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Haplogroup C-M217 C2(previously C3)[1]
Possible time of origin	50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] ybp[2] 52,500 or 44,900 ybp[3] 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp[4]
Coalescence age	35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp[2] 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp[4]
Possible place of origin	ProbablyCentral Asia orEast Asia
Ancestor	C-M130
Descendants	C-M93 (C2a);C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
Defining mutations	M217, P44, PK2
Highest frequencies	Kazakhs 51.9%[5]Oroqen 61%[6]-91%,[7]Evenks 12.9%[8] - 71%,[9][10]Ulchi 69%,[11]Nivkhs 38%[12]-71%,[13]Buryats 7%[14]-84%,[12]Evens 5%[10]-74%,[15]Mongolians 52.3%[15] (22.9%China,[16] 24.39%China,[17] 45% Northeast Mongolia,[18] 46.7%Oroqen Autonomous Banner,[6] 47.8% Southeast Mongolia,[18] 52.6% Northwest Mongolia,[18] 53.8%Batsümber,[6] 55% Central and Southwest Mongolia[18]),Tanana 42%,[19]Koryaks 33%[9][10]-48%,[13]Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[20]Yukaghir 31%,[21]Daur 30.8%[6]-42.5%,[22]Sibe (Xinjiang) 26.8% (11/41)[6] - 29.5% (18/61),[23]Hezhe (Heilongjiang) 23%,[6][16]Manchu 17.67%[24] (9.3%Bijie[25] - 44.0%Heilongjiang[23]),Tujia ≈21% (16%,[26] 18%Jishou,[15] 21%Guizhou,[23] 23%Hubei,[23] 27%Hunan[27]),North Korean 23% (19%[citation needed]-27%[23]),Altai 22%[15]-24%,[7]Dong 21% (6%Guangxi,[23] 20%Hunan,[27] 22%Hunan,[23] 30%Guizhou[23]),Kyrgyz 20%[18]-26.6%,[28]Uzbeks 20% (Uzbekistan[7]) - 54% (Takhar[29]),Hani 18% (12%Mường Tè,[30] 18%,[6] 22%Yunnan[23]),South Korean 16% (11.6%-21%[citation needed]),Cheyenne 16%,[19]Apache 15%,[19] NorthernHan 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[23]Tuvans 11%[31] – 15%,[21]Ainu 12.5%[12]-25%,[15]Hui 11%,[6][7]Sioux 11%,[19]Nogais 14%,[32]Crimean Tatars 9%,[32]Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Ürümqi,[6] 0% Turpan area,[23] 2.6% Keriya,[33] 3.1% Lopnur,[33] 6.0%,[15] 6.0% Ürümqi area,[23] 6.3% Bortala area,[23] 7.0% Yining area,[23] 7.7% Yili,[6] 8.37% Hetian area,[34] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[33] 16.08% Turpan area[34]),Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[35]),Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[29]-9.2%[18]), SouthernHan 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[23]Tabassarans 7%,[36]Abazinians 7%,[37]Japanese 5.9% (0%Tokyo,[38][39]Okinawa,[15]Aomori,[15] - 7.8%Fukuoka[40]),Adygei 2.9%,[36]Kabardians 2.4%,[36]Pashtuns 2.04%[29]

Haplogroup C-M217, also known asC2 (and previously as C3),^[1] is aY-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the widerHaplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly inCentral Asia,Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts ofEast Asia andSoutheast Asia including some populations in theCaucasus,Middle East,South Asia,East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.

The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies amongCentral Asian peoples,indigenous Siberians, and someNative peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as theBuryats,^[15][31]Evens,^[15]Evenks,^[15]Itelmens,^[14]Tom Tatars,^[41]Kalmyks,^[31][42][43]Kazakhs,Koryaks,^[14]Mongolians,^[15][18]Negidals,^[14]Nivkhs,^[14]Udege,^[14] andUlchi^[11] have high levels of M217.^[7][15][44]

The oldest samples of haplogroup C-M217 found amongAncient Northeast Asians ofAmur region.^[45]

The haplogroup C-M217 is found in Ancient samples ofXiongnu,^[46][47][48]Göktürks,^[47]Uyghurs,^[47]Khazars^[49] andKipchaks.^[50]

One particularhaplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent directpatrilinealdescent from Genghis Khan,^[51] though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. The specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader C3b1a3-F3273/M504, M546 subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the ManchuAisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is relatively rare in Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).^{[52][53][54][55][56]}

Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of theNorthern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517,Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.
C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols.^[57] The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.^[58]

Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan,Jochi's descendants in the KazakhTore clan.^[59]

After sharing a most recent common ancestor withHaplogroup C-F3393 approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] years before present,^[2] Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] years before present^[2] in eastern or central Asia.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughoutEast Asia and parts ofSoutheast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.^[60]

More precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the "northern branch" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the "southern branch" of C2-M217). The oldest sample with C2-M217 is AR19K in theAmur River basin (19,587-19,175 cal BP).^[61]

C2a-L1373 (estimatedTMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,300 <-> 17,800] ybp^[4]) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia. C2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374. C2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America andChertovy Vorota Cave inPrimorsky Krai. C2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,700 <-> 17,400] ybp^[4]) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of theSelenga River inBuryatia, near the present-day international border withMongolia) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-dayLiaoning Province of China,South Korea,Japan, and aNivkh from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade. C2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 [95% CI 12,700 <-> 15,300] ybp^[4]) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574. C2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of someindigenous North American populations, and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over theEurasian steppe, fromHeilongjiang andJiangsu in the east toJihočeský kraj,Podlaskie Voivodeship, andGiresun in the west.^[4]Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 is especially frequent and diverse among present-dayTungusic peoples, but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-dayMongols inMongolia,Alshyns in westernKazakhstan, andKalmyks inKalmykia. Extant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,000 <-> 4,800] ybp^[4]), and they are found often amongMongols,Manchus (e.g.Aisin Gioro),Kazakhs (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as theKerei tribe of the Middle Zhuz),Kyrgyz, andHazaras. C2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual fromUlsan and an individual from Japan,^[4] and C-Y11990. C-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 9,300 [95% CI 7,900 <-> 10,700] ybp according to YFull^[4] or 8,946 [99% CI 11,792 - 6,625] ybp according to FTDNA^[62]) but rare, with one branch (C-Z22425) having been found sporadically inJammu and Kashmir,Germany, and theUnited States and another branch (C-ZQ354/C-F8513) having been found sporadically inSlovakia (Prešov Region),China,Turkey, andKipchak of the central steppe (Lisakovsk 23 Kipchak in Kazakhstan, medieval nomad from 920 ± 25 BP uncal or 1036 - 1206 CE).^[4][62]

The predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660. The minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including aDai and severalHan from southern China as well as a Han fromAnhui and a Han fromInner Mongolia; according to Chinese genomics company 23mofang, C-CTS4660 is currently mainly concentrated in theLiangguang region of China, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population^[63]) and Thailand^[62] (includingNorthern Thai andLao Isan^[64]). The major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China (Oroqen,^[65]Hezhe,^[65]Manchu,^[66]Uyghur,^[66]Han,Tibetan,^[66]Tujia,^[65]Dai), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia,^[18][66] Kyrgyzstan (Dungan, Kyrgyz),^[18] Tajikistan (Tajik^[66]), Afghanistan (Hazara, Tajik),^[18] Pakistan (Burusho,Hazara),^[18]Nakhchivan,Chechnya, andSyria and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440. C-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame^[67] to include large percentages of modernBuryat,Soyot, andHamnigan males inBuryatia andBarghut males inHulunbuir^[68] in addition to manyKalmyks and otherMongols^{[31][42][18][69]} and members of theQongirat tribe in Kazakhstan^[70] (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300Korean males^[71]).

The specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)^[56][72][73] has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.^[74][75][73]

Genetic testing also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related toDaurs in theTransbaikal area. TheTungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.^[76] A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated.^[77] The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.^[78]

Haplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup amongMongolians and mostindigenous populations of the Russian Far East, such as theBuryats, NorthernTungusic peoples,Nivkhs,Koryaks, andItelmens. Thesubclade C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to theNa-Denéphylum. The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among theManchus,Koreans,Ainu, and someTurkic peoples ofCentral Asia. Beyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan,Bhutan,^[79]Bangladesh,^[4]Nepal^[80] and adjacent regions of India,^[81][82][83] Vietnam,Maritime Southeast Asia, and theWayuu people of South America. It is found inOssetians 4.7% (1/21),^[36] and inRussians 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.^[31] It is found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnicBulgarians but 1.2% inMontana Province, 0.8%Sofia Provinceand 1.4% in an unknown area^[84] some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes.^[23] Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample ofUzbeks fromTakhar, Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217^[29]).

In an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently amongAinus (2/16=12.5%^[12] or 1/4=25%^[15]) and among Japanese of theKyūshū region (8/104=7.7%^[12]). However, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.^{[12][6][15][38]} In a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.^[40]

The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples ofHan from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of Han fromGuangxi^[8] in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of Han fromShanghai^[8] in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of Han fromXi'an^[35] in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of Han fromJilin^[8] in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all Han samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.^{[6][7][15][12][23][35]} C-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such asDong (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou,^[23] 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan,^[23] 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi^[23]),Bulang (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan^[23]),Tujia (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei,^[23] 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou,^[23] 9/49 = 18.4% fromJishou, Hunan),Hani (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan,^[23] 6/34 = 17.6%^[6]),Yi (4/32 = 12.5%Boren from Yunnan,^[23] 3/24 = 12.5% Yi from Sichuan,^[23] 4/61 = 6.6% Yi from Yunnan^[23]),Mulao (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi^[23]),Naxi (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan^[23]),Miao (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou,^[23] 2/58 = 3.4%),Shui (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou^[23]),She (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian,^[23] 1/34 = 2.9%^[6]),Wa (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan^[23]),Dai (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan^[23]),Gelao (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou^[23]),ethnic Vietnamese (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi^[23]),Yao (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong,^[23] 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong,^[6] 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi^[23]),Bai (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan^[23]),Tibetans (4/156 = 2.6%),Buyi (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou^[23]), andTaiwanese aborigines (1/48 = 2.1%).^[85][6][80]

InVietnam, Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, Vietnam,^[35] 11.8% (9/76) of another sample ofKinh ("ethnic Vietnamese") from Hanoi, Vietnam, 10% (1/10) of a sample from Vietnam,^[86] 8.5% (5/59) of a sample ofCham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi,^[87] 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam,^[85] 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV ("Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam") sample of the1000 Genomes Project,^[4][3] and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of Kinh andMuong.^[88] Macholdtet al. (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample ofHmong fromĐiện Biên Phủ, 13.9% (5/36) of a sample ofPathen fromQuang Bình District, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample ofHanhi fromMường Tè District, 10.3% (3/29) of a sample ofSila fromMường Tè District, and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample ofKinh (n=42 fromHanoi, including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).^[30]

Haplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, includingMyanmar (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine^[89]), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang),Malaysia (2/18 = 11.1% Malaysia,^[86] 0/8 Malaysia,^[87] 0/12 Malaysian (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur),^[12] 0/17Orang Asli,^[90] 0/27 Malay,^[90] 0/32 Malaysia^[85]),Java (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71%^[87]), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu),Thailand (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai;^[35] 13/500 = 2.6%Northern Thailand, or 11/290 = 3.8%Northern Thai people and 2/91 = 2.2%Tai Lü^[91]), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).^[80][85]

Although C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup inMeghalaya, India. The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speakKhasian languages orTibeto-Burman languages. A study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample ofGaros, who primarily inhabit theGaro Hills in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7%Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).^[82]

The subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the2017 ISOGG tree:

• C2 (previously C3) M217Typical ofMongolians,Kazakhs,Buryats,Daurs,Kalmyks,Tom Tatars,Hazaras,Afghan Uzbeks, Evenks, Evens,Oroqen, Ulchi, Udegey,Manchus,Sibes,Nivkhs,Koryaks, andItelmens, with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples,Ainus,Koreans,Han,Vietnamese,Altaians,Tuvinians,Uyghurs,Uzbeks,Kyrgyzes,Nogais, andCrimean Tatars.^{[6][15][14][12][20][32][44][92]} It is found in moderate to low frequencies amongJapanese,Tai peoples, North Caucasian peoples,Abazinians,Adygei,Tabassarans,Kabardians,^[37][36]Tajiks,Pashtuns, etc.^[29]
  • C2b L1373, F1396
    • C2b MPB374Ecuador (Bolívar Province),^[4] USA^[62],Devil's Gate (NEO239)
    • C2b F3447, F3914
      • C2b Y163913, ACT1932, BY75034/ACT1924
        • C2b ACT5638, ACT1984South Korea,^[93] China (Liaoning,^[4] Peiman/Foimo clanManchu fromBeizhen^[93]), Russia (Nivkh^[4][93])
        • C2b BY72441
          • C2b BY98339Japan^[62] (Tokyo^[4][93]), South Korea^[93][62]
          • C2b Y165510, IMS-JST064562p13South Korea,^[4][93] China (Šušu Gioro clanManchu fromFushun^[93]), Japan (Chiba^[39])
      • C2b1 F4032
        • C2b1a F1699, F6301
          • C2b1a*Japanese,^[4] Germany^[94]
          • C2b1a1 F3918, Y10418/FGC28813/F8894
            • C2b1a1*Yugurs^[95]
            • C2b1a1a P39Canada,^[94] USA^[94] (Found in several indigenous peoples of North America, including someNa-Dené-,Algonquian-, orSiouan-speaking populations^[19])
              • C2b1a1a1 BY1360/Z30568
              • C2b1a1a2 Z38874
            • C2b1a1b FGC28881.2
              • C2b1a1b1 F1756, F3985
                • C2b1a1b1 F1756*Poland^[94]
                • C2b1a1b1a F3830China (Kazakh, Yugur, Mongol, Manchu, Hezhen, Xibe, Hui, northern Han), Russian Federation^[94] (Altai Kizhi,etc.), Kazakhstan, Afghanistan (Uzbek,Hazara,^[95]Pashtun), Saudi Arabia,^{[citation needed]} Syria^[94]
                  • C-F3887Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region^[4]), Russia (Tatarstan^[4])
                    • C-TYT114704/C-MF156488China (ManchuIrgen Gioro clan fromBenxi^[96])
                  • C-F9721Greece^[94]
                    • C-F9721*China (Jiangsu^[4])
                    • C-F12439China (Heilongjiang^[4])
                      • C-F12439*China (Shandong^[4])
                      • C-BY197432Kazakhstan^[4]
                    • C-Z603Kazakhstan^[94][4]
                • C2b1a1b1b Y10420/Z30402, Y10428/Z30415
                  • C-Y10420*Turkey (Giresun)^[4]
                  • C-Y11606United Kingdom^[94]
                    • C-Y11606*China (Shaanxi^[4]), Russia (Bashkortostan^[4]), Poland (Podlaskie^[4]), Czech Republic (South Bohemian Region^[4])
                    • C-Y147607Kazakhstan^[4]
              • C2b1a1b2 B77Koryak^[2]
          • C2b1a2 (previously C3c) M48
            • C2b1a2a M86 (M77)Typical of Northern Tungusic peoples,Kazakhs,Oirats,Kalmyks,Outer Mongolians,Yukaghirs, andUlchi,^[11] with a moderate distribution among other Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians,Buryats,Tuvinians,Yakuts,Chukchi,Kyrgyz,Uyghurs,Uzbeks,Karakalpaks, andTajiks^[14][21][97]
              • C-M77*China (Xibo),^[4] Russian Federation (Ulchi,^[11]Even,^[4] Evenk,^[2] Buryat,^[2] Derbet Kalmyks,^[43] Torgut Kalmyks^[43]), Mongolia (Zakhchin,^[2] Derbet^[43]), Kazakhstan,^[94] Turkey^[94]
              • C2b1a2a1 F11120, SK1061, Z40439
                • C2b1a2a1a B469
                  • C2b1a2a1a2 B470Zakhchin, Ulchi
                  • C2b1a2a1a1 B87Xibo
                    • C2b1a2a1a1b B88Buryat
                    • C2b1a2a1a1a B89Evenk, Even
                • C2b1a2a1b B80/Z32868Evens
                • C-B1049Tozhu Tuvan^[43]
              • C-F11611/ZQ1
                • C2b1a2a2 Y12792/F6379
                  • C-Y138418
                    • C-Y152949Italy (Genova)^[4]
                    • C-Y138372
                      • C-Y138372*China (Shanxi,^[4]Shaanxi,^[4]Inner Mongolia^[4])
                      • C-Y170702China (Shaanxi,^[4]Heilongjiang,^[4]Qinghai^[4])
                      • C-Y182574China (Shaanxi^[4])
                  • C-Y12825/SK1064/F5485
                    • C-SK1066, F6193Russian Federation^[94] (Kalmyks^[4]), Kazakhstan,^[94] Mongolia (Bulgan,^[43]Tsaatan^[43])
                    • C-Y15849/F12970Mongolia,^[94] Kazakhstan,^[94] Russian Federation^[94] (Tatarstan^[4])
                    • C-Y15844
                      • C-ZQ149Tomsk Tatar^[4]
                      • C-Y15552Kazakhstan,^[4][94]Russian Federation,^[4]Karakalpak^[4]
            • C2b1a2b B90Found frequently inKoryaks andNivkhs and with lower frequency amongUlchi,^[11]Evenks,Evens,Yukaghirs, andChukchi
          • C2b1a Y4553/FGC16371/F11250
            • C2b1a3 F1918, M504
              • C2b1a3a M401Kazakhs (especially tribes of theSenior Jüz and theKereys),Hazaras,^[18]Mongols,^[18]Kyrgyz,^[18]Uzbeks,^[18]Dungans,^[18]Tajiks,^[18]Pashtuns,^[18]Turkmens^[18]
                • C2b1a3a1 Y11121/FGC16431/F12308
                  • C2b1a3a1 BY154208China (Liaoning,^[4]Shandong^[4])
                  • C2b1a3a1 F3796, F4002Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Hungary, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan^[94]
                    • C-F3796*China (Liaoning^[4])
                    • C2b1a3a1a Y4580, F9700
                      • C2b1a3a1a Y4580*China (Heilongjiang^[4])
                      • C-Y25681China (Liaoning^[4])
                      • C-Y4633
                        • C-Y4633*Golden Horde (aka Jochi Ulus; 1220 – 1350 cal years CE)^[98][4]
                        • C-FGC16336/Y8818/F10216
                          • C-Y8818*China (Liaoning^[4])
                          • C-Y80821Buryat^[4]
                          • C-Y4541/FGC16328/SK1075/F5481Mongolia (Derbet^[43][4]), China (Inner Mongolia^[4]), Russia (Tatarstan^[4])
                            • C-BY182928Uzbekistan^[94]
                            • C-ZQ31/F10091Kyrgyzstan (Naryn Region^[4])
                            • C-Y4569
                              • C-Y4569*China (Gansu^[4])
                              • C-FGC29011China (Beijing^[4])
                              • C-Y125520
                                • C-Y125520*China (Xinjiang)^[4]
                                • C-Y125522, SK1076Hazaras^[4]
                              • C-FGC16217Russia (Ryazan Oblast^[4])
                            • C-Y12782
                              • C-Y12782*Ukraine^[94][4]
                              • C-BY18686Kazakhstan^[94]
                              • C-Y20795Kazakhstan^[94]
                              • C-Y20085, Y20086Kazakhstan^[94]
                    • C2b1a3a1b F3960
                    • C2b1a3a1c SK1072
                      • C-SK1072*Kalmyk^[4]
                      • C-Y174643
                        • C-Y174643*China (Shandong^[4])
                        • C-F12663Kazakhstan^[94]
                      • C-ZQ394
                        • C-ZQ394*Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast^[4]),Uyghur^[4]
                        • C-FT37001Russia (Tatarstan,^[4]Republic of Crimea^[4])
                        • C-Y187693China (Shandong^[4])
                • C2b1a3a2 F10283Manchu (Aisin Gioro),^[99]Oroqen,Manchurian Evenk,Xibe,Daur,Buryat,Mongol
            • C2b1a4 Y11990, F9992/Y12018/Z30601
              • C2b1a4a Z22425
                • C2b1a4a Z22425*Jammu and Kashmir^[4][94]
                • C2b1a4a1 BY99627Germany,^[94] USA^[94]
              • C2b1a4b Z30635Slovakia (Prešov Region),^[4]Kipchak of the central steppe of 920 ± 25 BP uncal^[98][4]
          • C2b1a5 B79Koryak^[2]
      • C2b2 Z31698Japan^[94]
  • C2c C-F1067
    • C2c FGC22149China
    • C2c1 F2613/Z1338, CTS10762Germany,^[94] Poland^[94]
      • C2c1a Z1300, CTS4021
        • C2c1a CTS4021*
        • C2c1a1 CTS2657
          • C2b1a1b-A14895/A14901
            • C2b1a1b2-Y37069/MF1580South Korea,^[4][17] North Korea,^[17] China (esp. Jilin,^[17] Heilongjiang,^[17] Liaoning,^[17] Ningxia,^[17] Gansu,^[17] and Hubei^[4][17])
            • C2b1a1b1-A14909/A14912China,^[94] Ireland^[94]
              • C2b1a1b1a-MF1549/MF1553China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Tianjin, Jilin, Jiangsu^[17][4]), Taiwan,^[17] South Korea (Ulsan^[4])
              • C2b1a1b1b-ACT108/A14908China (esp. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Shandong^[17][4]), North Korea^[17]
          • C2c1a1 CTS11990, Z18177, F3921
            • C2c1a1 CTS11990*Japan^[94]
            • C2c1a1a CTS8579Vietnam (Hà Nhì fromMường Tè,^[30]Kinh fromGia Lâm^[30])
              • C2c1a1a CTS8579*Japan^[94]
              • C2c1a1a F3836, F6346
                • C2c1a1a1 Y13856
                  • C2c1a1a1 MF1605China (Guangdong)^[4]
                    • C-MF1605*Shanxi (Han), Jiangsu, Hunan, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.
                    • C-MF1601/S20873China (Shandong, Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, etc.^[17]), Korean^[4]
                    • C-MF1724China (Beijing, Shandong, Shanghai, Anhui, etc.)
                      • C-MF1711China (Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, etc.)
                        • C-MF1718/MF1721China (Jiangsu, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, etc.)
                          • C-MF1722
                            • C-MF1745
                            • C-MF187252
                              • C-MF5052
                  • C2c1a1a1 M407Found with high frequency in some samples ofBarghuts,Buryats,Khamnigans,Soyots, and theQongirat tribe ofKazakhs, moderate frequency inMongols andKalmyks, and low frequency in some otherKazakh tribes (Naiman,^[70] Alban,^[70] Jetyru,^[70] Alimuly,^[70] Baiuly,^[70] Syrgeli,^{[citation needed]} Ysty,^{[citation needed]} Qangly,^{[citation needed]}Jalair^{[citation needed]}),Bai,Cambodian,Evenk,Han,Japanese,Korean,^[71]Manchu,Teleut,Tujia,Tuvinian,Uyghur, andYakut populations^{[20][23][18][31]}
                    • C2c1a1a1* M407China (esp. Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Henan, Beijing, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Shanxi^[17]), Kazakhstan,^[94] Russian Federation^[94]
                    • C2c1a1a1b Z45401Armenia,^[4][94] China (Lüliang Han,^[17]Dalian Han^[17])
                    • C2c1a1a1a F3850
                      • C F29522
                        • C F29522*Gansu (Han), Hubei (Han), Sichuan (Ersu), Shandong (Han)
                        • C F8465China (Hebei, Henan, etc.^[17])
                          • C-F10378China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.^[17]), Russia^[17] (KalmykHoshut^[43][4])
                            • C-F9733/F8536China (esp. Inner Mongolia^[17]), Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar^[4])
                            • C-Z4328Russia (Buryat,^[4] Yakut^[4]), Kazakhstan (Kazakh fromKostanay Region^[4])
                        • C MF3197, SK1027NorthernHan Chinese (HGDP01288), Sichuan (Han), Hubei (Han), Liaoning,^[4] Shanghai^[4]
                      • C2c1a1a1a3 F7542, F3753
                        • C F7542*Henan (Han)
                        • C F26027Shanghai (Han), Jilin (Han), Sichuan (Han)/Uyghur?
                      • C2c1a1a1a4 Y12960, F3916/F13679China (Shandong, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, etc.^[17]), Japan (Tokyo)^[4]
                        • C-F3881
                          • C-Y263263Xinjiang (Uyghur^[4])
                            • C-Y312599/BY18318China (Hubei,^[17]Jiangsu,^[4][17]Jilin,^[17]Beijing,^[17]Qinghai,^[17] etc.)
                              • C-MF46267China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang^[17])
                • C2c1a1a2 CTS4449, CTS8629China (Beijing,Gansu,Fujian),^[4]Korea,^[94]Pakistan (Hazaras)^[4]
                  • C F12768
                    • C F11494Gansu (Han), Beijing (Han)
                    • C FGC54908Beijing (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Jiangxi (Han), Fujian (Han)
                  • C F15754
                    • C F15754*Beijing (Han)
                    • C K696
                      • C K696*Heilongjiang (Han)
                      • C F2471Heilongjiang (Han), Shandong (Han), Zhejiang (Han), South Korea
            • C2b1a1a2-Z31668/BY59164China (esp. Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei^[17][4])
              • C2c1a1b Y112121, F18822, Z40537China (Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, etc.^[17]), Japan (Nagasaki^[4])
                • C2c1a1b MF1792China (Jiangsu,^[4]Yingkou^[17])
                • C2c1a1b MF2816, F20457China^[4] (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning^[17])
                  • C Y86025Korea,^[4][17] China (Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, etc.^[17])
        • C2c1a2 K700/Z12209, F3880
          • C2c1a2a F1319Japan,^[94] Laos (Laotian inVientiane^[100]), Thailand (Mon,^[100]Tai Yuan,^[100]Thai,^[100]Phutai,^[101]Hmong,^[101]Lisu^[101]), Vietnam (Hmong fromĐiện Biên Phủ^[30])
            • C2c1a2a1 F3777Japan,^[94] Bhutan^[79]
              • C-F3777*Bangladesh^[4]
              • C-F9966
                • C-F3735China (BeijingHan,^[4] Guangdong^[4])
                • C-Z43727China (Jiangsu,^[4] Shandong,^[4] Jilin^[4])
            • C2c1a2a2 F9935, F9765, F10056/Z36838China, Japan (Saga),Nakhchivan
              • C2c1a2a2*China (Jilin)^[4]
              • C-MF1955China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Anhui, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan,^[4] etc.^[17]), South Korea^[4]
                • C-MF1960China (Liaoning Manchus, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanghai, Guangdong^[17])
                • C-MF3000China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Henan,Tongliao^[17])
                  • C-MF3096China (Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, etc.^[17])
              • C2c1a2a2 MF1881Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan),^[4][94] South Korea^[4]
                • C MF2720China (Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.^[17])
                • C MF2824China (Anhui, Shanghai, etc.^[17])
              • C2c1a2a2 MF1029
                • C-MF1029*China (Zhejiang^[4])
                • C-MF1031
                  • C-MF1031*China (Shanxi^[4])
                  • C-MF1037
                    • C-MF1935
                      • C-MF1935*China (Shandong^[4])
                      • C-Y174024
                        • C-Y174024*China (Hebei,^[4] Jilin^[4])
                        • C-Y173881China (Shandong^[4])
                    • C-MF1048
                      • C-Y9412
                        • C-Y9412*China (Liaoning^[4])
                        • C-Y172835China (Hebei^[4])
                      • C-MF1055China (Shandong,^[4] Guizhou,^[4] Guangdong^[4])
              • C-F2883China
                • C2c1a2a2 Y35926, F3909China (Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Chongqing, Jilin, Liaoning),^[4] Japan^[94]
                  • C-F22689China (Shandong^[4])
                  • C-F3555
                    • C-F3555*China (Shandong^[4])
                    • C-F11377
                      • C-F11377*China (Shandong^[4])
                      • C-F10356
                        • C-F10356*China (Anhui,^[4] Jiangxi^[4])
                        • C-MF1892China (Hunan,^[4] Sichuan^[4])
                        • C-F13864
                          • C-F13864*China (Henan,^[4] Shandong^[4])
                          • C-F8841
                            • C-F8841*China (Hebei,^[4] Liaoning^[4])
                            • C-F13136China (Jilin,^[4] Liaoning,^[4] Shandong,^[4] Henan,^[4] Sichuan,^[4] Chongqing,^[4] Fujian^[4])
          • C2c1a2b CTS3385, F13857, PH1064South Korea,^[94] Syria,^[94] Russia,^[94] Germany,^[94] Vietnam (Kinh fromGia Lâm,Hoài Đức, andĐan Phượng^[30]),Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand (Lisu^[101])
            • C-FGC45553China (Fujian, Sichuan,^[4] Guangdong, Zhejiang, Henan, Shanghai, Hunan^[17])
              • C-PH1906/F15516China (Mongol from Inner Mongolia,^[4]Hinggan League, Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu^[17])
                • C2c1a2b2-FGC45548China (Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, etc.^[17])
                  • C-Z45207China (Shandong, Hebei,^[4] Jiangsu, Beijing, Sichuan, Henan, Liaoning, Shanxi, Guangdong, Anhui, Shaanxi, etc.^[17])
                    • C-MF2000China (Beijing,^[4]Zunyi,^[17]Jincheng,^[17]Shangrao^[17])
                      • C-MF4453China (Hebei, Hubei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Shaanxi^[4][17])
                      • C-MF610668China (Hebei, Henan, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Taiwan^[4][17])
                    • C-PH2194/FGC45566China (Shanghai, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, etc.^[4][17]), South Korea^[4]
                      • C-Z31672China (Shandong, Hunan, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, etc.^[17])
                        • C-Z31669China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Jilin, Shaanxi^[17]), Taiwan^[17]
                      • C-F21131/MF142553China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan,^[4] Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hubei, etc.^[17]), Germany^[4]
                      • C-FGC45589/FGC45614China (Shangqiu^[17])
                        • C-FTA20473/MF38210China (Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei, Zhejiang,^[4] Shaanxi, Hunan,^[4] etc.^[17]), Syria^[4]
                        • C-Y37829China (Guangdong, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing,^[4] etc.^[17])
                          • C-Y83760Russia (Chechen Republic^[4])
                          • C-FGC45610South Korea (South Jeolla^[4]), North Korea,^[17] Cambodia (Phnom Penh^[4]), China (Shandong^[4][17])
            • C2c1a2b-MF1061China (Zhejiang, Shandong,^[4] Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Anhui, Sichuan, etc.^[17])
              • C-S3190/MF37040China (Jiangsu,^[4] Beijing,Nanyang, Sichuan,^[4]Longnan,Jinzhou,Tongliao^[17])
              • C-Y125448/MF2001China (Henan, Shanxi,^[4] Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Beijing, etc.^[17])
                • C-FGC66275China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hubei, etc.^[17])
                • C-Y146673China (Henan, Shandong,^[4] Hebei,^[4] Beijing,Dandong,Daqing^[17])
      • C2c1b F845Found inHan Chinese,Bai,Tujia,Hani,Yi,Lahu,^[101]Pathen (Quang Bình^[30]),Hmong^[101] (Điện Biên Phủ^[30]),Iu Mien,^[101]Blang,Nyah Kur,Mon,Gelao,Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City,^[4]Hà Đông^[30]),Tai,Buryat,Manchu,Korean, andJapanese populations
        • C2c1b MF2091
          • C MF2091*China (Chongqing Han,Handan,^[17]Taiyuan^[17])
          • C MF2105, MF2106Vietnam^[62] (Pa Then^[93]), China^[62] (Oroqen,^[4] Guangdong^[4]), Philippines^[94]
            • C MF2106*Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
            • C MF2110Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
        • C2c1b K548
          • C2c1b K548*Shandong^[4]
          • C2c1b Y17534
            • C2c1b Y17534*Shandong, Zhejiang
            • C2c1b F10015Shanxi, Jiangxi,^[4] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
            • C2c1b1 K511Xishuangbanna (Dai)
              • C2c1b1a K516Thailand (Nyah Kur,^[100]Blang,^[100]Khon Mueang,^[100]Mon,^[100]Thai,^[100]Lahu^[101])
            • C2c1b Y170903Jiangsu
            • C2c1b Y81530South Korea (Seoul)
            • C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036China (currently accounts for approximately 1.28% of the male population of China, mainly distributed in theSouthwestern andCentral-South regions^[102])
              • C-MF223883China (Ye County^[17])
              • C-MF601003China (Pingyuan County,^[17]Miyun District^[17])
              • C-MF189718China (Xingtai County,^[17]Yanzhou District,^[17]Feicheng^[17])
              • C-MF56861China (Ziyang County,^[17]Zhanyi District,^[17]Haimen District,^[17]Lianping County,^[17]Ningbo,^[17]Putuo District^[17])
              • C-MF10313China (Yantai,^[17]Rizhao,^[17]Huoqiu County,^[17]Lubei District,^[17]Yixing,^[17]Chongming District,^[17]Tianning District^[17])
              • C-Y23336 (CTS4833)China (Luozhuang District^[17])
                • C-MF15330Japan (Tokyo)^[4]
                  • C-Y241305 (MF14218, M1668)China (Jiangsu,^[4]Xinglongtai District Manchu,^[17]Keqiao District,^[17]Gangzha District,^[17]Huancui District,^[17]Pingshan District Manchu^[17]), Singapore,^[4] Japan^[62]
                • C-MF10318China (Yangzhou,Fuyang,Laiyang,Gaizhou,Yongji County Manchu,Nanyang,Dongyang^[17])
                  • C2c1b2 MF5067 (MF10317)China (Guizhou Han, Fujian Han, etc.; currently mainly distributed in Southern China, accounting for approximately 0.11% of the national male population^[103])
              • C-MF52991 (F14054)
                • C2b1b1b4 M93China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Shandong,Yanta District,^[17]Zhejiang,^[93]Jinzhong,^[93] etc.), Japan^[20][104]
                • C2c1b2 F10273
                  • C-MF36579China (Yuanshi County,^[17]Wenxi County,^[17]Fengrun District,^[17]Laizhou,^[17]Zengcheng District^[17])
                  • C2c1b2 F11898
                    • C-Y171915 (Y171981)China (Guangxi,^[4]Shuicheng District,^[17]Sheqi County^[17])
                      • C-FTB22377Malaysia,^[62] Thailand^[62] (White Hmong^[93]), China^[62]
                      • C-Y171747 (Y171754, Y171797)China (Shuangfeng County,^[17]Qixingguan District,^[17]Mianning County,^[17]Guidong County,^[17]Baise,^[93]Guizhou Tujia^[93]), Thailand (White Hmong,^[93] Black Hmong,^[93] Iu Mien^[93]), Vietnam (Hmong^[93])
                    • C-F29519
                      • C-F29519*Sichuan (Yi)
                      • C-F29454Guizhou (Tujia), Guangdong (Han), Beijing (Han)
                    • C2c1b2b SK1038/MF1015
                      • C2c1b2b-SK1038*Hunan,^[4] Heilongjiang (Manchu)
                      • C2c1b2b MF10312Sichuan, Tujia
                      • C2c1b2b F29490
                        • C-F29490*Jiangsu (Han)
                        • C-F29446Hunan (Tujia)
                      • C2c1b2b F9683 (MF5307)
                        • C-F9683*Fujian (Han)
                        • C-F9819Hulunbuir (Buryat), Sichuan (Han), Hunan (Tujia)
                      • C-MF3763 (FT320799)
                        • C-MF390745Cangxi County^[17]
                        • C-MF10312 (MF4311)
                          • C-MF241040Tongzi County^[17]
                          • C-SK1041
                            • C-MF3746Changyang Tujia Autonomous County Tujia,^[17]Yuzhong District,^[17]Chibi,^[17]Linying County,^[17]Yunyang County,^[17]Gong'an County,^[17]Guiyang,^[17]Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County Tujia,^[17]Nan'an District Tujia^[17]
                            • C-SK1037China (Jiangsu,^[93]Pengze County,^[93]Xuan'en County,^[93] Sichuan^[4]Guang'an,^[93]Tujia,^[4][93] etc.; currently accounts for approximately 0.24% of the Chinese male population^[105]), South Korea^[93]
                      • C2c1b2b1 MF1017
                        • C2c1b2b1a MF1020China (currently accounts for approximately 0.17% of the Chinese male population^[106])
                          • C-MF1020*Hunan,^[4]Jiangkou Tujia,^[93]Peng'an County,^[17]Gucheng County,^[17]Anji County,^[17]Cili County Tujia,^[17]Xiangxi Tujia^[17]
                          • C-MF1022 (MF1024, Y35928, CTS10765)
                            • C-MF1022*Jiangkou County Tujia,^[93]Jingzhou^[93]
                            • C-MF1023Hubei^[4] (Wuhan,^[93]Jiangxia District^[17]), Beijing^[4] (Haidian District^[93]),Changsha,^[17]Yu'an District of Lu'an^[17]
                            • C-MF3823 (MF3443, Y139684)Sichuan Han,^[93]Guye District of Tangshan,^[17]Xindu District of Chengdu,^[17]YouyangTujia,^[17]MuliHan^[17]
                        • C2c1b2b1b Z45203/Y81534China (currently accounts for approximately 0.09% of the Chinese male population^[107])
                          • C-F23193AnhuiHan,^[4][93]Jiange County,^[93][17]Bazhou District,^[17]Shapotou District,^[17]Nanbu County,^[17]Shuimogou District^[17]
                          • C-Z45204/Y83214South Korea^[93] (Seoul^[4])
            • C2c1b3 CTS4187
            • C2c1b4 FGC57604/F29493/F29494
              • C2c1b4 FGC57604*Yunnan (Bai), Sichuan(Yi),^[4] Guangdong (Han), Korea (Chungcheongnamdo^[4])
              • C2c1b4 F29476Jilin (Han), Jiangsu (Han), Fujian (Han)
              • C2c1b4 FGC39587, FGC39579
                • C2c1b4* FGC39587*Tianjin (Han)
                • C2c1b4a FGC39603
                  • C2c1b4a FGC39603*Shandong,^[4] Jiangsu^[4]
                  • C2c1b4a FGC39588Sichuan
                  • C2c1b4b Y63501Henan, Hubei
                  • C F19076Guangdong (Han), Hunan (Han), Shandong (Han)
                  • C Z38903Sichuan (Han)
            • C2c1b5 CTS2123/S4350
            • C2c1b6 Z45272
            • C2c1b7 MF2040/F18007
              • C F18007*Zhejiang (Han)
              • C F29469Shanxi (Han)
              • C F20118
                • C F20118*Heilongjiang (Han)
                • C F29504Anhui (Han)
            • C2c1b8 Z45349
            • C2c1b9 Z45354
    • C2c2 CTS4660China^[62] (esp. Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi^[17]), Thailand^[62]
      • C2c2 CTS4660*Inner Mongolia (Han)
      • C2c2a F29558
        • C2c2a1 F9436
          • C2c2a1a F15270Guangdong (Han), Yunnan (Dai^[4])
          • C2c2a1b F29553Hunan (Han), Jiangxi (Han)
        • C2c2a2 F10025Anhui (Han), Fujian (Han)^[4]

P53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.

• C2-P53.1Found in about 10% of XinjiangSibe and with low frequency in Inner MongolianMongol andEvenk, NingxiaHui, XizangTibetan, XinjiangUyghur, and GansuHan^[23]

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Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

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