| Hankou 汉口市 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City ofChina | |||||||||||
| 1921–1954 | |||||||||||
 The map of Hankou (top left, with the five foreign concessions), Hanyang, and Wuchang, as of 1915 | |||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| • Coordinates | CN-HB-0130°34′52″N114°16′21″E / 30.581179°N 114.272597°E /30.581179; 114.272597 | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 3 July 1921 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | June 1954 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | A part ofWuhan (Jiang'an,Jianghan, &Qiaokou) | ||||||||||
Hankou,alternately romanized asHankow (simplified Chinese:汉口;traditional Chinese:漢口;pinyin:Hànkǒu), was one of the three towns (the other two wereWuchang andHanyang) merged to become modern-dayWuhan city, the capital of theHubei province,China. It stands north of theHan andYangtze Rivers where the Han flows into the Yangtze. Hankou is connected by bridges to its triplet sister towns Hanyang (between Han and Yangtze) and Wuchang (on the southern side of the Yangtze).
Hankou is the mainport ofHubei Province and the single largest port in the middle reaches ofYangtze.[citation needed]
The city's name literally means "Mouth of the Han", from its position at the confluence of theHan with theYangtze River. The name appears in aTang dynasty poem byLiu Zhangqing. Other historical names for the city includeXiakou (夏口),Miankou (沔口), andLukou (魯口).[1]
Hankou, from theMing to lateQing, was under the administration of the local government inHanyang, although it was already one of the four major national markets (zh:四大名镇) in Ming dynasty. It was not until 1899 thatZhang Zhidong decided to separate Hankou from Hanyang. Hankou was then divided into four districts, which are Juren, Youyi, Xunli, and Dazhi (居仁、由義、循禮、大智). Some of the names can still be found in modern-day Wuhan, where there are geographical names such asXunlimen, Jurenmen, and Dazhimen.[2][3] By 1900, this boom town on the Yangtze was referred to as "the Chicago of China" by the media back then.[4]
In 1926, Hankou was officially established as a city, where its municipal government was built inJianghan district. In the same year, theNorthern Expedition reached Hankou, and merged Hankou with adjacent Wuchang and Hanyang to make it the seat of the national capital, Wuhan.[2][3][5] But in 1927, whenNanjing succeeded in the fight to be the national capital, Wuhan was returned to its original form, with Hankou being again a city by itself. This time Hankou was established as a "Special Municipality," which resembles adirect-controlled municipality in present day. Before 1949, Hankou has shifted between being a special municipality and a provincial city. In 1949, Hankou was finally merged with Hanyang and Wuchang to become Wuhan, when the communists arrived in Hankou on May 16.[6]
Hankou was the destination on the escape route of groups of missionaries fleeing theBoxers in the Northern provinces around 1900. The flight of some missionaries from theT'ai-yüan massacre inShan-si is recorded in the workA Thousand Miles of Miracle in China,[7] by Reverend A E Glover, one of the fleeing missionaries.
On 10 October 1911, a revolution to establish theRepublic of China and replace theQing dynasty led to the involvement of Hankou in the struggle between Hubei revolutionary forces and the Qing army, led byYuan Shikai. Although the revolution began inWuchang with a revolt started by members of theNew Army, revolutionaries quickly captured major strategic cities and towns throughout the province, including Hankou on October 12. The Qing dynasty army recaptured Hankou later, but as the revolution spread throughout China, eventually the town and the province came under control of the Republic of China.
Hankou used to have five foreignconcessions belonging to the United Kingdom (115 acres (47 ha), est. 1862), France (60 acres (24 ha), est. 1886), Russia (60 acres (24 ha), est. 1886), Germany (100 acres (40 ha), est. 1895) and Japan (32 acres (13 ha), est. 1898). The German and Russian concessions ended in 1917 and 1920 respectively and those areas were administered by the Chinese government as the First and the Second Special Area.
In 1862, Russian tea merchants arrived in the British concession of Hankou. Russians in Hankou established four factories using assembly lines and machinery to produce brick tea, and became the city's richest industrialists in what would become the Russian concession.[8][9]
Early in 1927, theBritish concession was occupied in the course of the revolutionary troubles that accompanied theNorthern Expedition when the ChineseKuomintang forces occupied the concession and showed no intention of withdrawing. The Chen-O'Malley Agreement of February 1927 provided for a combined British-Chinese administration of the concession and in 1929 the British concession formally came to an end. From then on it was administered by the Chinese authorities as the Third Special Area.
In the 1920s and 30s, Hankou was one of the Yangtze River ports patrolled by the US Navy to maintain US interests in the area (Yangtze Patrol).
Hankou was flooded in the1931 China floods.
Hankou was captured by the Japanese invaders in 1938 (Battle of Wuhan).
An important logistical center, the city was heavily bombed in December 1944 by the US aircraft based in theChengdu area (part ofOperation Matterhorn).
On 19 August 1945, a group of enraged Chinese civilians and soldiers massacred 26 Japanese soldiers in theHankou reprisal massacre.
The government of Vichy France relinquished the French concession in 1943, and the restored French Republic relinquished it formally in 1946.
The Japanese concession came to an end with the surrender of Japan in 1945.
Before the Communist Revolution, Hankou was the seat of theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Hankou, covering the province of Hubei. The dioceses inWuchang,Hanyang and elsewhere in the province were subordinated to it.
In the 1930s, the airports served in Hankow wereWuhan Wangjiadun Airport and Wuhan Nanhu. Wangjiadun served as a civil and military base until 2007 while Nanhu, on the other hand, shut down while Tianhe Airport opened in 1995.
"Hankou" remains a commonly used name for the part of Wuhan urban area north of the Yangtze and Han Rivers. The name was long preserved in the name of the old Hankou Railway Station (also known asDazhimen Station), the original terminal of theJinghan Railway. After the old Dazhimen station closed in 1991, the Hankou name was transferred to the newHankou Railway Station, which opened in 1991 at a new location, farther away from central city. Railway passengers traveling to Wuhan need to purchase tickets to a particular station: the Hankou Railway Station, theWuchang Railway Station (near central Wuchang, on the right bank of the Yangtze), or the newWuhan Railway Station (which opened in 2009, also on the right bank, but a long distance from the historical Wuchang).
Nonetheless, Hankou is no longer the name of an administrative unit (e.g., adistrict), because its area now falls mostly withinJiang'an District,Jianghan District, andQiaokou District. That contrasts withWuchang andHanyang, the names of which have been retained in the eponymous administrative districts within the City of Wuhan.
Hankou once had an English-language newspaper,The Hankow Daily News, which was published by a German individual.[10]
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