-Machine track "The Model". Radio DJs were more interested in theB-side so the single was repackaged by EMI and re-released with "The Model" as the A-side. The single reached number one in the UK, making "The Model" Kraftwerk's most successful song in that country.As a result, theMan-Machine album also became a success in the UK, peaking at number 9 in thealbum chart in February 1982.[14] The band's live set focused increasingly on song-based material, with greater use of vocals and the use of sequencing equipment for both percussion and music. In contrast to their cool and controlled image, the group used sequencers interactively, which allowed for live improvisation. Ironically, Kraftwerk did not own a computer at the time of recordingComputer World.
Kraftwerk returned to live performance with theComputer World tour of 1981, where the band effectively packed up its entire Kling Klang studio and took it along on the road. They also made greater use of live visuals including back-projected slides and films synchronized with the music as the technology developed, the use of hand-held miniaturized instruments during the set, and the use of replicamannequins of themselves to perform on stage during the song "The Robots".[citation needed]
In 1982 Kraftwerk began to work on a new album that initially had the working titleTechnicolor but due to trademark issues was changed toElectric Café for its original release in 1986 (for a remastered re-release in 2009, it was retitled again after its original working title,Techno Pop). One of the songs from these recording sessions was "Tour de France", which EMI released as a single in 1983. This song was a reflection of the band's new-found obsession for cycling. After the physically demandingComputer World tour, Ralf Hütter had been looking for forms of exercise that fitted in with the image of Kraftwerk; subsequently he encouraged the group to become vegetarians and take up cycling. "Tour de France" included sounds that followed this theme including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the single's release Ralf Hütter tried to persuade the rest of the band that they should record a whole album based on cycling. The other members of the band were not convinced, and the theme was left to the single alone. "Tour de France" was released in German and French. The vocals of the song were recorded on the Kling Klang Studio stairs to create the right atmosphere. "Tour de France" was featured in the 1984 filmBreakin', showing the influence that Kraftwerk had onWest Coast Hip Hop.In May or June 1982,[15] during the recording of "Tour de France", Ralf Hütter was involved in a serious cycling accident.[6] He suffered head injuries and remained in a coma for several days.[16] During 1983 Wolfgang Flür was beginning to spend less time in the studio. Since the band began using sequencers his role as a drummer was becoming less frequent. He preferred to spend his time travelling with his girlfriend. Flür was also experiencing artistic difficulties with the band. Though he toured the world with Kraftwerk as a drummer in 1981, his playing does not appear on that year'sComputer World or on the 1986 albumElectric Café. In 1987 he made his last appearance with the band in "The Telephone Call" music video. As he declined to perform with the band in their Italian concerts in 1990 he was replaced on-stage byFritz Hilpert.[17]
After years of withdrawal from live performance Kraftwerk began to tour Europe more frequently. In February 1990 the band played a few secret shows in Italy. Karl Bartos left the band shortly afterwards. The next proper tour was in 1991, for the albumThe Mix. Hütter and Schneider wished to continue the synth-pop quartet style of presentation, and recruitedFernando Abrantes as a replacement for Bartos. Abrantes left the band shortly after though. In late 1991, long-time Kling Klang Studio sound engineer Henning Schmitz was brought in to finish the remainder of the tour and to complete a new version of the quartet that remained active until 2008.
In 1997 Kraftwerk made a famous appearance at the dance festivalTribal Gathering held in England.[18] In 1998, the group toured the US and Japan for the first time since 1981, along with shows in Brazil andArgentina. Three new songs were performed during this period and a further two tested in soundchecks, which remain unreleased.[19] Following this trek, the group decided to take another break.[20]
In July 1999 the single "Tour de France" was reissued in Europe by EMI after it had beenout of print for several years. It was released for the first time on CD in addition to a repressing of the 12-inch vinyl single. Both versions feature slightly altered artwork that removed the faces of Flür and Bartos from the four-man cycling paceline depicted on the original cover. In 1999 ex-member Flür published his autobiography in Germany,Ich war ein Roboter. Later English-language editions of the book were titledKraftwerk: I Was a Robot.
In 1999, Kraftwerk were commissioned to create ana cappellajingle for theHannoverExpo 2000world's fair in Germany. The jingle was subsequently developed into the single "Expo 2000", which was released in December 1999, and remixed and re-released as "Expo Remix" in November 2000.
Tour de France Soundtracks and touring the world (2000–2009)
In August 2003 the band releasedTour de France Soundtracks, its first album of new material since 1986'sElectric Café. In January and February 2003, before the release of the album, the band started the extensiveMinimum-Maximum world tour, using four customisedSonyVAIO laptop computers, effectively leaving the entire Kling Klang studio at home in Germany. The group also obtained a new set of transparent video panels to replace its four large projection screens. This greatly streamlined the running of all of the group's sequencing, sound-generating, and visual-display software. From this point, the band's equipment increasingly reduced manual playing, replacing it with interactive control of sequencing equipment. Hütter retained the most manual performance, still playing musical lines by hand on a controller keyboard and singing live vocals and having a repeatingostinato. Schneider's live vocoding had been replaced by software-controlled speech-synthesis techniques. In November, the group made a surprising appearance at the MTV European Music Awards inEdinburgh, Scotland, performing "Aerodynamik". The same year a promotional box set titled12345678 (subtitledThe Catalogue) was issued, with plans for a proper commercial release to follow. The box featuredremastered editions of the group's eight core studio albums, fromAutobahn toTour de France Soundtracks. This long-awaited box-set was eventually released in a different set of remasters in November 2009.
In June 2005 the band's first-ever official live album,Minimum-Maximum, which was compiled from the shows during the band's tour of spring 2004, received praise fromNME.[21] The album contained reworked tracks from existing studio albums. This included a track titled "Planet of Visions" that was a reworking of "Expo 2000". In support of this release, Kraftwerk made another quick sweep around theBalkans with dates inSerbia,Bulgaria,Macedonia,Turkey, and Greece. In December, theMinimum-Maximum DVD was released. During 2006, the band performed at festivals in Norway, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium, and Germany.
In April 2008 the group played three shows in US citiesMinneapolis,Milwaukee, andDenver, and were a coheadliner at theCoachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. This was their second appearance at the festival since 2004. Further shows were performed in Ireland, Poland,Ukraine, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore later that year. The touring quartet consisted of Ralf Hütter, Henning Schmitz,Fritz Hilpert, and video technician Stefan Pfaffe, who became an official member in 2008. Original member Florian Schneider was absent from the lineup. Hütter stated that he was working on other projects.[22] On 21 November, Kraftwerk officially confirmed Florian Schneider's departure from the band;[23]The Independent commented: "There is something brilliantly Kraftwerkian about the news that Florian Schneider, a founder member of the German electronic pioneers, is leaving the band to pursue a solo career. Many successful bands break up after just a few years. It has apparently taken Schneider and his musical partner, Ralf Hütter, four decades to discover musical differences."[24] Kraftwerk's headline set at Global Gathering in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 November was cancelled moments before it was scheduled to begin, due to Fritz Hilpert experiencing a medical emergency.[25]
In 2009, Kraftwerk performed concerts with special 3D background graphics in Wolfsburg, Germany; Manchester, UK; and Randers, Denmark. Members of the audience were able to watch this multimedia part of the show with 3D glasses, which were given out. During the Manchester concert (part of the 2009Manchester International Festival)[26] four members of the GB cycling squad (Jason Kenny,Ed Clancy,Jamie Staff andGeraint Thomas) rode around the Velodrome while the band performed "Tour de France".[27] The group also played several festival dates, the last being at theBestival 2009 in September, on theIsle of Wight.[28] 2009 also saw the release ofThe Catalogue box set in November.[29] It is a 12-inch album-sized box set containing all eight remastered CDs in cardboard slipcases, as well as LP-sized booklets of photographs and artwork for each individual album.
Although not officially confirmed, Ralf Hütter suggested that a second boxed set of their first three experimental albums—Kraftwerk,Kraftwerk 2 andRalf and Florian—could be on its way, possibly seeing commercial release after their next studio album: "We've just never really taken a look at those albums. They've always been available, but as really badbootlegs. Now we have more artwork.Emil has researched extra contemporary drawings, graphics, and photographs to go with each album, collections of paintings that we worked with, and drawings that Florian and I did. We took a lot ofPolaroids in those days." Kraftwerk also released aniOS app called Kraftwerk Kling Klang Machine.[30] The Lenbach House in Munich exhibited some Kraftwerk 3-D pieces in Autumn 2011. Kraftwerk performed three concerts to open the exhibit.[31]
Kraftwerk played at Ultra Music Festival in Miami on 23 March 2012. Initiated byKlaus Biesenbach, theMuseum of Modern Art of New York organized an exhibit titledKraftwerk – Retrospective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 where the band performed their studio discography fromAutobahn toTour de France over the course of eight days to sell-out crowds. The exhibit later toured to theTate Gallery as well as toK20 in Düsseldorf. Kraftwerk performed at the No Nukes 2012 Festival in Tokyo, Japan. Kraftwerk were also going to play at the Ultra Music Festival inWarsaw, but the event was cancelled; instead, Kraftwerk performed at Way Out West inGothenburg. A limited edition version of theCatalogue box set was released during the retrospective, restricted to 2000 sets. Each box was individually numbered and inverted the colour scheme of the standard box. In December, Kraftwerk stated on their website that they would be playing theirCatalogue in Düsseldorf and at London's Tate Modern. Kraftwerk tickets were priced at £60 in London, but fans compared that to the $20 ticket price for tickets at New York's MoMA in 2012, which caused consternation. Even so, the demand for the tickets at The Tate was so high that it shut down the website.
In March 2013, the band was not allowed to perform at a music festival in China due to unspecified "political reasons".[32] In an interview in June after performing the eight albums ofThe Catalogue in Sydney, Ralf Hütter stated: "Now we have finished one to eight, now we can concentrate on number nine."[33] In July, they performed at the 47th Montreux Jazz Festival. The band also played a 3-D concert on 12 July at Scotland's biggest festival –T in the Park – in Balado, Kinross, as well as 20 July atLatitude Festival in Suffolk, and 21 July at the Longitude Festival in Dublin.[34]
In October 2013 the band played four concerts, over two nights, inEindhoven, Netherlands. The venue,Evoluon (the former technology museum ofPhilips Electronics, now a conference center) was handpicked by Ralf Hütter,[35] for itsretro-futuristic UFO-like architecture. Bespoke visuals of the building, with the saucer section descending from space, were displayed during the rendition ofSpacelab.[36]
In 2014, Kraftwerk brought their four-night, 3DCatalogue tour to the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles,[37] and at NYC'sUnited Palace Theatre. They also played at the Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden and at the music festivalSummer Sonic in Tokyo, Japan.[38] In November 2014 the 3DCatalogue live set was played in Paris, France, at the brand new Fondation Louis-Vuitton from 6 to 14 November.[39] and then in the iconicParadiso concert hall inAmsterdam,Netherlands, where they played before in 1976.[40] In 2015, Ralf Hütter, being told that theTour de France would be starting that year in the nearby Dutch city ofUtrecht, decided that Kraftwerk would perform during the "Grand Départ". Eventually the band played three concerts 3 and 4 July inTivoliVredenburg performing "Tour de France Soundtracks" and visited the start of the Tour in-between.[41]
At the request of race directorChristian Prudhomme, Kraftwerk performed at the Tour de France on 1 July 2017, this time in Kraftwerk's hometownDüsseldorf. French electronic bandAir opened the concert, invited by Kraftwerk. Concertgoers were offered 3D glasses to perceivestereoscopic effects on the video screen.[42]
3-D The Catalogue and Schneider's death (2017–present)
In April 2017, Kraftwerk announced3-D The Catalogue, a live album and video documenting performances of all eight albums inThe Catalogue that was released 26 May 2017. It is available in multiple formats, the most extensive of which being a 4-discBlu-ray set with a 236-page hardback book. The album was nominated for theGrammy Awards forBest Dance/Electronic Album andBest Surround Sound Album at the ceremony that took place on 28 January 2018, winning the former, which became the band's first Grammy win.[43]
On 20 July 2018, at a concert in Stuttgart, German astronautAlexander Gerst performed "Spacelab" with the band while aboard theInternational Space Station, joining via a live video link. Gerst played melodies using a tablet as his instrument alongside Hütter as a duet, and delivered a short message to the audience.[44]
On 20 July 2019, Kraftwerk headlined the Saturday night lineup on theLovell Stage atBluedot Festival, a music and science festival held annually atJodrell Bank Observatory, Cheshire, UK.[45] The 2019 festival celebrated the 50th anniversary of theApollo 11 Moon landing.
On 21 April 2020, Florian Schneider died at age 73 after a brief battle with cancer. On 3 July 2020, the German-language versions ofTrans Europe Express,The Man Machine,Computer World,Techno Pop andThe Mix, alongside3-D The Catalogue, were released worldwide on streaming services for the first time.[46][47][48]
On 21 December 2020, Parlophone/WEA releasedRemixes, a digitalcompilation album.[49] It includes remixed tracks taken from singles released 1991, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2007, plus the previously unreleased "Non Stop", a version of "Musique Non-Stop" used as a jingle byMTV Europe beginning in 1993.[50] The cover re-uses the cover from "Expo Remix". The compilation was released on CD and vinyl in 2022.
On 30 October 2021, Kraftwerk were inducted into theRock & Roll Hall of Fame.[51] In November 2021, the band announced plans for a 2022 North American tour.[52] With the members' live performances celebrating Kraftwerk's fiftieth anniversary, theRemixes compilation album came out on compact disc and vinyl for the first time in addition.[5]
From 27 May to 10 July 2022, the formation undertook a successful North American tour, performing in 24 cities.[53]
Since 2023, they have begun visualising their music on the façades of castles and other historic buildings in a special way.[54][55][56][57]
In May 2024, they performed nine nights at theWalt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, presenting one of their eight albums each night and another concert as the ninth gig.[58]
On 27 July 2024, at theFuji Rock Festival inNaeba, Kraftwerk played a cover version of another artist's work for the first time: "Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence" byRyuichi Sakamoto, who died in 2023. Hütter had been friends with Sakamoto since 1981. After performing "Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence", Kraftwerk played "Radioactivity", for which Sakamoto wrote the Japanese lyrics in 2012.[59]
On 4 December 2024, Kraftwerk announced their Multimedia Tour to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of Autobahn, enlisting professional skateboarderTony Hawk in doing so.[60]
Kraftwerk have been recognized as pioneers ofelectronic music[61][62] as well as subgenres such aselectropop,[63][61][62]art pop,[64][65][66]house music,[67]synth-pop[68][69][70] andelectronic rock.[71] In its early incarnation, the band pursued anavant-garde,[62][72][73]experimental rock style inspired by the compositions ofKarlheinz Stockhausen. Hütter has also listedthe Beach Boys as a major influence.[74] The group was also inspired by thefunk music ofJames Brown and, later,punk rock.[8] They were initially connected to the Germankrautrock scene.[75][61] In the mid-1970s, they transitioned to an electronic sound which they described as "robot pop".[76] Kraftwerk's lyrics dealt withpost-war European urban life and technology—traveling by car on theAutobahn, traveling by train, using home computers, and the like. They were influenced by themodernistBauhaus aesthetic, seeing art as inseparable from everyday function.[69] Usually, the lyrics are veryminimal but reveal both an innocent celebration of, and a knowing caution about, the modern world, as well as playing an integral role in the rhythmic structure of the songs. Many of Kraftwerk's songs express the paradoxical nature of modern urban life: a strong sense of alienation existing side by side with a celebration of the joys of modern technology.[77][78]
Starting with the release ofAutobahn, Kraftwerk began to release a series ofconcept albums (Radio-Activity,Trans-Europe Express,The Man-Machine,Computer World,Tour de France Soundtracks).[79] All of Kraftwerk's albums fromTrans Europe Express onwards, exceptTour de France Soundtracks, have been released in separate versions: one with German vocals for sale in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and one with English vocals for the rest of the world, with occasional variations in other languages when conceptually appropriate. Live performance has always played an important part in Kraftwerk's activities. Also, despite its live shows generally being based around formal songs and compositions, liveimprovisation often plays a noticeable role in its performances. This trait can be traced back to the group's roots in the firstexperimental Krautrock scene of the late1960s, but, significantly, it has continued to be a part of its playing even as it makes ever greater use of digital and computer-controlled sequencing in its performances. Some of the band's familiar compositions have been observed to have developed from live improvisations at its concerts or sound-checks.[80]
Throughout their career, Kraftwerk have pushed the limits ofmusic technology with some notable innovations, such as home-made instruments and custom-built devices. The group has always perceived their Kling Klang Studio as a complex music instrument, as well as a sound laboratory; Florian Schneider in particular developed a fascination with music technology, with the result that the technical aspects of sound generation and recording gradually became his main fields of activity within the band.[6][page needed] Alexei Monroe called Kraftwerk the "first successful artists to incorporate representations ofindustrial sounds into non-academic electronic music".[81]
Early 1970s vocoder, custom-built for Kraftwerk
Kraftwerk used a custom-builtvocoder on their albumsRalf und Florian andAutobahn; the device was constructed by engineers P. Leunig and K. Obermayer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig.[82] Hütter and Schneider received a patent for anelectronic drum kit with sensor pads, filed in July 1975 and issued in June 1977.[83] It must be hit with metal sticks, which are connected to the device to complete a circuit that triggers analog synthetic percussion sounds.[84] The band first performed in public with this device in 1973, on the television programAspekte (on the all-German channelZweites Deutsches Fernsehen), where it was played by Wolfgang Flür.[85] They created drum machines forAutobahn andTrans-Europe Express.[86]
On theRadio-Activity tour in 1976 Kraftwerk tested out an experimental light-beam-activated drum cage allowing Flür to trigger electronic percussion through arm and hand movements. Unfortunately, the device did not work as planned, and it was quickly abandoned.[83] The same year Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider commissionedBonn-based "Synthesizerstudio Bonn, Matten & Wiechers" to design and build the Synthanorma Sequenzer with Intervallomat, a 4×8 / 2×16 / 1×32 step-sequencer system with some features that commercial products couldn't provide at that time.[83] Themusic sequencer was used by the band for the first time to control the electronic sources creating the rhythmic sound of the albumTrans-Europe Express.[87]
Since 2002, Kraftwerk's live performances have been conducted with the use of virtual technology (i.e. software replicating and replacing original analogue or digital equipment). According toFritz Hilpert, "the mobility of music technology and the reliability of the notebooks and software have greatly simplified the realization of complex touring setups: we generate all sounds on the laptops in real time and manipulate them with controller maps. It takes almost no time to get our compact stage system set up for performance. [...] This way, we can bring our Kling-Klang Studio with us on stage. The physical light weight of our equipment also translates into an enormous ease of use when working with software synthesizers and sound processors. Every tool imaginable is within immediate reach or just a few mouse clicks away on the Internet."[88]
The band is also known for being notoriously reclusive, providing rare and enigmatic interviews, using life-size mannequins and robots while conducting official photo shoots, refusing to answer fanmail and barring visitors from the Kling Klang Studio, the precise location of which they used to keep secret.
Another notable example of this eccentric behavior was reported toJohnny Marr ofthe Smiths by Karl Bartos, who explained that anyone trying to contact the band for collaboration would be told the studio telephone did not have a ringer since, while recording, the band did not like to hear any kind of noise pollution. Instead, callers were instructed to phone the studio precisely at a certain time, whereupon the phone would be answered by Ralf Hütter, despite never hearing the phone ring.[89]
Chris Martin ofColdplay recalled in a 2007 article inQ magazine the process of requesting permission to use the melody from the track "Computer Love" on "Talk" from the albumX&Y. He sent a letter through the lawyers of the respective parties and several weeks later received an envelope containing a handwritten reply that simply said "yes".[90]
According to music journalist Neil McCormick, Kraftwerk might be "the most influential group in pop history".[61]NME wrote:"'The Beatles and Kraftwerk' may not have the ring of 'the Beatles and the Stones', but nonetheless, these are the two most important bands in music history".[21]AllMusic wrote that their music "resonates in virtually every new development to impact the contemporary pop scene of the late 20th century".[76]
Kraftwerk influenced other forms of music such aship hop, house, and drum and bass, and they are also regarded as one of the pioneers of theelectro genre.[95]Karl Hyde ofUnderworld has referenced Kraftwerk as a prominent influence.[96] Most notably, "Trans Europe Express" and "Numbers" were interpolated into "Planet Rock" byAfrika Bambaataa & the Soul Sonic Force, one of the earliest hip-hop/electro hits. Kraftwerk helped ignite the New York electro-movement.[10]Techno was created by three musicians from Detroit, often referred to as the 'Belleville three' (Juan Atkins,Kevin Saunderson &Derrick May), who fused the repetitive melodies of Kraftwerk with funk rhythms.[97] The Belleville three were heavily influenced by Kraftwerk and their sounds because Kraftwerk's sounds appealed to the middle-class black people residing in Detroit at this time.[10]
The electronic bandLadytron were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when they composed their debut single "He Took Her to a Movie".[98]Aphex Twin noted Kraftwerk as one of his biggest influences and citedComputer World as a very influential album towards his music and sound.[99]Björk has cited the band as one of her main musical influences.[100] Electronic musicianKompressor has cited Kraftwerk as an influence. The band was also mentioned in the song "Rappers We Crush" by Kompressor andMC Frontalot ("I hurry away, get in my Chrysler. Oh, the dismay!/Someone's replaced all of my Backstreet Boys with Kraftwerk tapes!"). Dr.Alex Paterson ofthe Orb listedThe Man-Machine as one of his 13 favourite albums of all time.[101] According toNME, Kraftwerk's pioneering "robot pop" also spawned groups likeThe Prodigy andDaft Punk.[21]
Kraftwerk inspired many acts from other styles and genres, along with having their work been repeatedly sampled. David Bowie's "V-2 Schneider", from the 1977's"Heroes" album, was a tribute to Florian Schneider.[102]Post-punk bandsJoy Division andNew Order were heavily influenced by the band. Joy Division frontmanIan Curtis was a fan, and showed his colleagues records that would influence their music.[103] New Order also sampled "Uranium" in its biggest hit "Blue Monday".[104]Siouxsie and the Banshees recorded a cover of "Hall of Mirrors" on their 1987 albumThrough the Looking Glass, which was lauded by Ralf Hütter: "In general, we consider cover versions as an appreciation of our work. The version of 'Hall of Mirrors' by Siouxsie and the Banshees is extraordinary, just like the arrangements ofAlexander Bălănescu for hisBalanescu Quartet release [ofPossessed, 1992]. We also like the albumEl Baile Alemán ofSeñor Coconut a lot."[105] Members ofBlondie have admitted on several occasions that Kraftwerk were an important reference for their sound by the time they were working on their third albumParallel Lines. The worldwide hit "Heart of Glass" turned radically from an initialreggae-flavoured style to its distinctive electronic sound in order to imitate the technological approach of Kraftwerk's albums and adapt it to a disco concept.[106]Simple Minds andU2 each recorded cover versions of "Neon Lights"; Simple Minds' version was included on their 2001 all-covers albumNeon Lights, and U2 included "Neon Lights" as the B-side of their 2004 single "Vertigo".LCD Soundsystem's "Get Innocuous!" is built on a sample of "The Robots".[107]Rammstein covered Kraftwerk's song "Das Modell", releasing it as a non-album single in 1997.[108]John Frusciante cited the group's ability to experiment of as an inspiration when working in a recording studio.[109]
In 1989, a sped up version of Kraftwerk's song "Electric Café" began appearing as the theme song for a series of sketches onSaturday Night Live called "Sprockets", a German television spoof byMike Myers.[110][111] The 1998 comedyThe Big Lebowski features a fictional band called Autobahn, a parody of Kraftwerk and their 1974 recordAutobahn.[112]
In January 2018,BBC Radio 4 broadcast the 30-minute documentaryKraftwerk: Computer Love, which examined "how Kraftwerk's classic albumComputer World has changed people's lives."[113]
In October 2019, Kraftwerk were nominated for induction into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame for 2020.[114] On 12 May 2021, Kraftwerk were announced as an official inductee into the Hall, for the class of 2021.[115]
^Witts, Richard. "Vorsprung durch Technik ? Kraftwerk and the British Fixation with Germany". reproduced in "Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop". Continuum Books 2012
^"Datamath". Datamath. 5 December 2001.Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved24 August 2014.
^The albumTrans-Europe Express was played over the PA before Joy Division's concerts. New Order's song "Your Silent Face" also has some similarities with "Europe Endless" and had a working title of "KW1", or "Kraftwerk 1". New Order also recorded a song called "Krafty" that appeared as a single and on the albumWaiting for the Sirens' Call.
^Butterworth, Michael (30 November 2015).The Blue Monday Diaries: In the Studio with New Order. Plexus Publishing Ltd.Kraftwerk's Uranium from the 1975 album Radio-Activity, became the model for the keyboard pad sound at the start and end of the track
^"Intervista: I Kraftwerk, redeirelettronica: 'Partiamo per il Tour de France'",La Stampa, no. numero 229, p. 29, 22 August 2003,archived from the original on 18 March 2017, retrieved17 March 2017,In genere lo consideriamo un apprezzamento per il nostro lavoro. La versione di Siouxsie di 'Hall Of Mirrors' è straordinaria, come gli arrangiamenti di Alexander Balanescu per quartetto d'archi. Anche il disco di Señor Coconut ci è piaciuto molto.
^Blondie – Parallel Lines. The Mojo Collection: the ultimate music companion. 2007. p. 410.ISBN978-1-84767-643-6.Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved18 October 2020.We didn't expect the song to be that big (...) We weren't thinking about selling out. We were thinking about Kraftwerk and Eurodisco{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
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