 | |
| Founding document | Interim Constitution |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | Syria |
| Legislative branch | |
| Legislature | People's Assembly |
| Meeting place | Parliament Building,Damascus, Syria |
| Executive branch | |
| Leader | President |
| Headquarters | Presidential Palace |
| Main organ | Council of Ministers |
| Judicial branch | |
| Court | Supreme Judicial Council |
| Seat | Supreme Court Building |
|
|---|
|
Thepolitics of Syria takes place in apresidential system and is currently in a transitional period led by the transitional government. The seat of the government is located inDamascus,Syria.
On 8 December 2024, after the successfulSyrian rebel offensives resulted in thefall of Damascus and theouster of former presidentBashar al-Assad, many former government officials under Assad's regime fled to neighboring countries for sanctuary.Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, the dominant opposition faction, has tasked Prime MinisterMohammed al-Bashir of theSyrian Salvation Government to head theFirst Syrian transitional government.[1] On 29 January 2025,Ahmed al-Sharaa was appointedPresident of Syria by the Syrian General Command for the transitional period during theSyrian Revolution Victory Conference inDamascus, after serving as thede facto leader following the fall of the Assad regime.[2]
On 13 March, he signed aninterim constitution for a five-year transitional period, establishing Islamic law as a primary source of jurisprudence while ensuring the protection of the rights of all ethnic and religious groups in Syria.[3] Later, on March 29, theSecond Syrian transitional government was announced by al-Sharaa during a ceremony at thePresidential Palace in Damascus, replacing the previous First Syrian transitional government established after the fall of the Assad regime.
The2025 Interim Constitution establishes apresidential system where thepresident holds executive power and appoints ministers, without a prime minister.[4][5] Under the Interim Constitution, thevice president is a political position in Syria, appointed by the President, who also determines their powers, dismisses them, and accepts their resignations. If the presidency becomes vacant, a vice president assumes the President’s responsibilities.[6]
On 29 March 2025, thesecond Syrian transitional government was announced by Syrian PresidentAhmed al-Sharaa at a ceremony at thePresidential Palace inDamascus,[7] in which the new ministers were sworn in and delivered speeches outlining their agendas.[8] The government replaced thefirst Syrian transitional government, which was formed following the fall of the Assad regime.[9]
An Interim Legislative Council is expected to be formed to act as Syria'slegislature until a new constitution has been adopted.[10] Previously, the People's Assembly was Syria's legislature during theBa'athist period. It has 250 members elected for a four-year term in 15 multi-seatconstituencies. TheSyrian constitution of 2012 introduced a multi-party system without guaranteed leadership of any political party.[11] After the collapse of the Assad Regime following successful rebel offensives late 2024, the People's Assembly was suspended on 13 December 2024 by the transitional authorities and abolished on 29 January 2025.[12]
Following the adoption of the2025 Interim Constitution of Syria a provisional parliament called the People's Assembly was established with the president appointing one third of its members.[13]
Syria'sjudicial branches includes theSupreme Constitutional Court, theSupreme Judicial Council, the Court of Cassation, and theState Security Courts.Islamic jurisprudence is a main source of legislation and Syria's judicial system had elements ofOttoman,French, andIslamic laws. Syria had three levels of courts: courts of first instance, courts of appeals, and the constitutional court, the highesttribunal. Religious courts handle questions of personal and family law.[14]
Syria is a member of theArab Bank for Economic Development in Africa,Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development,Arab Monetary Fund,Council of Arab Economic Unity,Customs Cooperation Council,Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia,Food and Agriculture Organization,Group of 24,Group of 77,International Atomic Energy Agency,International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,International Civil Aviation Organization,International Chamber of Commerce,International Development Association,Islamic Development Bank,International Fund for Agricultural Development,International Finance Corporation,International Labour Organization,International Monetary Fund,International Maritime Organization,Intelsat,Interpol,International Olympic Committee,International Organization for Standardization,International Telecommunication Union,International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,Non-Aligned Movement,Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries,Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,United Nations,UN Commission on Human Rights,UN Conference on Trade and Development,UN Industrial Development Organization,UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East,Universal Postal Union,World Federation of Trade Unions,World Health Organization,World Meteorological Organization, andWorld Tourism Organization.
Syria's diplomats last sat on theUN Security Council (as a non-permanent member) in December 2003.
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