TheGreat Compression refers to the period of substantialwage compression in the United States that began in the early 1940s. During that time,economic inequality as shown bywealth distribution andincome distribution between the rich and poor became much smaller than it had been in preceding time periods. The term was reportedly coined byClaudia Goldin and Robert Margo[1] in a 1992 paper,[2] and is a takeoff on theGreat Depression, an event during which the Great Compression started.
According to economistsThomas Piketty andEmmanuel Saez, analysis of personal income tax data shows that the compression ended in the 1970s and has now reversed in the United States, and to a lesser extent in Canada, and England where there is greaterincome inequality metrics andwealth concentration. In France and Japan, who have maintainedprogressive taxation there has not been an increase in inequality. In Switzerland, where progressive taxation was never implemented, compression never occurred.[5]
EconomistPaul Krugman gives credit for the compression not only to progressive income taxation but to otherNew Deal andWorld War II policies of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt. From about 1937 to 1947 highly progressive taxation, the strengthening of unions of the New Deal, and the wage and price controls of theNational War Labor Board during World War II, raised the income of the poor and working class and lowered that of top earners. Krugman argues these explanations are more convincing than the conventionalKuznets curve cycle of inequality driven by market forces because a natural change would have been gradual and not sudden as the compression was.[6]
Explanations for the length of the compression have been attributed to the lack of immigrant labor in the US during that time (immigrants often not being able to vote and so support their political interests) and the strength of unions, exemplified byReuther's Treaty of Detroit—a landmark 1949 business-labor bargain struck between theUnited Auto Workers union andGeneral Motors. Under that agreement, UAW members were guaranteed wages that rose with productivity, as well as health and retirement benefits. In return GM had relatively few strikes, slowdowns, etc. Unions helped limit increases in executive pay. Further, members of Congress in both political parties significantly overlapped in their voting records and relatively more politicians advocated centrist positions with a general acceptance of New Deal policies.[7]
The end of income compression has been credited to "impersonal forces", such as technological change and globalization, but also to political and policy changes that affected institutions (e.g., unions) and norms (e.g., acceptable executive pay). Krugman argues that the rise of "movement conservatism"—a "highly cohesive set of interlocking institutions that brought Ronald Reagan andNewt Gingrich to power"—beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s brought lower taxes on the rich and significant holes in thesocial safety net. The relative power of unions declined significantly along with union membership, and executive pay rose considerably relative to average worker pay.[8] The reversal of the great compression has been called "theGreat Divergence" by Krugman and is the title of aSlate article and book byTimothy Noah.[9] Krugman also notes that era before the Great Divergence was one not only of relative equality but of economic growth far surpassing the "Great Divergence".[10]
