Hell's Kitchen has long been a bastion of poor and working-classIrish Americans, and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission'sPlan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location weredriving people of modest means from the area.Gentrification has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.
In addition to its long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations, Hell's Kitchen has a largeLGBTQ population and is home to manyLGBTQ bars and businesses.[4] The neighborhood has long been a home to fledgling and working actors; it is the home of theActors Studio training school and sits nearBroadway theatres.
Hell's Kitchen is part ofManhattan Community District 4.[1] It is patrolled by the 10th and Midtown North Precincts of theNew York City Police Department. The area provides transport, medical, and warehouse-infrastructure support to the business district of Manhattan. It is known for its extensive selection of multiethnic, small, and relatively inexpensive restaurants, delicatessens,bodegas, bars, and associated nightlife.
A general map of the Hell's Kitchen area, including the northern part ofHudson Yards to the south, but excluding theColumbus Circle transition area to the north
The name "Hell's Kitchen" generally refers to the area between34th to the south and59th Street to the north. Starting west ofEighth Avenue and the north side of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories. As a result, most of the buildings are older, and are oftenwalk-upapartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses theZIP Codes 10019 and 10036. The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name forRockefeller Center onSixth Avenue.[5][6]
The northern edge of Hell's Kitchen borders the southern edge of theUpper West Side, though the section west ofNinth Avenue and south of57th Street is also part of theColumbus Circle neighborhood. 57th Street was traditionally the boundary between the Upper West Side and Hell's Kitchen, but another interpretation puts the northern border at 59th Street, where the names of the north–south avenues change. Included between 57th and 59th Streets theTime Warner Center at Columbus Circle;Hudson Hotel;Mount Sinai West, whereJohn Lennon died in 1980 after being shot; andJohn Jay College.[5]
Beyond the southern boundary isChelsea. TheHudson Yards neighborhood overlaps with Hell's Kitchen, and the areas are often lumped together as "West Midtown", given their proximity to theMidtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line with Chelsea is 34th Street.[5] The area between the rail corridor atPennsylvania Station and theWest Side Yard and 42nd Street, and east of theJacob K. Javits Convention Center, is also known as Hell's Kitchen South.[7][8]
Several explanations exist for the origin of the neighborhood's current name. An early use of the phrase appears in a commentDavy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan,Five Points. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:
When, in 1835, Davy Crockett said, "In my part of the country, when you meet an Irishman, you find a first-rate gentleman; but these are worse than savages; they are too mean to swab hell's kitchen", he was referring to the Five Points.[9]
According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:
No one can pin down the exact origin of the label, but some refer to atenement on54th Street as the first "Hell's Kitchen". Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true origin. A gang and a localdive took the name as well.[10]
Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:
...first appeared in print on September 22, 1881 when aNew York Times reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street andTenth Avenue as "Hell's Kitchen" and said that the entire section was "probably the lowest and filthiest in the city." According to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the name's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil's Kitchen, after its proprietors.[11] But the most common version traces it to the story of "Dutch Fred the Cop", a veteran policeman, who with his rookie partner, was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue. The rookie is supposed to have said, "This place is hell itself", to which Fred replied, "Hell's a mild climate. This is Hell's Kitchen."[12]
The 1929 bookManna-Hatin: The Story of New York states that thePanic of 1857 led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious 'Gas House District' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties."[13]
Hell's Kitchen is frequently used to name the neighborhood, although real estate developers designate the area as 'Clinton' and 'Midtown West'. The 'Clinton name', used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area toDeWitt Clinton Park at 52nd andEleventh Avenue, named after the 19th centuryNew York governor, thoughThe New York Times noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.[14][15]
On the island of Manhattan when Europeans first saw it, the GreatKill formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl,[16] emptying into theHudson River at a deep bay on the river at the present42nd Street.[17] The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making. The upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor ofLongacre Square, nowTimes Square.[18]
One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is nowSixth Avenue. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near53rd Street and Eleventh Avenue. Christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished.[19]
The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. asDeWitt Clinton Park. In 1911,New York Hospital bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh andTwelfth Avenues.[20] Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.[21]
Harborview Terrace public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets, and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, part of theNew York City Housing Authority[22]
A lone surviving structure from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governorGeorge Clinton, now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.[23] From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future. It extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,[24] and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway,West End Avenue, and 106th Street, nowStraus Park.[25]
In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton's[a] farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out42nd Street clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried fromWeehawken were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.[26] Seventy acres of the Leakes', later the Nortons' property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, were purchased before 1807 byJohn Jacob Astor andWilliam Cutting, who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.
The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.[27]
Hell's Kitchen and Sebastopol, c. 1890, photographed byJacob Riis
There were multiple changes that helped Hell's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper. The first was construction of theHudson River Railroad, whose initial leg – the 40 mi (64 km) toPeekskill – was completed on September 29, 1849, By the end of 1849, it stretched toPoughkeepsie and in 1851 it extended toAlbany. The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue, as far as60th Street.[28]
The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses, such as tanneries, that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste.The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell's Kitchen started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century. Irish immigrants – mostly refugees from theGreat Famine – found work on the docks and railroad along theHudson River and establishedshantytowns there.
Mission House, Hell's Kitchen, c. 1915
After theAmerican Civil War, there was an influx of people who moved to New York City. The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly. Many who lived in this congested, poverty-stricken area turned to gang life. FollowingProhibition, implemented in 1919, the district's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for therumrunners who controlled illicit liquor. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violentGopher Gang led by One Lung Curran and later byOwney Madden.[29]
Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".
By the 1930s, when theMcGraw-Hill Building was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.[30] After therepeal of Prohibition, many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful.[31]
By the end of the 1970s, the implementation ofcontainerized shipping led to the decline of theWest Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of theLincoln Tunnel in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and thePort Authority Bus Terminal and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.[32]
In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers, mistaken for rival gang members, were killed.[33] By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of theWesties, anIrish mob aligned with theGambino crime family. In the early 1980s widespreadgentrification began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-classIrish American neighborhood. The 1980s saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after theRICO convictions of most of its principals in 1986.
Eighth Avenue was once lined with porn stores and theaters. The stores have mostly gone since the late 1990s, but this particular store, which was highlighted in the 2003 filmPhone Booth, remained until 2007.
Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York's main business district, large-scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District[34] designed to protect the neighborhood's residents and its low-rise character.
In part to qualify for federal aid, New York developed a comprehensivePlan for New York City in 1969–70. While for almost all neighborhoods, the master plan contained few proposals, it was very explicit about the bright future of Hell's Kitchen. The plan called for 2,000 to 3,000 new hotel rooms, 25,000 apartments, 25×10^6 sq ft (2,300,000 m2) of office space, a new super liner terminal, a subway along 48th Street, and a convention center to replace what the plan described as "blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort."[35][36] However, outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused,[37] and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing, led to opposition to the first project – a new convention center to replace theNew York Coliseum.[38]
To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement, the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman, their environmental planner, proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street, where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land.[39]
Nevertheless, in 1973, theJacob K. Javits Convention Center was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86. But in exchange, and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover",[40] the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969–70 master plan[41] and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment.[42] Since then, limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings. Later, in 1978, when the city could not afford the higher cost of constructing the 44th Street convention center over water, the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community.[43]
The SCD was originally split into four areas:
Preservation Area: 43rd to 56th Streets between Eighth and Tenth Avenues. R-7 density, 6-story height limit on new buildings, suggested average apartment size of two bedrooms. This was a response to the fact that between 1960 and 1970 developers had torn down 2,300 family-sized units and replaced them with 1,500 smaller units.
Perimeter Area: Eighth Avenue, 42nd and 57th Streets. Bulkier development permitted to counterbalance the downzoning in the preservation area.
Mixed Use Area: Tenth and Eleventh Avenues between 43rd and 50th Streets. Mixed residential and manufacturing. New residential development only permitted in conjunction with manufacturing areas. Later combined into "Other Areas".
Other Areas: West of Eleventh Avenue. Industrial and waterfront uses. Later combined with "Mixed Use Area"
Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD, including demolition of "any sound housing in the District" and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure. In the original provisions, no building could be demolished unless it was unsound. New developments, conversions, or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20% two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of 168 sq ft (16 m2).
Alterations that reduce the percentage of two-bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20% two-bedroom requirement. Building height in the Preservation Area cannot exceed 66 ft (20 m) or seven stories, whichever is less.
The Windermere Apartments at Ninth Avenue and 57th Street
As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.[44]
In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition ofThe Village Voice's annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."[45]
Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. In May 2006, seven tenants remained[46] and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in a derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. In September 2007, the fire department evacuated the remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door.[47] In 2008, theNew York Supreme Court ruled that the owners of the building, who include theTOA Construction Corporation of Japan, must repair it.[48]
By the 1980s, the area south of 42nd Street was in decline. Both the state and the city hoped that theJacob K. Javits Convention Center would renew the area.[49] Hotels, restaurants, apartment buildings, and television studios were proposed.[50] One proposal included apartments and hotels on a 30 acres (12 ha) pier jutting out onto Hudson River, which included amarina,ferry slip, stores, restaurants, and aperforming arts center.[51] At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street, a 32-story office tower would be built.[52] Hotels, apartment buildings, and aMadison Square Garden would be built over the tracks west ofPennsylvania Station.[53][54] North of the Javits Center, a "Television City" would be developed byLarry Silverstein in conjunction withNBC.[50]
One impediment to development was the lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station was pursued successfully, for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway.[55] No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center.[56][57] In 1993, part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned.[58][59] However, neither of these rezonings was particularly significant, as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low-rise apartment buildings.[60]
By the early 1990s, there wasa recession, which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area.[61] After the recession was over, developers invested in areas likeTimes Square, eastern Hell's Kitchen, andChelsea, but mostly skipped the Far West Side.[62]
Memorial to 15 firefighters from Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 who died on September 11, 2001
While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in theSeptember 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue, which lost 15 firefighters, an entire shift on duty.[63] Given its proximity to Midtown, the station specializes in skyscraper fires and rescues. In 2007, it was the second-busiest firehouse in New York City, with 9,685 runs between the two companies.[64]
Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11.[65] In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.
Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days",[66][67][68] with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan.[69] It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north fromChelsea.Zoning has long restricted the extension ofMidtown Manhattan's skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street.[70]
In 1989, theDavid Childs- andFrank Williams-designedWorldwide Plaza established a beachhead when it was built at the formerMadison Square Garden site, a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules. This project led a real-estate building boom on Eighth Avenue, including theHearst Tower at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue.
An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving theHoward Johnson's Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property toElad Properties for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned thePlaza Hotel, built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.[71]
Silverstein Properties and Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment are bidding for a downstate New York casino license and hope to develop a resort and casino in the neighborhood if they secure a license. They have proposed The Avenir, which would be a resort with 1,000 hotel rooms, an eight story casino and a 1,000 seat performance venue. 100 affordable housing units would also be built.[72]
In 2003, theNew York City Department of City Planning issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of 40,000,000 sq ft (3,700,000 m2) of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space.[73] Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west byHudson River Park and theHudson River. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.[74][75]
Based on data from the2020 United States census, the population of Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) was 49,758, an increase of 3,874 (8.4%) from the 45,884 counted in2010. Covering an area of 0.841 sq mi (2.18 km2), the neighborhood had a population density of 59,165/sq. mi (22,825/sq. km).[2] Theracial makeup of the neighborhood was 52.8%White, 5.5%African American, 21.1%Hispanic or Latino, 17.5%Asian, and 3.2% from other races.[2]
The entirety of Community District 4, which comprises Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, had 122,119 inhabitants as ofNYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.1 years.[82]: 2, 20 This was higher than the 2016 median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[83]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [84] In 2018, most inhabitants were adults: a plurality (45%) were between the ages of 25–44. 26% were aged between 45–64, and 13% were 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 9% and 8% respectively.[82]: 2
In 2017, the medianhousehold income in Community Districts 4 and 5 was $101,981.[85] In 2018, an estimated 11% of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) was unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 41% in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018[update], Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and notgentrifying.[82]: 7
Hell's Kitchen gear for sale in the Video Cafe on Ninth Avenue (shop closed in January 2014)[86]Manhattan Plaza, performing artists' residence, Ninth Avenue/43rd Street
With the opening of the originalImprov byBudd Friedman in 1963, the club became a hangout for singers to perform and quickly attracted comedians as well, turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time. Once located at 358 West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue, it has since closed.[90]
Manhattan Plaza at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists. It consists of two 46-story towers with 70% of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts.[91]The Actors' Temple andSt. Malachy Roman Catholic Church with its Actors' Chapel also testify to the long-time presence of show business people.
The syndicatedMontel Williams Show was taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. ThePower Station recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer andsongwriterSting recorded his album entitled57th & 9th there.[92] The progressive metal bandDream Theater recorded their fourth studio albumFalling into Infinity at the studio. Their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.[93]
TheComedy Central satirical news programThe Daily Show was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved toTimes Square. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between51st and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used forThe Colbert Report throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used forThe Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, followingStephen Colbert's departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used forTha God's Honest Truth, produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street isArs Nova theater, home to emerging artistsJoe Iconis and breakout starJesse Eisenberg, among others.
Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants. The Ninth Avenue Association's International Food Festival stretches through Hell's Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May, usually on the third weekend of the month.[94] It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city. There areCaribbean,Chinese,French,German,Greek,Italian,Irish,Mexican, andThai restaurants as well as multipleAfghan,Argentine,Ethiopian,Peruvian,Turkish,Indian,Pakistani, andVietnamese restaurants.
Restaurant Row, so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. Notable establishments on Ninth Avenue include Mickey Spillane's, part-owned bythe mobster's son, who also owns Mr. Biggs on Tenth Avenue/43rd Street. There are more restaurants andfood carts andtrucks on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.
Hell's Kitchen's side streets are mostly lined with trees. The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas, though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces.
One such park isDeWitt Clinton Park on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th Streets.[95] It is across the West Side Highway fromClinton Cove Park. Another isHell's Kitchen Park, built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets.[12]
The 100 by 150 ft (30 by 46 m) Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with theGreen Guerillas to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through appeals to MayorEd Koch and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site.[97]
In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city'sParks Department, making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk. Over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational events include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.[98]
Hell's Kitchen is patrolled by two precincts of theNYPD.[99] The area south of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of theNYPD, located at 230 West 20th Street in Chelsea.[100] The area north of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 18th (Midtown North) Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street.[101] In 2010, the 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 NYC patrol areas for per-capita crime,[102] while the Midtown North and Midtown South precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime.[103] As of 2018[update], with a non-fatal assault rate was 34 per 100,000 people, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate ofviolent crimes per capita was less than the city average. The incarceration rate of 313 per 100,000 people was lower than the city average.[82]: 8
The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.3% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported no murders, 9 rapes, 135 robberies, 159 felony assaults, 137 burglaries, 759 grand larcenies, and 77 grand larcenies auto in 2023.[104] The 18th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.6% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported 3 murders, 9 rapes, 137 robberies, 184 felony assaults, 130 burglaries, 1,979 grand larcenies, and 83 grand larcenies auto in 2023.[105]
As of 2018[update],preterm births in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are the same as the city average, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there were 87 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 9.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[82]: 11 Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea have a low population of residents who areuninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.[82]: 14
In 2018, the concentration offine particulate matter, the deadliest type ofair pollutant, in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea is 0.0098 mg/m3 (9.8×10−9 oz/cu ft), was more than the city average.[82]: 9 Eleven percent of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents weresmokers in 2018, less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[82]: 13 In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 10% of residents wereobese in 2018, 5% werediabetic, and 18% hadhigh blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[82]: 16 In 2018, 14% of children were obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[82]: 12
Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.[82]: 13 For every supermarket in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there are 7bodegas.[82]: 10
Hell's Kitchen is located within three primaryZIP Codes. From north to south they are 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets.[113] TheUnited States Postal Service operates three post offices in Hell's Kitchen:
In 2018, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea generally had a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. In 2018, a majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) had a college education or higher, while 6% had less than a high school education. 17% were high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, in 2018, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents had a college education or higher.[82]: 6 The percentage of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.[118]
In 2016, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of elementary school student absenteeism was lower than the rest of New York City. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days perschool year, less than the citywide average of 20%.[83]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [82]: 6 In 2018, 81% of high school students in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea graduated on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.[82]: 6
TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. The Holy Cross School served the Hells Kitchen/Times Square area. In 2011, it had about 300 students.[136] Some students originated from areas outside of New York City and outside New York State. In 2013 the archdiocese announced that the school was to close.[137] The school had the possibility of remaining open if $720,000 in pledges to the school were obtained, and the school community almost got to the number. However, the school was closed anyway.[138]
TheNew York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Columbus branch at 742 10th Avenue. The Columbus branch was founded in 1901 as the Columbus Catholic Club's collection, and it became an NYPL branch in 1905. The currentCarnegie library building opened in 1909 and was renovated in 2004–2005.[139]
TheLincoln Tunnel connects New York City toNew Jersey. The tunnel consists of three vehicular tubes of varying lengths, with two traffic lanes in each tube. The center tube containsreversible lanes.[147][148]
Parking lots dot the neighborhood, but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built.Eleventh Avenue is lined with car dealerships, many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country.[149]
Many of the horse-drawn carriages fromCentral Park stay in stables just off theWest Side Highway. It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood. There have been calls for banning horse-drawn carriages, especially fromMayor of New York CityBill de Blasio following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages.[150][151][152] The carriage horses live in stables originally built in the 19th century, but today contain modern design features such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and sprinkler systems. The carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.[153][154]
The massivePort Authority Bus Terminal is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves numerous commuter and intercity routes, as well as airport shuttles and tour buses.[155]
Cruise ships frequently dock at theNew York Passenger Ship Terminal in the 48th to 52nd Street piers, respectively numbered Piers 88, 90, and 92.[156] The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small, and some cruise traffic uses other locations.[157]
The characterGail Wynand inAyn Rand's 1943 novelThe Fountainhead grew up in Hell's Kitchen. Several chapters in the book are extensive flashbacks to his childhood and youth there. At the end of the book, he buys up several blocks of Hell's Kitchen, in which to build the world's tallest skyscraper.[citation needed]
Apollo, the protagonist fromRick Riordan's 2016 novelThe Hidden Oracle, crashes in a Hell's Kitchen dumpster after being turned mortal, and meets and is saved from muggers by his companion Meg McCaffrey there.[citation needed]
Patrick Bateman in Bret Easton Ellis'American Psycho (1991) regularly disposed of his victims in Hell's Kitchen, as well as picking up several prostitutes, such as the returning character Christie.
Route 66 (1960–63), TV show –Buz Murdock, one of the lead characters, grew up in Hell's Kitchen.[167]
Daredevil andDaredevil: Born Again, adaptations of thecomic series and character of the same name, are set in Hell's Kitchen.Matt Murdock's alter ego as a secretive and intimidating vigilante is first known to the public and various crime organizations as "The Man in Black" and later "The Devil of Hell's Kitchen" before his official branding as "Daredevil".[164]
Criminal Minds, In season one, episode 17, a victim of the latest Unsub was found dead in his art studio in Hell's Kitchen.
Notable current and former residents of Hell's Kitchen include:
Michael Alig (1966–2020), founder of theClub Kids, lived at Riverbank West,[177] at 11th Avenue, which he described as "the place where I lived as part of my salary atLimelight"; it was the address where he and his roommate, Robert "Freeze" Riggs, killedAndre "Angel" Melendez[178]
Lorenzo Carcaterra (born 1954), author, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen, which is featured in his autobiographical story "A Safe Place" as well as the novel and later filmSleepers[187]
^Norton, the great-nephew of John Leake, founder ofLeake and Watts Children's Home, is listed among early 19th-century owners of considerable tracts in what is now Hell's Kitchen, withJohn Jacob Astor, William Cutting, Thomas Addis Emmet, Andrew Hopper, John Horn and William Wright.[21]
^ab"NYC Planning | Community Profiles".communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning.Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. RetrievedMarch 18, 2019.
^Walsh, John (September 1994)."The Five Points". Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area.Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. RetrievedApril 21, 2015.
^Jscobson, Aileen."Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side",The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."
^Eric W. Sanderson,Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A, p. 253ISBN978-0-8109-9633-5; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", inHistoric New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.
^Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999:721.ISBN0-19-511634-8
^Mitchell L. Moss (November 2011)."How New York City Won the Olympics"(PDF).Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service.New York University.Archived(PDF) from the original on September 26, 2015. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015.
^Fertig, Beth."Firemen on September 11th"Archived August 28, 2016, at theWayback Machine,WNYC, September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."
^Joseph J. Varga,Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.
^"Developments". EL AD Group.Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. RetrievedJuly 25, 2020.
^Bagli, Charles V."Developer Signs Deal For Complex"Archived November 7, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, January 13, 2004. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors, singers, dancers, stagehands or musicians, if they met certain income limits."
^"P.S. 035".New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Archived fromthe original on March 23, 2019. RetrievedMarch 23, 2019.
^"P.S. 051 Elias Howe".New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Archived fromthe original on March 23, 2019. RetrievedMarch 23, 2019.
^"P.S. 111 Adolph S. Ochs".New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Archived fromthe original on March 23, 2019. RetrievedMarch 23, 2019.
^"Pier 83".Hudson River Park.Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. RetrievedOctober 16, 2019.
^McGeehan, Patrick (October 21, 2005)."New and Flashy, Big and Glassy".The New York Times.Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. RetrievedOctober 16, 2019.
^Robert Sciarrino (December 26, 2013)."How to squeeze 1,200 trains a day into America's busiest transit hub".The Star-Ledger.Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2016....a transit hub that handles 650,000 people a day – twice as busy as America's most-used airport in Atlanta and busier than Newark, LaGuardia and JFK airports combined.
^McGarrity, Maria (March 2008). "Hell's Kitchen as Contact Zone: The Essentialized African in Jim Sheridan'sIn America".CLA Journal.51 (3):304–323.JSTOR44325430.
^Jamieson, Wendell."City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman"Archived January 6, 2018, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved he still came back to New York often."
^Friend, Tad."Lewis Black, Playwright"Archived September 7, 2014, at theWayback Machine,The New Yorker, June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."
^Dargis, Manohla."Roll the Fairy Tale, Fade to the Fists"Archived September 22, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, June 3, 2005. Accessed July 8, 2016. "On June 13, 1935, the boxer James J. Braddock fought the fight of a lifetime. Born in Hell's Kitchen when that New York neighborhood still warranted that rough-and-tumble epithet, the 30-year-old heavyweight was the son of immigrants whose bloodlines and hardscrabble woes traced back to Ireland."
^Eldridge, David.American Culture in the 1930s, p. 74.Edinburgh University Press, 2008.ISBN9780748629770. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Born in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Cagney brought something 'fresh' to the movie, a machismo that was natural, uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous (as when he spits beer into someone's face), and imbued with a wise-guy wit."
^Lambert, Bruce."Neighborhood Report: Point-Counterpoint; A Church vs.Sleepers"Archived February 2, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, October 15, 1995. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best sellerSleepers, which the author, Lorenzo Carcaterra, presents as a true story drawn from his Hell's Kitchen boyhood."
^Staff."Second Cup Cafe: Vanessa Carlton",CBS News, November 17, 2007. Accessed August 10, 2009. "A few years ago, this three-time Grammy nominee was living in New York's Hell's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city's clubs."
^Marantz, Andrew."Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party",The New Yorker, July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."
^Kussoy, Howie."You can't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from"Archived October 30, 2017, at theWayback Machine,New York Post, October 28, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan, but Noah grew up in one of Paris' wealthiest suburbs, splitting time between his divorced parents. When he was 12, he moved to New York, living with his mother – who had moved to New York as a teenager – and younger sister, Yelena, near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue. In Hell's Kitchen, he was no longer the child of France's favorite son."
^Van Matre, Lynn."Tony Orlando: Fame dawns the second time around"Archived March 5, 2017, at theWayback Machine,Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1975. Accessed March 3, 2017. "Raised in Manhattan's tough 'Hells' Kitchen' area (most of the people he grew up with, Orlando says, 'are either dead or in jail'), Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out."
^John ReedArchived April 8, 2023, at theWayback Machine, Pen Parentis, October 5, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2017. "I live with my wife and two young children in Hell's Kitchen."
^Frankel, Bruce."Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti"Archived October 21, 2012, at theWayback Machine,USA Today, March 17, 1992. Accessed August 10, 2009. "The bad-boy actor, who grew up in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, spent the morning in court on a 'family' – the Gotti family – pass, following transcripts of conversations between Gotti, Salvatore 'Sammy Bull' Gravano and others."
^Traub, James."The Lord's of Hell's Kitchen"Archived February 2, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, April 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "By the Mid-1970s, Control over Hell's Kitchen crime had passed to the mythically named Michael (Mickey) Spillane. A bookmaker, loan shark and murderer, Spillane was one of the last of the old-fashioned gangsters, handing out turkeys at Thanksgiving and paying visits to the elderly."
^Hunt, Denis."Lisa Lisa Is Cookin' In Hell's Kitchen",Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "To hear Lisa Velez talk, you'd think New York City's infamous Hell's Kitchen—a dangerous, drug-infested slum—was paradise.... Usually kids grow up in Hell's Kitchen with one thought: escaping as soon as they are able. But Velez, the youngest of 10 children, had a different goal. She wanted to be a singer."
^Turan, Kenneth."Motion Pictures; Bruce Willis Looks for the Man Within the Icon"Archived April 8, 2023, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, July 1, 1990. Accessed August 15, 2017. "Somewhere in Hell's Kitchen, hard by West 49th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan, there is an apartment with Bruce Willis's name on it. A railroad flat where, for $175 a month, he bivouacked as one of New York's small army of aspiring actors, it still remains, and not by accident, in the man's family."
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