| Greater Mumbai Police Brihanmumbaī Pulīs बृहन्मुंबई पोलीस | |
|---|---|
 Current badge of the Greater Mumbai Police | |
| Abbreviation | मुं.पो. (M. P.) |
| Motto | To protect Good and to destroy Evil |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 14 December 1864; 160 years ago (1864-12-14) |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Mumbai, Maharashtra,IN |
 | |
| Greater Mumbai Police operational area | |
| Size | 603.4 km2 (233.0 sq mi) |
| Population | 13,662,885 |
| Legal jurisdiction | Mumbai City andMumbai Suburban District,MH,IN |
| Governing body | Government of Maharashtra |
| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Mumbai Police Headquarters, Fort District, Mumbai, India |
| Police officers | 50676 |
| Elected officer responsible | |
| Agency executive |
|
| Parent agency | Maharashtra Police |
| Facilities | |
| Stations | 94 (Police Stations) 102 (Traffic Police Stations) |
| Patrol vehicles | 3,500 |
| Speedboats | 32 |
| Helicopters | 5 |
| Dogs | 52 |
| Website | |
| mumbaipolice | |
TheGreater Mumbai Police (Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई पोलीस,IAST:Brihanmumbaī Pulīs, formerlyBombay City Police) is thepolice department of the city ofMumbai,Maharashtra. It is a city police commissionerate under theMaharashtra Police and has the primary responsibilities of law enforcement in the city ofMumbai and its surrounding areas. The force's motto isSadrakṣaṇāya Khalanigrahaṇāya (Sanskrit:सद्रक्षणाय खलनिग्रहणाय, English: "To protect Good and to destroy Evil").[1]
It is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), an officer of theIndian Police Service. The force is divided into 12 police districts, called zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), further subdivided into 94 police stations.
From 1534 until 1661,Mumbai (then known as Bombay) wasunder Portuguese colonial rule. ThePortuguese authorities in Mumbai established apolice station in 1661, the same year it was transferred to theEnglish colonial empire.[2] Now being governed by theEast India Company, the newcity administration established amilitia known as theBhandari Militia (which consisted of approximately 600Bandareen men supplied by 100 local landowners) in 1669 to combatstreet gangs that targeted sailors. This new force, which was organised bygovernor of BombayGerald Aungier, was headquartered atMahim,Sevree andSion (with asubedar stationed in each headquarter) and used primarily forlaw enforcement purposes.[3] In 1672, the city administration implemented a policy of having all law enforcement decisions to be subject tojudicial review by thejudiciary, though the East India Company suffered from a lack of trained judges during the first decades of their control over Mumbai.[4] The situation remained unchanged for decades.[5] By 1682, law enforcement in Mumbai remained stagnant, and there was only oneensign, twocorporals and threesergeants in the Bhandari Militia.[2][6]
On 29 March 1780, the office of the Lieutenant of Police was dissolved and the office of Deputy of Police was created. James Tod, the then Lieutenant of Police was appointed as the first Deputy of Police on 5 April 1780. He was tried and dismissed for corruption in 1790. Subsequently, the designation was changed to "Deputy of Police and High Constable".[2]
In 1793, Act XXXIII, Geo. III was promulgated. The post of Deputy of Police was abolished and a post ofSuperintendent of Police was created in its place, with aDeputy of Superintendent of Police assisting him. Mr. Simon Halliday was the first Superintendent of Police, and governed till 1808. During this time, a thorough revision and re-arrangement of policing in the area outside the Fort was carried out. The troublesome area known as "Dungree and the Woods" was split up into 14 Police divisions, each division being staffed by two English constables and a varying number of Peons (not exceeding 130 for the whole area), who were to be stationary in their respective charges and responsible for dealing with all illegal acts committed within their limits.[2]
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Following the establishment ofCrown rule in India after theIndian Rebellion of 1857, in 1864Commissioners of Police were assigned to the threepresidency towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. On 14 December 1864,Sir Frank Souter was appointed as the firstPolice Commissioner of Bombay; in the same year, Khan Bahadur Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Imam became the first Indian to be appointed to a senior rank in the Bombay Police, while Souter remained in office for 24 years until 3 July 1888.[5] In 1896, the Police Commissioner of Bombay's office was moved to anIndo-Saracenic building, which it still occupies to this day. The building has been designated as a protected heritage site by theIndian government.[citation needed]
After independence, many changes to the Bombay Police were instituted. On 15 August 1947, J.S. Bharucha became the first Indian head of the Bombay Police, taking over from the last British Commissioner, Mr. A.E. Caffin.[2] A dog squad was set up in 1965. Computers were first used by the Bombay police in 1976. A Narcotics Cell and an anti-terrorist special operations squad were created in 1989.
The service was renamed to Mumbai Police in 1995, followingthe renaming of Bombay to Mumbai. In 1995, the control room was computerised, and finally, in 1997, the Mumbai Police went online.[5]
In 2002, the airport police section handed over security to theCISF.[7][8]
A massive modernization of the Mumbai Police took place in 2005. New vehicles, guns and electronic equipment were procured for police use. The Tourist Squad was also created to patrol the beaches of Mumbai. On 30 May 2009 the Maharashtra government in Mumbai set up a police station dedicated to tackling cyber crime. It is the third such facility in India after Bangalore and Hyderabad. The dedicated police station will now register first information reports (FIRs) on its own and investigate offences pertaining to cyberspace. It is not clear how people abroad may report to Mumbai Cybercell. The police station will take care of all cyber cases in the city including that of terror e-mails.The existing Cyber Crime Investigation Cell of the city police probes cyber offences, but the FIRs are registered in local police stations depending on the site of the offence.A specially trained team of over 25 policemen, headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP), were selected for the new job.The facility will function under the supervision of Deputy Commissioner of Police (Preventive) and Joint Commissioner of Police (Crime).[9]
Following the2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai, aSWAT like unit was created to combat terrorism. Named asForce One, the unit has been trained in the use of sophisticated arms and explosives, and the personnel are known for their rapid shooting skills. While theNational Security Guard has a regional hub inMumbai, Force One is expected to be part of the initial response to a terror strike inMumbai.[10][11][12]
The Mumbai Police Headquarters are in aGrade II-A listed heritage building that was built in 1894 and designed by John Adams, who also designed theRoyal Bombay Yacht Club. It is located oppositeCrawford Market in South Mumbai, a mile away from theVictoria Terminus. The construction work started on 17 November 1894 and finished two years later on 24 December 1896. The building was formally opened on 1 January 1897.[13]
The architectural style of the building isGothic Revival. In contrast to theMaharashtra Police Headquarters in Fort, which uses bluebasalt and was built some two decades earlier, this building uses yellow basalt.[13] The building underwent a major restoration in 2017 for the first time in its 120-year history.[14] In 2018, it was announced that a police museum funded byTata Trusts would open in the building.[15] Since then, there have been no further developments.
The Mumbai Police Department is headed by aPolice Commissioner, who is anIPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state home department throughMaharashtra Police. The city is divided into Twelve police zones and Twenty Fivetraffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.[16]
The department holds several programs for the welfare of its officials including Retirement Planning Workshop.
Mumbai police is broadly divided into five regions namely Central, North, South, East and West. For administrative purposes, each region is subdivided into 3 to 4 zones.[17] Each zone contains 3 to 4 police stations. Each zone is commanded by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP). Apart from the 12 zones, there is also an additionalPort zone. Police stations under the Port zone keep vigil on the Mumbai Port and container terminals in Mumbai. There are a total of 91 police stations in the jurisdiction of Mumbai Police. Every police station has a Police Inspector who is the in-charge officer of the station.
Mumbai Police is divided into the following units:
Each of these units have a Chief of the rank of Joint Commissioner of Police.
| Insignia |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Director general of police | Additional director general of police[a] | Inspector general of police | Deputy inspector general of police | Senior superintendent of police[b] | Superintendent of police | Additional superintendent of police | Assistant superintendent of police | Assistant superintendent of police (probationary for two years) | Assistant superintendent of police (probationary for one year) | |||||||||||||||||
| Abbreviation | DGP | ADGP | IGP | DIG | SSP | SP | Addl.SP | ASP | ASP | ASP | |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |   |   | No insignia | |||||||||
| Rank | Inspector[c] | Assistant inspector[d] | Sub-inspector | Assistant sub-inspector | Head constable[e] | Senior Constable[f] | Police constable | ||||||||||
| Abbreviation | INSP/PI | API | SI | ASI | HC | SC | PC | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| Hierarchy structure of the Mumbai Police[25] | |||
| Rank | Abbreviation | Strength | |
| Commissioner of Police (DG rank/ADG rank) | CP | 1 | |
| Special Commissioner of Police (ADG rank) | Spl. CP | 1 | |
| Joint Commissioner of Police (IGP rank) | Jt.CP | 5 | |
| Additional Commissioner of Police (DIG rank) | Addl. CP | 11 | |
| Deputy Commissioner of Police (SP rank) | DCP | 41 | |
| Assistant Commissioner of Police (Deputy SP rank/Assistant SP rank) | ACP | 124 | |
| Police Inspector | PI | 977 | |
| Assistant Police Inspector | API | 756 | |
| Police Sub Inspector | PSI | 2850 | |
| Assistant Sub Inspector | ASI | 3329 | |
| Head Constable | HC | 8146 | |
| Police Naik | PN | 60100 | |
| Police Constable | PC | 118666 | |
Those who join the police department through thesubordinate services examination of theMaharashtra Public Service Commission enter the force at the lowest ranks of the force. Their starting rank is that of a Police constable. Those who join the police force through thecombined competitive examination of theMaharashtra Public Service Commission holds a starting rank ofSub Inspector orDeputy Superintendent of Police ofMaharashtra Police Service. Civil Servants who join the police force through thecivil service examination conducted byUPSC holds a starting rank ofAssistant Superintendent of Police ofIndian Police Service cadre. Generally theIPS officers make it to the highest rank of Director General. The Commissioner of Police of Mumbai, an IPS officer is one of the rank ofAdditional Director General of Police.
Anti-Terrorism Squad ChiefHemant Karkare, Additional Commissioner of PoliceAshok Kamte and Encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar were among the policemen who fell to the bullets of the terrorists. Then Joint Commissioner of Mumbai Crime Branch Mr. Rakesh Maria under the leadership of Police CommissionerHasan Gafoor tackled the abrupt attack by his superb skills.[citation needed] Mr. Ramesh Mahale, then an officer with crime branch investigated the case and brought the lone arrested militantAjmal Kasab to justice. Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor was shunted out of his office.[26] Mahale resigned recently over a murder case investigation which he was leading.[27]In the following year, as a response to these attacks, a specialised counter-terrorism unit,Force One was formed and commissioned on 24 November 2009, two days before the anniversary of the26/11 terror attacks. A Committee was appointed to look into the failures of cops pertaining to the terror attack. TheRam Pradhan Committee, as it came to be known, furnished a report recommending a series of improvements & reforms. The State Government of Maharashtra however never had this report tabled in the legislature fearing a fallout over strictures passed in the report. A Public Interest Litigation has been filed by social activist Ketan Tirodkar to demand equal justice for all the police who were killed in the terror attack; especially for the members of the Bomb Disposal Squad of Mumbai Police. During the hearing of the petition, the Government informed the High Court that the Federal Government of India has rejected the proposal to award the Bomb Disposal Squad of the city police for their contribution in defusing grenades in the terror attack.[28][29]
Sheena Bora, an executive working forMetro One based in Mumbai, went missing on 24 April 2012. In August 2015, the Mumbai Police had received a tip-off from an unknown man claiming that Sheena Bora had been murdered. After they got in touch with their Counterparts in Pune, they arrested her mother,Indrani Mukerjea, her stepfather Sanjeev Khanna, and her mother's chauffeur, Shyamvar Pinturam Rai, for allegedly abducting and killing her and subsequently burning her corpse. They also arrested Indrani's husband,Peter Mukerjea in connection with the case. Rai has now been allowed to turn approver in the case after he was pardoned by the Bandra Magistrate Court in Mumbai. As of May 2017, Indrani, Peter, and Sanjeev have been lodged in Byculla Women's Prison andArthur Road Jail in Mumbai, respectively.
In August 2013, several men, including juveniles, were arrested by the Mumbai Police for the gang-rape of a photo journalist and a call center telephone operator.[30][31] While they were praised for the swift action in catching the culprits, the department faced scrutiny for making the telephone operator go through thetwo-finger test.[32] The culprits were charged under sections 376(d) for gang rape,377 for unnatural offence, 120(b) for criminal conspiracy, sections 342 and 343 for wrongful restraint, section 506(2) for criminal intimidation and 34 for common intention and 201 for destruction of evidence under theIndian Penal Code.[31][33] While the juveniles were sentenced to 3 years in a reform home by theJuvenile Justice Board, 3 of the adult culprits were given a death sentence for repeat offence.[34] The death penalty was eventually commuted to life imprisonment without parole or remission in November 2021.[35]
Much of the equipment for the Mumbai Police are manufactured indigenously by theIndian Ordnance Factories controlled by theOrdnance Factories Board, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
| C.P.Pool Mumbai Vehicle Fleet[38] | ||
| Vehicle Category | Total Vehicle Fleet | |
| Special Purpose Vehicle | 50 | |
| Transportation Vehicles ( Squad cars ) | 210 | |
| Patrol Vehicles | 280 | |
| Station Vehicles | 960 | |
| Response Vehicles | 160 | |
| Motor Cycles | 1405 | |
| Police Helicopters | 5 | |
| Total | 3070 | |
72 speed boats have been also ordered.[39]
Peaked caps are worn with an orange band and crown that is less stiff such that it drops downwards. A khaki short sleeve shirt and long pants are worn by most members. The patch of the police force is visible, on the left arm.
BecauseBollywood, India's Hindi language film industry, is primarily based in Mumbai, the Mumbai police has been frequently portrayed in films. Some of the prominent ones are listed below:
Most of these films are based on the operational groups most commonly known as Encounter Squads. Officers likePradeep Sharma, Vijay Salaskar, Praful Bhosale, Ravindra Angre etc. have previously headed these squads. Junior officers Hemant Desai, Ashok Khot, Sachin Waze, Daya Nayak, Uttam Bhosale etc. assisted them.[citation needed]
The popular television showCID starringShivaji Satam,Dayanand Shetty,Aditya Srivastava,Dinesh Phadnis and produced byB. P. Singh, which aired onSony Channel, has been based on theCriminal Investigation Department of Mumbai Police. The show was aired from 21 January 1998(pilot episode aired on 29 April 1997), until it concluded on 27 October 2018, and the show has consistently had top ratings.[40] CID also had been featured in theGuinness World Records for having an episode of 111 minutes shot in October 2004 without a single cut.[41] The second season of the show featuring the same cast(except Phadnis), returned to be telecasted starting from 21 December 2024.[42]
TheAshok Chakra, India's highest civilian honour during peace time, was conferred posthumously upon two Mumbai Police officers –Hemant Karkare andAshok Kamte who were killed in the line of duty during the2008 Mumbai attacks.[43] Junior officers likeVijay Salaskar andTukaram Omble were also posthumously awarded theAshok Chakra.
The Cyber Crime App launched by Mumbai Police in 2019 registered 140,000 incidents within one year whereby 132,000 suspicious phone numbers were tracked.[44]
During the monsoon periods, several officers of Mumbai Police have been involved in filling potholes that were not filled byBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, in order to facilitate a smooth traffic flow and to prevent road accidents/wrecks. The officers who fill the potholes have received praise, who themselves have criticized the BMC for inaction.[45]
The Mumbai Police features a star studded show called Umang, which is organized to raise funds for welfare of their personnel, mostly lower-ranked ones. Several celebrities appear on the show every year to support the cause.[46]
Every year on theWorld Environment Day, the Mumbai Police organizes a mass cycling event on theBandra-Worli Sea Link for awareness of clean environment and reducing pollution.[47] However, due to safety reasons and for smoother traffic flow, bicycles are prohibited on the rest of the days of the year, and can be seized or impounded if riders disobey the norms or fail to pay the traffic penalties.
On 10 October 2024, at the funeral ofRatan Tata, Mumbai Police delivered a ceremonial guard of honour and his body was wrapped in the Indian flag.[48]
The Mumbai Police has a history of corruption,police brutality, refusal to file reports, aligning with political entities, professional incompetence, as well as moral policing. The department has also been criticized for overworking and underworking of personnel, especially the constable and Sub-Inspector rank officials. However, in recent times, while situations have been changing, they have not been effective enough and still fall well below international standards, due to the use of the beyond outdated and colonial Police Act of 1861.[49][50]
The Mumbai Police has been long accused of taking bribes or in local lingo, 'hafta' from any person trying to run a business in lieu of turning a blind eye to various illegalities that the person is committing whether it is encroaching on public property or trying to get off the hook of a drug case.[51]
On 13 January 1982, dreaded gangsterManya Surve was killed in a shootout with Inspector Raja Tambat and ACP Isaque Bagwan, who fired five bullets into his chest and shoulder. Surve's death became known as Mumbai's first recordedencounter killing.[52][53] The rate of encounter killings increased in the late 1980s and further rose after the1993 Mumbai bombings; a total of 622 alleged criminals were killed in police encounters from 1982 to 2004.[54][55]
On16 November 1991, theAnti-Terrorism Squad, led by Additional Commissioner of PoliceAftab Ahmed Khan, laid siege on Lokhandwala Complex to capture gangsterMaya Dolas, and 6 others. Khan and his squad were criticized for firing 450 bullets which killed the gangsters, who refused to surrender.[56] However, the ATS officers were exonerated following an inquiry.
Right before the1993 Bombay bombings, Gul Mohammad, a small-time criminal, confessed to his role in the 1992 riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major locations around the city, including theBombay Stock Exchange,Sahar International Airport and theShiv Sena Bhavan. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police as a "mere bluff".[57]
The2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai have been ascribed to a large scale intelligence failure by Mumbai Police.[58]The attack also exposed several other weaknesses, such as using antiquated weaponry fromWorld War II, poor marksmanship training, lack of a commando style force like theSWAT in the United States, as well as bureaucratic inefficiency when coordinating with theNational Security Guard.[59][60] Despite not having sophisticated weapons and body armor, the Mumbai Police was able to capture the lone gunmanAjmal Kasab at a roadblock near Girgaum Chowpatty. Another gunman, Ismail Khan was killed the shootout.[61]
In 2003-04 Telgi scam also known as fake-stamp scam broke out in which Mumbai's police commissioner R.S. Sharma came to be arrested along with many other senior officers.[1]Another former police commissioner of Mumbai police Sanjay Pande came to be arrested in stock-exchange scam involving tapping of telephone lines of investors.[2]Encounter specialist Pradeep Sharma came to be arrested in Antilia bomb scare case involving murder of Mansukh Hiren.[3]
Another encounter specialistDaya Nayak absconded while anti-corruption bureau of Mumbai was seeking his custody.[4] Nayak is now facing a criminal accusation of planting drugs upon some youngsters during his tenure with the Anti-terrorist Squad of Maharashtra Police.[62][63]
A reply filed by Director General of Police Housing Corporation (former Police Commissioner of Mumbai) Arup Patnaik has exposed land-grabbing offence by IASs, IPSs & Bombay High Court Judges wherein six prime plotsof land reserved for service quarters of constabulary were usurped by private housing societies of the land-grabbing bureaucrats and judges of Bombay High Court. Three plots of land are located at Worli Sea Face while three are Western-Mumbai suburb Andheri west. This disclosure exposing the biggest organised land-grab operation by bureaucrats & judges was made by Director General of Police Housing Corporation Shri Arupji Patnaiksaheb in his reply to a Public Interest Litigation filed by former journalist Ketan Tirodkar.[5][6][7]
In October 2019, it was reported that the non-gazette police officials, mostly the constable rank personnel, who are the lowest ranked and least paid, did not have decent housing, and many of them who were allotted an official accommodation were not satisfied with it due to poor quality and insufficient maintenance.[64] Following complaints and dissatisfaction by the constables and their families, theMaharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority began to redevelop police colonies to improve living conditions in 2023.[65]
On 13 March 2021, Senior InspectorSachin Vaze, an encounter specialist, was arrested for his involvement in theAntilia bomb scare. Through an investigation, Vaze revealed that he was acting at the behest ofAnil Deshmukh, who was then minister of Home Affairs.[66] Vaze was also involved in collecting extortion money in December 2020 from members of the Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association (AHAR). He would call from his office in the Commissioner of Police compound for monthly amounts and, if paid, would ensure that the Social Service Branch would not conduct raids.Mid-Day reported that a source said, "SSB carried out raids at hotels and bars and filed cases against them. The last SSB raid was in early February. After that, no raid was conducted as everybody agreed to pay the money to be able to operate."[67] Vaze was previously involved in the custodial torture and death of Khwaja Yunus in 2004, a suspect in the 2002Ghatkopar bombing case.[68]
The traffic branch of Mumbai Police has faced ire and disparagement for harassing bicyclists and slapping hefty fines on them for riding onBandra–Worli Sea Link, as well as for obstructing traffic due to slow speeds of riders.[69] The fines for bicyclists riding on the bridge, as well as on theTrans Harbour Link,Eastern Freeway, the BKC-Chunabhatti flyover, and theCoastal Road is Rs 1200(US$15), which has been steeply set and does not conform to the standards ofMotor Vehicles Act due to non requirement of licenses; furthermore, refusal to pay and non-compliance has led to seizure of bicycles, detaining of riders, deflating the tires, or towing away bicycles parked at no parking areas, which constitutes a misconduct by police personnel and violation of rights of those owning non-motorized/self-propelled vehicles.[70] The penalties charged against bicyclists for riding on the prohibited areas as well as various other offenses under sections of the Motor Vehicles Act is unconstitutional and not authorized, as the Act is neither applicable to bicyclists, nor does it mandate any penalties against bicyclists.[71] While penalties against motor vehicles such as two-wheelers, cars and heavy vehicles are mentioned for various offenses on Mumbai Police website as per the Motor Vehicles Act, they explicitly do not state any penalties against bicyclists for certain offenses.[72] Despite not being mandated in the Motor Vehicles Act and not having the constitutional authority, the Mumbai Police traffic department has been involved in impounding bicycles caught in traffic violations, including riding on prohibited roads, drunken pedaling/riding, obstructing traffic by stunt performing, and hit-and-run of law enforcement officials when trying to pull over bicyclists.
The Mumbai Police has also slammed for incidents ofmoral policing, which have resulted in serious protests, as well as intervention of judiciary and senior officers -
The Mumbai Police has also faced condemnation from the judiciary,National Human Rights Commission, leaders of opposition, besides the general public for taking actions on the orders of political leaders. Additionally, the department has faced criticism for inaction against political leaders for offensive statements and those who have serious criminal charges against them. -
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