Heilongjiang[a] is aprovince innortheast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (inMohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of theAmur andUssuri rivers).
Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as theSushen,Buyeo, theMohe, and theKhitan.MongolicDonghu people lived inInner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.[7] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.[8] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by theBohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the KhitanLiao dynasty. The JurchenJin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.
Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a French map dated to 1734
Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during theKangxi era of theManchuQing dynasty, from the northwestern part of theJilin province.[9] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang;jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word將軍jiāngjūn; "military leader, general" and is cognate withJapaneseshōgun), whose power extended, according to theTreaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as theStanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached theSea of Japan. These areas deep inManchuria were closed off toHan Chinese migration.
Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion
The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known asAigun orHeihe, or, inManchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur river. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred toNenjiang (Mergen) on theNen River, and, in 1699, further south toQiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down theSungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using aportage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the ÖlötMongols.[10]
Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Chinese:乌鲁苏穆丹Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur river's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)
In 1858 and 1860, theQing government wasforced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri rivers to theRussian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from theSea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time,Manchuria was opened toHan Chinese migration by theQing government. By the early twentieth century, due to theChuang Guandong, theHan Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.[11]
In 1931, Japanese forcesinvaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of theJapanesepuppet state ofManchukuo.
In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria weredefeated by the Soviet Army. During theChinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists andHarbin the first major city to be controlled by them.
At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was theprovince of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During theCultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to includeHulunbuir League and some other areas previously inInner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.
Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as theGreater Khingan Range andLesser Khingan Range,Zhangguangcai Mountains,Laoye Mountains, andWanda Mountains. The highest peak isDatudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border withJilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.
Ahumid continental climate (KöppenDwa orDwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north aresubarctic (KöppenDwc).[12] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, theSongnen Plain and theSanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.[citation needed]
Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways,[13] highways and other roads. TheBeijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within theHarbin Ring Expressway. TheHarbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway,Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. TheSuifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. TheHegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.
There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of theEurasian Land Bridge. TheHarbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, toDalian in Liaoning province viaChangchun andShenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.
The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[15] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.[16][17] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",[18] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.[19]
* – includingEthnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories withinInner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km2 or 32,018.99 sq mi)
From left to right: Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Daqing, Jixi
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
^New district established after 2010 census:Shuangcheng (Shuangcheng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
^abThe stats does not reflect the Yichun PLC reorganization in 2019 after 2010 census.
^Nenjiang County is currently known as Nenjiang CLC after 2010 census.
^Jiagedaqi Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part ofHulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.
^Dongning County is currently known as Dongning CLC after 2010 census.
^Fuyuan County is currently known as Fuyuan CLC after 2010 census.
^Mohe County is currently known as Mohe CLC after 2010 census.
^Xinlin Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part ofHuma County.
^Huzhong Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part ofHuma County.
^Songling Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part ofHulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.
Most populous cities in Heilongjiang
Source:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[26]
In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillionRMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 (US$7,717 in nominal).[3] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.[3]
Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007.[citation needed] The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.[citation needed]
Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge.
Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations ofrice,corn andsoybeans, with a total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn.[29][30] Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.[31][32] Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.[31] Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas forjaponica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.[33][34] The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.[35] Commercial crops grown includebeets,flax,sunflowers.[34]
Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.[citation needed]
Heilongjiang is part ofnortheast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food.[citation needed] Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade withRussia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation.[citation needed] As a result, the government has started theRevitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method ofeconomic reform.[citation needed]
Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is 208.54 km2 (80.52 sq mi), and it recently expanded the area by 32.45 km2 (12.53 sq mi).[38]
Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 34 km2 (13 sq mi) in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects and high-tech industrial development.[39]
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[40]
Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is 548 km (341 mi). Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is 21 km (13 mi) away.[41]
Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated intoManchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present). Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947–1949 and 1953–1954. Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present). Songjiang Province dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province. Hejiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present). Nenjiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.
Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.[3] As of 2021[update], the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.[3]
Heilongjiang's culture is part of aculture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).
Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese,Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent.Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.[53]Eastern Orthodox,Roman Catholic, andProtestant churches as well assynagogues dot the city.[54]
The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famedice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.[55]
Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights.Lake Jingbo, inNing'an County, is a section of theMudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including theDiaoshuilou Falls.
Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.[57] For example, it is promotingbandy as anOlympic sport.[58]
^浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点.iqh.net.cn (in Chinese (China)). Archived fromthe original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved16 January 2011.
^Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985).Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. p. 6.ISBN0-89065-118-3.
^Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014,ISBN978-1-4094-6389-4
^Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012).中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing:China Statistics Print.ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
^Lawrence, Susan; Martin, Michael (20 March 2013)."Understanding China's Political System"(PDF).Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved28 September 2019.
^党委书记权力究竟有多大？ [How much power does a Party Secretary really have?].人民论坛 (in Chinese (China)).People's Daily Press. 23 January 2007.Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved29 April 2018.
^Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022).China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press. p. 39.ISBN978-1-009-04898-9.
^National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003).《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.ISBN978-7105054251., 2 volumes
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