| Gorham's Cave | |
|---|---|
 View of theAlboran Sea from inside Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar | |
  Map showing location of Gorham's Cave inGibraltar | |
| Location | Southeast face of theRock of Gibraltar,Gibraltar |
| Coordinates | 36°07′13″N5°20′31″W / 36.120397°N 5.342075°W /36.120397; -5.342075 |
| Depth | 18 metres (59 ft) |
| Discovery | 1907 |
| Geology | Limestone |
| Official name | Gorham's Cave Complex |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii |
| Designated | 2016(40thsession) |
| Reference no. | 1500 |
| Region | Europe |
Gorham's Cave (Spanish:Cueva de Gorham,pronounced[ɡoˈɾam]) is a sea-level cave in theBritish overseas territory ofGibraltar. Though not asea cave, it is often mistaken for one. Considered to beone of the last known habitations of theNeanderthals in Europe, the cave gives its name to theGorham's Cave complex, which is a combination of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site, the only one in Gibraltar. The three other caves areVanguard Cave,Hyaena Cave, andBennett's Cave.[1]
It is located at Governor's Beach on the southeastern face of theRock of Gibraltar. When first inhabited some 55,000 years ago, it would have been approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) from the shore, but, due to changes in sea level, it is now only a few metres from theMediterranean Sea.
The cave is named afterCaptain A. Gorham of the 2nd BattalionRoyal Munster Fusiliers, who discovered it in 1907 while opening afissure at the rear of a sea cavern. Gorham inscribed his name and the date of his discovery inlamp-black on the wall of the cave, which has borne his name ever since. After this initial discovery, it seems the cave was forgotten—at least at an official level—asGibraltarianhistorian andpotholerGeorge Palao recalls an inscription on the cave wall that readJ. J. Davies 1943.[2]
Gorham's Cave is a cave situated on the east side of Gibraltar a few meters above sea level[3] which has formed in Jurassiclimestone. Total length of this cave is approximately 100 m (330 ft) and at the entrance it is approximately 35 m (115 ft) high. Farther inside, the cave becomes narrower and turns at approximately 90 degrees. From the entrance of the cave, the view opens onto theAlboran Sea. It is possible that after further research, the cave will become longer.
Gorham's Cave has been a site ofarchaeological interest since its importance was first recognised. The beach below the cave (Governor's Beach) had been inaccessible from the cliffs above; however, after one episode of a tunnelling project in the rock, the beach and cave became accessible due to the pile ofspoil that was created.[4]
Royal Engineers Keighley and Ward were the first[when?] to report artefacts of archaeological interest in the cave via the Gibraltar newspapers. They had foundpottery andstone tools. Moreover, they reported that human and animal remains had been discovered in Gorham's cave. Rev. F. E. Brown of the Gibraltar Society reported these findings to thegovernor of Gibraltar who requested further investigations after a site visit. These investigations were reported to theBritish Museum for their deliberation.[4]
Lieutenant George Baker Alexander, Royal Engineer and a graduategeologist from theUniversity of Cambridge, arrived in Gibraltar in 1945. He decided to make ageological survey of Gibraltar that resulted in a detailedgeological map. Alexander was the first to excavate Gorham’s Cave, before his departure from Gibraltar in 1948 after theGibraltar Museum challenged his methods.[4] There are no preserved materials about these excavations.
In 1945, the governor wrote to the British Museum requesting that they continue further explorations of the cave. The museum had no resources, however, so they forwarded his enquiry toProfessorDorothy Garrod at Cambridge, who had found a Neanderthal skull atDevil's Tower Cave during her earlier work in Gibraltar in the 1920s. Garrod sought the assistance of Dr. John d'Arcy Waechter, a fellow of theBritish Institute of Archaeology atAnkara. Waechter arrived in September 1948 and spent two months digging test pits to see if further excavation would be justified.[5] Waechter's success resulted in his return in June 1950. He went back toEngland in 1951, without concluding the work and returned from February to July 1952. During a final visit in 1954 he successfully requested financial assistance from the local government to complete his work.[2]
In September 2021, archaeologists from theGibraltar National Museum led by Prof Clive Finlayson announced the discovery of a 40,000 year-oldNeanderthal cave chamber in the Gorham's Cave Complex, including a carving that may have been early Neanderthal artwork.[6][7]
Excavation of this site has resulted in the discovery of four layers ofstratigraphy, one below the other:
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating gives dates for level IV of between 33 and 23 thousand years before the present (kyr BP)—the researchers felt that the uncertainties at this time depth made calibration impractical. They suggest occupation until at least 28 kyr BP and possibly 24 kyr BP.[8]
No fossil remains have been found that would allow identification pointing to eitherNeanderthal oranatomically modern human inhabitants, nor associated with findings of a modern human in a site at nearbyAbrigo do Lagar Velho,Portugal of 24,500 years ago who may have featured Neanderthalgenetic admixtures,[9] although Mousterian culture normally is identified with Neanderthals in Europe.[10]
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In July 2012, the floor of the cave[which?] was found to be deeply scratched. Researchers uncovered a series of criss-crossing lines over ~1 m2 (11 sq ft), cut into the surface of a ledge about 100 metres (330 ft) from its entrance.[11] The scratches consist of eight lines arranged in two groups of three long lines and intersected by two shorter ones, which has been used to suggest it is a symbol. The scratches are thought to be at least 39,000 years old, because they were found below a layer of undisturbed sediment of that age in which hundreds of Neanderthal stone tools were discovered.
The attribution of the scratches to Neanderthals is disputed. Matt Pope ofUniversity College London cautions that "linking them directly to Neanderthal populations, or proving Neanderthals made them without any contact with modern humans is harder. The dates were indirectly obtained and refer to the material from within sediments covering the scratches and not the marks themselves. Given the dates also span a period when we know modern humans have reached Europe, a period where we have unresolved 'transitional' archaeological evidence difficult to attribute to either population, I'd be cautious in accepting Neanderthal authorship."[12] Harold Dibble of theUniversity of Pennsylvania also questioned the accuracy of the dating. He suggests that the scratches could have been made by modern humans and subsequently been covered by older sediments shifting within the cave.[13]
Nevertheless, it has been described as "abstract art" by Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal of theUniversity of Huelva, for whom it is "the first directly demonstrable example of an abstract work, carried out consistently and with care and requiring prolonged and concentrated work, that has been produced in a cave."[14] He claims that "creating paintings or carvings in caves is seen as a cognitive step in human development. This behaviour was considered exclusive to modern humans and has been used as an argument to distinguish our direct ancestors from ancient man, including Neanderthals."[14]The issue of the artistic abilities of Neanderthals has been a long-running topic of controversy. Other alleged examples of Neanderthal art have been found in other caves in Europe, including motifs in Spain, and possible "jewellery" in France.
The team researching the Gorham's Cave scratches sought to determine whether it might have been produced accidentally, for example as a by-product of using the rock as a surface for cutting meat or fur. They carried out experiments with tools similar to those that would have been available at the time to carve grooves into blocks of similar dolomite rock, to identify how the scratches might have been made. They decided that the lines were most likely created by using a pointed tool or cutting edge to scrape repeatedly along, and deepen, an existing groove, taking as many as 300 strokes and requiring at least an hour's work. In addition, the scratches are in what would have been a very visible location and would have been immediately noticeable to anyone entering the cave.[12]
Those who claim it has symbolic meaning cannot explain what it would have meant.Clive Finlayson of theGibraltar Museum notes that "the engraving is at the point in the cave where the cave's orientation changes by 90 degrees" and speculates whether the scratches were related to the location: "It's almost likeClapham Junction, like it's showing an intersection. I'm speculating, but it does make you wonder whether it has something to do with mapping, or saying: 'This is where you are'."[12] Francesco d'Errico, the director of research at CRNS, comments: "It's in a fixed location so, for example, it could be something to indicate to other Neanderthals visiting the cave that somebody was already using it, or that there was a group that owned that cave."[12] Harrold Dibble comments that "It takes more than a few scratches—deliberate or not—to identify symbolic behaviour on the part of Neanderthals."[13]
Gorham's Cave gives its name to the Gorham's Cave complex, which is a grouping of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The three other caves are the nearbyVanguard Cave, theHyaena Cave, andBennett's Cave.[1]
In November 2010, the Gorham's Cave complex was put forward to compete for a nomination as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. ProfessorClive Finlayson, director of theGibraltar Museum, was responsible for co-ordinating the efforts to obtain this nomination. The first step was a proposal to theUnited Kingdomcultural authorities to get Gorham's Cave complex added to theUK's World Heritage tentative list.[15] Such a list is revised every ten years, and the process for a new list was ongoing at the date of the submission.[16]
The ownership of land associated with Gorham's Cave was passed from the UKMinistry of Defence to thegovernment of Gibraltar in 2011. The agreement swapped this MOD land and more than 300 MOD houses with the government of Gibraltar, who in exchange agreed to build 90 new houses on remaining MOD land.[17]
In May 2012 Gorham's Cave complex was on the short list of two sites, along with theForth Rail Bridge, that was forwarded for submission to UNESCO.[18] The site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site on 15 July 2016, and is Gibraltar's only World Heritage site.
The Gorham's Cave Complex is home to various species of bat, among them theEuropean free-tailed bat.[19]
The cave complex also forms the largest wintering roost ofEurasian crag martins in the world, peaking at 12,000 birds in the 2020-2021 winter season, making up 1–2% of the entire European population of this species.[20]
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