Halal conspiracy theories revolve around a series ofIslamophobicconspiracy theories andhoaxes regardinghalal certification in products such as food, beverages and cosmetics.[1][2] The claims usually made include that the sale of halal-certified goods in stores is a precursor to theterrorization[clarification needed] or institution ofSharia law in a non-Muslim country,[3][4] that the fees paid by companies for halal certification fundIslamic terrorism,[5][6][7] thathalal slaughter for meat iscruel,unhygienic or constitutes asanimal sacrifice,[1][7][8] among others. The spread of these claims has resulted inboycotts and harassment campaigns against businesses who sell halal-certified products, most notably in Australia and India,[5][7][9] although anti-halal boycott movements also exist inDenmark,France,Canada,New Zealand, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States.[1][10]
Halal, anArabic word which translates to "permissible" in English, contrasted withharam ("forbidden"), designates things – including but not limited to food – that are lawful forMuslims to practice or consume, in accordance with theQuran.Islamic dietary laws dictate that food items must not contain pork oralcohol, and that halal animals must be slaughtered by a Muslim with the butcher uttering "In the name of Allah" before quickly slashing the animal's throat with a sharp knife, letting all blood drain out.[11][12]Certification for halal products is given by legal authorities in mostMuslim-majority countries, while in other countries it is voluntarily acquired by companies and issued by non-governmental organizations for an annual fee.[7][8]
The sale of products with halal certification or the establishment of halal shops and businesses is perceived by anti-halal conspiracy theorists as a precursor to the Islamization of their countries or as anIslamist effort to force another religion on consumers,[2][3][9] and some claim that fees paid by companies for halal certification fund Islamic terrorism, the implementation of Sharia law or cause consumers to subsidize another religious belief; makers and endorsers of such claims include politicians such asPauline Hanson[13] andGeorge Christensen[14] in Australia andJörg Meuthen in Germany,[15][16]counter-jihad organizations such asSharia Watch UK,[17] theQ Society of Australia[18] andBritain First,[2] and IndianHindutva supporters and figures.[8][9][19] Afact-check byABC News of Australia concluded that while the proceeds of halal certification do occasionally fund Islamic organizations, there is no evidence that any of those funds have ever flowed to terrorist groups. The report also consulted several food companies that are halal-certified, includingNestlé, and they disclosed that the yearly fees for halal certification are negligible and do not influence the final price of their products.[20] ACadbury spokesperson told theHerald Sun that the fees did not affect pricing and were more than offset by access to broader markets.[21]
Others claim that halal slaughter is cruel and inhumane,[1] an accusation also made towardskosher slaughter and mostly based on the assumption that animals are notstunned prior to religious slaughters. TheFood Standards Agency in the United Kingdom asserts that 88% of halal-slaughtered animals in Britain are stunned first,[12] though there is debate among Islamic (as well as Jewish) scholars on what manners of stunning are more acceptable or whether stunning itself is humane at all.[22]
In India, claims made by right-wing Hindutva activists include that halal-certified goods contain meat extracts and are thus unlawful forHindus to consume, that uttering the name ofAllah during halal slaughter means that the meat is anoffering to another deity, that halal-certified companies only employ Muslims, and thatspitting on food is part of the halal process.[8][9][23] Indian fact-checking agencies have labeled these claims as "misleading," "ludicrous" and "certifiably false".[9][24]
The spread of conspiracy theories and rumors regarding halal and halal certification has led to boycotts and harassment campaigns against companies and businesses.[1] In November 2014,South Australian dairy company Fleurieu Milk and Yoghurt was forced to drop a $50,000 contract with airlineEmirates due to public pressure, as the contract required the products to be halal-certified.[25] In January 2015, aMalaysian-ownedcafé inWestern Australia was subject to online harassment and calls for boycott after the owners made a Facebook post explaining what halal means in response to a negative review.[4][26]
Himalaya Drug Company has been targeted in social media for its halal certification in several occasions in 2021 and 2022, accused of usingbeef extracts in products and of having a pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu bias among executives and employees as a result.[27] AnAlt News fact-check on the former claim concluded that Himalaya does not use animal-basedgelatin in the accused products (tablets), but vegetarianhypromellose, and that, by comparison, 98% of Indian pharmaceutical companies make use of animal-based capsules.[28] Campaigns against state-owned companies such asIndian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation andAir India for offering halal-certified products have also been proposed in 2022.[23][29]
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