Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post-Mahabharata period, theĀbhiras lived here,[14] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[15] According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana evolved as a word fromĀbhirāyana (fromābhira andayana "path, way") toAhirāyana toHariyānā (Haryana).[16]
The villages ofRakhigarhi inHisar district andBhirrana inFatehabad district are home to ancient sites of theIndus Valley Civilization, which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals).[17]
During theVedic era, Haryana was the site of theKuru Kingdom, one of India's greatMahajanapadas. The south of Haryana is the claimed location ofManu's state ofBrahmavarta.[18][better source needed] The area surroundingDhosi Hill, and districts ofRewari andMahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures likeVedas,Upanishads,Manusmriti,Brahmanas andPuranas.[19] As per Manusmriti,[20] Manu was the king ofBrahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.
Harsha Ka Tila mound west ofSheikh Chilli's Tomb complex, with ruins from the reign of 7th-century rulerHarsha.
Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital atThanesar.Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty.Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century.Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[22]
After the sack ofBhatner fort during theTimurid conquests of India in 1398,Timur attacked and sacked the cities ofSirsa,Fatehabad,Sunam,Kaithal andPanipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. TheAhirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled toTohana, whoseJat inhabitants were robbers according toSharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeingJats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came toAssandh, whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort andSalwan before reachingPanipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on toLoni fort.[23][24]
During thePartition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India asEast Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country ofPakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state fromWest Punjab.Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.
Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state ofPunjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. It encompassed the predominantly Hindi-speaking southern part of former Punjab, while the state of Punjab was reduced to the area where Punjabi speakers formed the majority population. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts ofHisar,Mahendragarh,Gurgaon,Rohtak andKarnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, thetehsils ofJind andNarwana in theSangrur district – along withNaraingarh,Ambala andJagadhri – were to be included.[27]
The commission recommended that the tehsil ofKharar, which includesChandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However,Kharar was given to Punjab.[28] The city of Chandigarh was made aunion territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[29]
The official language of Haryana isHindi.[37]Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them isHaryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana.Hindi andPunjabi is spoken in the northeast,Bagri in the west, Deshwali in the East andAhirwati,Mewati andBraj Bhasha in the south.[38]
There are also significant numbers of speakers ofUrdu andPunjabi, the latter of which was recognised as the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010.[37][4] After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught.[39] Tamil was made the second language in 1969 byBansi Lal to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.[40] In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.[40]
There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, likeBengali,Bhojpuri,Marwari,Mewari, andNepali,[41] as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, likeBauria,Bazigar,Gujari,Gade Lohar,Oadki, andSansi.[42]
According to the 2011 census, of the total population of 25,351,462 in Haryana,Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population withMuslims (7.03%) (mainlyMeos) andSikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[43]
Note: Colonial-era census figures include small portions of contemporaryPunjab, India due to changes to administrative division borders during the post-independence era.
Jind Princly State fully Included in Haryana while its some area also fall intoPunjab andNabha,Patiala State some area also fall in Haryana which not added here.[58]
Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying the cultural needs of primarilyagrarian andmartial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[63]
Haryanvi musical folk theatre's main types areSaang,Raslila andRagini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised byLakhmi Chand.[63]
Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs areGogaji/Gugga,Holi,Phaag,Sawan,Teej. The devotional dances and songs areChaupaiya,Holi,Manjira,Ras Leela,Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Kissa andRagini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Been and its variantNāginī dance, andRagini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance,Ghoomar,Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, andRagini).[61]
Haryanvi folk music is based on day-to-day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.[61] Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana),[64] and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers.[63][64][65]
Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based onRaag Bhairvi,Raag Bhairav,Raag Kafi,Raag Jaijaivanti,Raag Jhinjhoti andRaag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs,ballads,ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such asPuran Bhagat.[64][65] Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.[63] Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship-related songs such asPhagan (song for eponymous season/month),Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month),Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month),bande-bandi (male-female duet songs),sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).[63] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such asBhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother),Sagai,Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts),Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water),Sanjhi and Holi festival.[63]
Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, and dialects. These songs transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen in the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[63]
With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.[66]
As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.[67] The cuisine of Haryana, rooted in its predominantly agricultural society, has maintained a simple and uncomplicated essence.[68] Theregional cuisine features the staples ofroti,saag,vegetarian sabzi and milk products such asghee, milk,lassi andkheer.[69] Haryana is often referred to as the 'Land of Rotis' due to its residents' fondness for various types of rotis. Wheat rotis are ubiquitous, along with the popular baajre ki roti. In the past, rotis were commonly made from a blend of wheat, gram, and barley flour, offering a nutritious and wholesome combination. Another notable variety is the gochini atta, crafted from wheat and gram flour.[70] Haryana is renowned for its abundant livestock, including the famed Murrah buffalo and the Haryana cow. This cattle wealth ensures a plentiful supply of milk and dairy products in Haryanvi cuisine. Many households produce their own butter and ghee, which are generously incorporated into daily meals. Fresh homemade butter, known as "nooni" or "tindi ghee," is commonly churned on a daily basis. When a girl becomes a mother, it's customary for her family to present her with gifts of ghee, edible gum (gondh), laddus (sweetmeats made from gram flour), and dry fruits. Buttermilk, known as "chaaj," is a popular beverage and serves as an instant refresher during the summer months. Lassi, made from yogurt, is another beloved drink that can almost constitute a meal in itself. The Haryanvi fondness for lassi is evident in the fact that "thandai," a sweet milk-based drink, is referred to as "kachi lassi" in Haryana.[68]
Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[73] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[74] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[75] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.[8]Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located nearMorni Hills area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana.[76][77][78][79] Most of the state sits atop the fertileGhaggar Plain, a subsection of theIndo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.
TheYamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also calledDelhidoab consists ofSutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana),Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river andHakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holySaraswati River) andHakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.[97] The climate is arid to semi-arid with an average rainfall of 592.93 mm.[132] Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of themonsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of thewestern disturbance.[74]
Climate data for Gurgaon (1991–2020, extremes 1965–2000)
Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the tree cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.[136] In 2016 and 2017, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[8] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During themonsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills.Mulberry,eucalyptus, pine, kikar,shisham and babul are found here. The species offauna found in the state of Haryana includeblack buck,nilgai,panther,fox,mongoose,jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[137][138][139]
Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[140][141]Sultanpur National Park is a notable park in Gurgaon District
Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surroundingDelhi NCR are the most polluted. During thesmog of November 2017, theair quality index ofGurgaon andFaridabad showed that the density offine particulates (2.5μm diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution areexhaust gases from old vehicles,stone crushers and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities areBhiwani,Bahadurgarh,Dharuhera,Hisar andYamunanagar.[142]
Haryana consists of six divisions comprising 22 districts. Each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner (DC), anIAS officer who also functions as the District Magistrate (DM) for maintaining law and order and theCollector for land revenue administration.
TheCommon Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications for new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, the result ofHBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms forKurukshetra University andHUDA plots status inquiry.[152] Haryana has become the first state to implementAadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[152] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available24/7 online through single unifiedUMANG app and portal as part ofDigital India initiative.[153][154]
The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade andhospitality, 15% state and central government employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[8] InIT services,Gurgaon ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and second instartup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[155]
The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[8] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.[8]
The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[8] Although Haryana has less than 1.4% of the total area of India, it contributes 15% of food grains to thecentral food security public distribution system,[8] and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total nationalbasmati rice exports.[8]
Haryana is traditionally anagrarian society ofzamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture.[156] TheGreen Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s[157] combined with the completion ofBhakra Dam in 1963[158] andWestern Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[157] This movement lead to large-scale investments towards improving irrigation systems, enhancing the quality of fertilizers, and investing in superior seeds.[159] As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains[160] In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000tonnes ofwheat, 4,145,000 tonnes ofrice, 7,169,000 tonnes ofsugarcane, 993,000 tonnes ofcotton and 855,000 tonnes ofoilseeds (mustard seed,sunflower, etc.). In the northeastern area, dairy cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks play a prominent role, being utilised both for agricultural ploughing and as draft animals.[161]
Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial cities of Haryana as well as North India.[170] The city is home to large-scale MNC companies like IndiaYamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.,Havells India Limited,[171]JCB India Limited,Escorts Group,Indian Oil (R&D),[172] andLarsen & Toubro (L&T).[173] Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad.[174][175]
Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% ruralelectrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[188][better source needed]
Haryana has a total road length of 26,062 kilometres (16,194 mi), including 2,482 kilometres (1,542 mi) comprising29 national highways, 1,801 kilometres (1,119 mi) ofstate highways,[193] 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) of Major District Roads (MDR) and 20,344 kilometres (12,641 mi) of Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[194] A fleet of 3,864Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[195]
The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from the current four lanes.[197] It will further boostFaridabad's connectivity withDelhi.
Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with the NCR cities ofFaridabad,Gurgaon andBahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and a track length of 17 km.[212]
The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) international standardDelhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.[213]
Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other, thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[214][215][216]Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom,Tata Teleservices,Bharti Telecom,IdeaVodafone Essar,Aircel,Uninor andVideocon) have operations in the state. The two biggest cities of Haryana,Faridabad andGurgaon, which are part of theNational Capital Region, come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana come under Haryana Telecommunication System.
The literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per the 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38%, while female literacy is at 66.67%. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91%, of which males and females were 78.49% and 55.73% literate respectively.[219] As of 2013[update],Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed byPanchkula at 81.9% andAmbala at 81.7%.[220] In terms of districts, as of 2012[update],Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 79% and female literacy was 67%.[221] In 2011, Haryana's urban literacy rate stood at 84.98%, marking a notable rise from 79.92% in 2001. Similarly, the rural literacy rate in the state experienced an improvement, reaching 68.91% in 2011 compared to 58.74% in 2001.[222]
Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted toBhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[223] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to thebachelor's degree level.
In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools),[224] 7,635 private schools (200 aided,[225] 6,612 recognised unaided,[226] and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools[227]) and several hundred other central government and private schools such asKendriya Vidyalaya,Indian Army Public Schools,Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya andDAV schools affiliated to central government'sCBSE andICSE school boards.
Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more than 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.[228]
Union MinisterRavi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up inPanchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.[237] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[238]
In the2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.[239] During the 33rd National Games held inAssam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation[240] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.
Chief Minister of Haryana,Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[243][244]
At the2016 Summer Olympics,Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.
Notable athleteNeeraj Chopra, who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in2020 Tokyo Olympics for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana.Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana, as 2 medals won in wrestling at2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana.
Ravi Kumar is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.
^Bengali and Bhojpuri are listed as they have more than 50,000 speakers each according to the 2011 census; the rest are included following Ethnologue (22nd edition).
^Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019)."India – Languages".Ethnologue (22nd ed.). SIL International. Archived fromthe original on 1 April 2019.
^abDale Hoiberg; Indu Ramchandani (2000).Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. Popular Prakashan, 2000.ISBN978-0-85229-760-5.Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved13 November 2017.... The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwesternHimachal Pradesh State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Otu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in theThar Desert. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend intoRajasthan. ...
^Sudhir Bhargava,"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", International Conference, 20–22 Nov 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.
^abPeck, Lucy (2005).Delhi - A thousand years of Building. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Ltd. p. 29.ISBN81-7436-354-8.Archived from the original on 12 March 2006. Retrieved5 September 2009.One of the two significant structures in the area, the dam lies about 1 km [0.62 mi] to the north of the Anangpur village. A path from the main village street will lead you in to flat pastureland. Head for the small rocky hill ahead of you and climb over it. On the other side is another flat area, rather thickly covered in thorn trees. It is worth finding a way through them to the dam that straddles the gap between the two nearby hills. The dam is an impressive edifice 50 m [160 ft] wide and 7 m [23 ft] high built from accurately hewn quartzite blocks.---There is a passage for the egress of water at the level of the ground on the dammed side. The flat land across which you have walked is clearly caused by centuries of silt deposits in the lake that once existed behind this dam. The land around has been vwey heavily quarried recently, so further archaeological finds are unlikely.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
^Sir William Wilson Hunter, India Office (1908),Imperial gazetteer of India, Clarendon Press, 1908,archived from the original on 29 September 2013, retrieved13 November 2017,... It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake, about 8 miles from Sirsa, should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu ... two canals, the northern and southern ... constructed with famine labor in 1896-7 ... 6.3 lakhs, of which 2.8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner ...
^Mukesh Bhardwaj (7 April 2002),"Tau here, Tau there, Tau everywhere",The Indian Express,archived from the original on 24 April 2022, retrieved28 November 2010,... The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal, as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa ...
^"बस साल भर बाद खेतों की प्यास बुझाएगी ओटू झील (Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year)",Dainik Jagran, 27 May 2010, archived fromthe original on 26 July 2011, retrieved28 November 2010,... किसानों की समस्या से निजात दिलाने में सहायक ओटू झील की याद बरबस किसानों व सिंचाई विभाग को आना लाज़िमी है। सिंचाई विभाग ने किसानों के हित को ध्यान में रखते हुए झील की खुदाई की गति तेज़ कर दी है (it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir. Mindful of the farmers' interests, the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir) ...
^"Badkhal". Haryana Tourism, Government of Haryana. Archived fromthe original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved18 March 2014.
^Page 153, Tourism: Theory, Planning, and Practice, By K.K. Karma, Krishnan K. Kamra, Published 1997, Indus Publishing,ISBN81-7387-073-X
^Sharma, Y.D (2001).Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. p. 100 in 161. Archived fromthe original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved5 September 2009.Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3 km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surjapal of Tomar dynasty, whose existence is based on Bardic tradition. Page 101: About 2 km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building theLal Kot{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
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