 | |
 Headquarters inNew York City | |
| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| ISIN | US38141G1040 |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1869; 156 years ago (1869) |
| Founders | |
| Headquarters | 200 West Street, New York City, New York ,U.S. |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
|
| Products | |
| Revenue |  US$53.5 billion (2024) |
| US$18.4 billion (2024) | |
| US$14.3 billion (2024) | |
| AUM | US$3.14 trillion (2024) |
| Total assets | US$1.68 trillion (2024) |
| Total equity | US$122 billion (2024) |
Number of employees | 46,500 (2024) |
| Subsidiaries | |
| Capital ratio | Tier 1 15.0% (2022; Basel III Advanced) |
| Rating |
|
| Website | www |
| Footnotes / references [1] | |
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (/sæks/SAKS) is an American multinationalinvestment bank andfinancial services company. Founded in 1869, Goldman Sachs is headquartered inLower Manhattan inNew York City, with regionalheadquarters in many international financial centers.[1] Goldman Sachs is thesecond-largest investment bank in the world by revenue[2] and is ranked 55th on theFortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[3] In theForbes Global 2000 of 2024, Goldman Sachs ranked 23rd.[4] It is considered asystemically important financial institution by theFinancial Stability Board.
Goldman Sachs offers services ininvestment banking (advisory formergers and acquisitions andrestructuring),securities underwriting,prime brokerage,asset management as well aswealth management andinvestment management viaGoldman Sachs Personal Financial Management. It is amarket maker for many types of financial products and providesclearing andcustodian bank services. It operatesprivate-equity funds andhedge funds. It structures complex and tailor-made financial products. It also owns Goldman Sachs Bank USA, adirect bank. It trades both on behalf of its clients (flow trading) and for its own account (proprietary trading). The company invests in and arranges financing for startups, and in many cases gets additional business asbookrunner when the companies launchinitial public offerings.[5]
In 1869, Goldman Sachs was founded byMarcus Goldman in New York City in a one-room basement office next to a coal chute.[6][7][8] In 1882, Goldman's son-in-lawSamuel Sachs joined the firm.[9][10] In 1885, Goldman's son,Henry Goldman, and his son-in-law, Ludwig Dreyfuss, joined the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co.[11] The company pioneered the use ofcommercial paper for entrepreneurs and joined theNew York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1896.[12] By 1898, the firm's capital stood at $1.6 million.[12] It opened offices in Boston and Chicago in 1900, San Francisco in 1918, and Philadelphia and St. Louis in 1920.[13]
Goldman entered theinitial public offering market in 1906 when it tookSears, Roebuck and Company public.[12] The deal was facilitated by Henry Goldman's personal friendship withJulius Rosenwald, an owner of Sears.[12] Other underwriting work for initial public offerings followed, including those ofGeneral Cigar Company also in 1906,F. W. Woolworth Company in 1912, andContinental Can.[13][12] The firm was an innovator at establishing theprice–earnings ratio, instead ofbook value, as a method for valuing companies, and was therefore able to raise funds for retailers and companies with few hard assets.[13]
In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-member of the founding family to become a partner of the company and share in its profits.[12] In 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned.[12] The Sachs family gained full control of the firm untilWaddill Catchings joined the company in 1918.[12] By 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm.[12] In 1919, the company acquired a major interest inMerck & Co. and in 1922, it acquired a major interest inGeneral Foods.[13] On December 4, 1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp.Ad, aclosed-end fund.[14] The fund failed during theWall Street Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation andinsider trading.[12]
In 1930, during theGreat Depression, the firm ousted Catchings, andSidney Weinberg assumed the role of senior partner. Weinberg shifted Goldman's focus away from trading and towardinvestment banking.[12] His actions helped to restore some of Goldman's tarnished reputation. Under Weinberg's leadership, Goldman was the lead advisor on the $657 millioninitial public offering ofFord Motor Company in 1956, a major victory at the time, as well as the $350 million debenture offering by Sears Roebuck in 1958.[13] Under Weinberg's leadership, the firm started an investment research division and amunicipal bond department, and it became an early innovator inrisk arbitrage.[12]
In the 1950s,Gus Levy joined the firm as a securities trader, where two powers fought for supremacy, one from investment banking and one from securities trading. Levy was a pioneer inblock trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance. Due to Weinberg's heavy influence, the firm formed an investment banking division in 1956 in an attempt to shift focus off Weinberg.[12] In 1957, the company's headquarters were relocated to 20Broad Street, New York City.[12]
In 1969, Levy took over Weinberg's role as Senior Partner and built Goldman's trading franchise once again.[15] Levy is credited with Goldman's famous philosophy of being "long-term greedy," which implied that as long as money is made over the long term, short-term losses are bearable. At the same time, partners reinvested nearly all of their earnings in the firm.[16] Weinberg remained a senior partner of the firm and died in July of that year.[17]
Another financial crisis for the firm occurred in 1970, when thePenn Central Transportation Company went bankrupt with over $80 million (~$484 million in 2023) incommercial paper outstanding, most of it issued through Goldman Sachs. The bankruptcy was large, and the resulting lawsuits, notably by theSEC, threatened the partnership capital, survival, and reputation of the firm.[18] It was this bankruptcy that resulted incredit ratings for every issuer of commercial paper today by several credit rating services.[19]
Under the direction of Senior Partner Stanley R. Miller, the firm opened its first international office in London in 1970 and created aPrivate Wealth Management division along with afixed income division in 1972.[13][20] It pioneered the "white knight" strategy in 1974 during its attempts to defend Electric Storage Battery against ahostile takeover bid from International Nickel and Goldman's rival,Morgan Stanley.[21]John Weinberg, the son of Sidney Weinberg, andJohn C. Whitehead assumed the roles of co-senior partners in 1976, once again emphasizing the co-leadership at the firm. One of their initiatives was the establishment of 14 business principles.[22]
On November 16, 1981, the firm acquired J. Aron & Company, acommodities trading firm that merged with the Fixed Income division to become known as Fixed Income, Currencies, and Commodities.[23] J. Aron was involved in the coffee and gold markets, and the former CEO of Goldman,Lloyd Blankfein, joined the firm as a result of this merger.[24]
In 1983, the firm moved into a newly constructed global headquarters at 85 Broad Street and occupied that building until it moved to its current headquarters in 2009.[25][26] In 1985, it underwrote the public offering of thereal estate investment trust that ownedRockefeller Center, then the largestREIT offering in history.[27] In accordance with the beginning of thedissolution of the Soviet Union, the firm also became involved in facilitating the global privatization movement by advising companies that were spinning off from their parent governments.[28]
In 1986, the firm formed Goldman Sachs Asset Management, which manages the majority of its mutual funds andhedge funds.[29] In the same year, the firm also underwrote the IPO ofMicrosoft, advisedGeneral Electric on its acquisition ofRCA,[29] and joined theLondon andTokyo stock exchanges, where itsmergers and acquisitions grew.[13] During the 1980s, the firm became the first bank to distribute its investment research electronically and created the first public offering of original issue deep-discountbond.[29] In 1988, it helped theState Bank of India obtain a credit rating and issue US$200 million in the US commercial paper market.[30]
Robert Rubin andStephen Friedman assumed the co-senior partnership in 1990 and pledged to focus on globalization of the firm to strengthen the merger & acquisition and trading business lines.[31] In 1990, the firm introduced paperless trading to the New York Stock Exchange.[32] Rubin left the firm in 1992 to work in thePresidency of Bill Clinton.[13] In 1994, the company launched theGoldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) and opened its first office in China inBeijing.[33] That same year,Jon Corzine became CEO, following the retirement of Friedman as general partner.[34]
Rubin had drawn criticism in Congress for using a Treasury Department account under his personal control to distribute $20 billion to bail out Mexican bonds, of which Goldman was a key distributor.[35] On November 22, 1994, the Mexican Bolsa stock market admitted Goldman Sachs and one other firm to operate on that market.[36] In 1994, theMexican peso crisis threatened to wipe out the value of Mexico's bonds held by Goldman Sachs.[37]
In 1994, Goldman financedRockefeller Center in a deal that allowed it to take an ownership interest[38] in 1996, and soldRockefeller Center toTishman Speyer in 2000.[39] In April 1996, Goldman was the lead underwriter of theinitial public offering ofYahoo!.[40] In 1998, it was the co-lead manager of the ¥2 trillion (yen)NTT DoCoMo IPO.[41] In 1999, Goldman acquiredHull Trading Company for $531 million (~$913 million in 2023),[42][43] as part of its shift towardselectronic trading.[44] After decades of debate among the partners, the company became apublic company via aninitial public offering in May 1999.[45] Goldman sold 12.6% of the company to the public, and after the IPO, 48.3% of the company was held by 221 former partners, 21.2% of the company was held by non-partner employees, and the remaining 17.9% was held by retired Goldman partners and two long-time investors,Sumitomo Bank Ltd. and Assn, the investing arm ofKamehameha Schools.[46] The shares were priced at $53 each at listing. After the IPO,Henry Paulson became chairman and chief executive officer, succeeding Jon Corzine.[47]
In September 2000, Goldman Sachs purchased Spear, Leeds, & Kellogg, one of the largest specialist firms on the New York Stock Exchange, for $6.3 billion (~$10.6 billion in 2023).[48]
In January 2000, Goldman, along withLehman Brothers, was the lead manager for the first internet bond offering for theWorld Bank.[49]
In 2000, Goldman Sachs advised Jim and Janet Baker on the sale ofDragon NaturallySpeaking toLernout & Hauspie of Belgium for $580 million in L&H stock. L&H later collapsed due to accounting fraud and its stock price declined significantly. The Bakers filed a lawsuit against Goldman Sachs, alleging negligence, intentional and negligent misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty since Goldman did not uncover and warn Dragon or the Bakers of the accounting problems of the acquirer, L&H. Lawyers for Goldman said it was not Goldman's job to uncover the accounting fraud. On January 23, 2013, a federal jury rejected the Bakers' claims and found Goldman Sachs not liable to the Bakers, instead siding with Goldman in counterclaims.[50]
In March 2003, the firm took a 45% stake in a joint venture withJBWere, the Australian investment bank.[49] In April 2003, Goldman acquired The Ayco Company L.P., a fee-based financial counseling service.[51] In October 2003, in its Global Economics Paper No. 99 (Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050), researchers at Goldman Sachs led byJim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley introduced theBRIC concept, identifying thedeveloping countries ofBrazil,Russia,India, andChina, as risingeconomic powers.[52] In May 2006, Paulson left the firm to serve asUnited States Secretary of the Treasury, andLloyd Blankfein was promoted to chairman and chief executive officer.[53] In January 2007, Goldman, along withCanWest Global Communications, acquiredAlliance Atlantis, the company with the broadcast rights to theCSI franchise.[54]
As a result of its involvement in securitization during thesubprime mortgage crisis, Goldman Sachs suffered during the2008 financial crisis,[55][56] and it received a $10 billion investment from theUnited States Department of the Treasury as part of theTroubled Asset Relief Program, a financialbailout created by theEmergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The investment was made in November 2008 and was repaid withinterest in June 2009.[57][58]
During the 2007subprime mortgage crisis, Goldman profited from the collapse in subprime mortgage bonds in summer 2007 byshort-selling subprimemortgage-backed securities. Two Goldman traders, Michael Swenson andJosh Birnbaum, are credited with being responsible for the firm's large profits during the crisis.[59][60] The pair, members of Goldman'sstructured products group inNew York City, made a profit of $4 billion by "betting" on a collapse in the subprime market and shorting mortgage-related securities. By summer 2007, they persuaded colleagues to see their point of view and convinced skeptical risk management executives.[61] The firm initially avoided large subprime write-downs and achieved a net profit due to significant losses on non-primesecuritized loans being offset by gains on short mortgage positions. The firm's viability was called into question as the crisis intensified in September 2008.
In October 2007, Goldman Sachs was criticized for packaging risky mortgages and selling them to the public as safe investments.[62]
In 2007, former Goldman Sachs trader Matthew Marshall Taylor was fired after hiding an $8.3 billion unauthorized trade involving derivatives on theS&P 500 index by making "multiple false entries" into a Goldman trading system, with the objective of protecting his year-end bonus of $1.5 million. The trades cost the company $118 million. In 2013, Taylor plead guilty to charges and was sentenced to 9 months in prison and was ordered to repay the $118 million loss.[63]
On September 21, 2008, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the last two major investment banks in the United States, both confirmed that they would become traditionalbank holding companies.[64][65] The Federal Reserve's approval of their bid to become banks ended the business model of an independent securities firm, 75 years after Congress separated them from deposit-taking lenders, and capped weeks of chaos that sentLehman Brothers into bankruptcy and led to the rushed sale ofMerrill Lynch toBank of America[66] On September 23, 2008,Berkshire Hathaway agreed to purchase $5 billion in Goldman's preferred stock, and also receivedwarrants to buy another $5 billion in Goldman'scommon stock within five years.[67] The company also raised $5 billion via a public offering of shares at $123 per share.[67] Goldman also received a $10 billionpreferred stock investment from theU.S. Treasury in October 2008, as part of theTroubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).[68]
Andrew Cuomo, thenNew York Attorney General, questioned Goldman's decision to pay 953 employees bonuses of at least $1 million (~$1.39 million in 2023) each after it received TARP funds in 2008.[69] In that same period, however, CEO Lloyd Blankfein and six other senior executives opted to forgo bonuses, stating they believed it was the right thing to do, in light of "the fact that we are part of an industry that's directly associated with the ongoing economic distress".[70] Cuomo called the move "appropriate and prudent", and urged the executives of other banks to follow the firm's lead and refuse bonus payments.[70] In June 2009, Goldman Sachs repaid the U.S. Treasury's TARP investment, with 23% interest (in the form of $318 million inpreferred dividend payments and $1.418 billion in warrant redemptions).[71] On March 18, 2011, Goldman Sachs receivedFederal Reserve approval to buy back Berkshire's preferred stock in Goldman.[72] In December 2009, Goldman announced that its top 30 executives would be paid year-end bonuses in restricted stock that they cannot sell for five years, withclawback provisions.[73][74]
During the2008 financial crisis, theFederal Reserve introduced several short-term credit and liquidity facilities to help stabilize markets. Some of the transactions under these facilities provided liquidity to institutions whose disorderly failure could have severely stressed an already fragile financial system.[75] Goldman Sachs was one of the heaviest users of these loan facilities, taking out many loans between March 18, 2008, and April 22, 2009. ThePrimary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), the first Fed facility ever to provide overnight loans to investment banks, loaned Goldman Sachs a total of $589 billion against collateral such as corporate market instruments andmortgage-backed securities.[76] TheTerm Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), which allows primary dealers to borrow liquid Treasury securities for one month in exchange for less liquid collateral, loaned Goldman Sachs a total of $193 billion.[77] Goldman Sachs's borrowings totaled $782 billion in hundreds of revolving transactions over these months.[78] The loans were fully repaid in accordance with the terms of the facilities.[79]
In 2008, Goldman Sachs started a "Returnship"internship program after research and consulting with other firms led them to understand that career breaks happen and that returning to the workforce was difficult, especially for women. The goal of the Returnship program was to offer a chance at temporary employment for workers. Goldman Sachs holds the trademark for the term 'Returnship'.[80] According to a 2009 BrandAsset Valuator survey taken of 17,000 people nationwide, the firm's reputation suffered in 2008 and 2009, and rival Morgan Stanley was respected more than Goldman Sachs, a reversal of the sentiment in 2006.[81] In 2011, Goldman took full control of JBWere in a $1 billion (~$1.34 billion in 2023) buyout.[82]
In September 2011, Goldman Sachs announced that it was shutting down Global Alpha Fund LP, its largest hedge fund, which had been housed under Goldman Sachs Asset Management (GSAM).[83][84] Global Alpha, which was created in the mid-1990s with $10 million,[85] was once "one of the biggest and best performing hedge funds in the world" with more than $12 billionassets under management (AUM) at its peak in 2007.[86] Global Alpha usedquantitative analysis and computer-driven models to invest,[83] usinghigh-frequency trading. It was founded byCliff Asness andMark Carhart, who developed the statistical models on which the trading was based.[85] Global Alpha was described byThe Wall Street Journal as a "big, secretive hedge fund"—the "Cadillac of a fleet of alternative investments" that had made millions for Goldman Sachs by 2006.[87] By mid-2008, assets under management (AUM) of the fund had declined to $2.5 billion, by June 2011, AUM was less than $1.7 billion, and by September 2011, after suffering losses that year, AUM was approximately $1 billion.[88]
In 2013, Goldman underwrote the $2.913 billion (~$3.76 billion in 2023) Grand Parkway System Toll Revenue Bond offering for the Houston, Texas area, one of the fastest-growing areas in the United States. The bond will be repaid from toll revenue.[89][90]
In April 2013, together withDeutsche Bank, Goldman led a $17 billion bond offering byApple Inc., the largest corporate-bond deal in history[91][92] and Apple's first since 1996. Goldman Sachs managed both of Apple's previous bond offerings in the 1990s.[92]
In June 2013, Goldman Sachs purchased the loan portfolio from Brisbane-basedSuncorp Group, one of Australia's largest banks and insurance companies. TheA$1.6 billion face amount loan portfolio was purchased for A$960 million.[93][94]
In September 2013, Goldman Sachs Asset Management agreed to acquire the stable value business of Deutsche Asset & Wealth Management, with total assets under supervision of $21.6 billion (~$27.9 billion in 2023) as of June 30, 2013[update].[95]
In 2014, Goldman Sachs acquired an 18% stake in DONG Energy (nowØrsted A/S), the largest electric utility in Denmark, from the Danish government after the company needed fresh capital but was unable to attract state funding.[96] The sale led to protests by the public in Copenhagen and led to the resignation of six cabinet ministers and the withdrawal of theSocialist People's Party from Prime MinisterHelle Thorning-Schmidt's leftist governing coalition.[97] Protesters were wary of Goldman having an ownership stake due to its role in the2008 financial crisis and the possible shift of the company's earnings totax havens.[97] Additional protests occurred in 2016 when theinitial public offering of the company resulted in a windfall profit for Goldman.[98] Goldman purchased the 18% stake in 2014 for 8 billion kroner and sold just over a 6% stake in 2017 for 6.5 billion kroner.[99] Goldman sold its remaining stake in the utility in 2017.[100]
In January 2014, theLibyan Investment Authority (LIA) filed a lawsuit against Goldman for $1 billion after the firm lost 98% of the $1.3 billion the LIA invested with Goldman in 2007.[101][102] The losses stemmed from derivatives trades that earned Goldman $350 million in fees.[103][104] In court documents, Goldman admitted to having used small gifts, occasional travel and an internship to gain access to Libya's sovereign wealth fund.[105] In October 2016, after a trial, JusticeVivien Rose entered a judgment in Goldman Sachs's favor, saying that the relationship "did not go beyond the normal cordial and mutually beneficial relationship that grows up between a bank and a client" and that Goldman's fees were not excessive.[106]
In August 2015, Goldman Sachs agreed to acquireGeneral Electric's GE Capital Bank on-line deposit platform, including US$8-billion of on-line deposits and another US$8-billion of brokered certificates of deposit.[107]
In April 2016, Goldman Sachs launched GS Bank, adirect bank.[108] In October 2016, Goldman Sachs Bank USA started offering no-feeunsecured personal loans under the brand Marcus by Goldman Sachs.[109] In March 2016, Goldman Sachs agreed to acquirefinancial technology startupHonest Dollar, a digital retirement savings tool founded by American entrepreneurWhurley, focused on helping small-business employees and self-employed workers obtain affordable retirement plans. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.[110]
In May 2017, Goldman Sachs purchased $2.8 billion (~$3.42 billion in 2023) ofPDVSA 2022 bonds from theCentral Bank of Venezuela during the2017 Venezuelan protests.[111]
In April 2018, Goldman Sachs acquired Clarity Money, a personal finance startup.[112] On September 10, 2018, Goldman Sachs acquired Boyd Corporation fromGenstar Capital for $3 billion (~$3.59 billion in 2023).[113] On May 16, 2019, Goldman Sachs acquiredUnited Capital Financial Advisers, LLC for $750 million (~$882 million in 2023).[114]
In March 2019, Apple, Inc. announced that it would partner with Goldman Sachs to launch theApple Card, the bank's first credit card offering.[115] The partnership opportunity had been turned down by other banks includingBarclays,Citigroup,JPMorgan Chase andSynchrony Financial.[116][117]
In March 2019, Goldman Sachs was fined £34.4 million by the London regulator for misreporting millions of transactions over a decade.[118]
In December 2019, the company pledged to invest and finance $750 billion in climate transition projects and to stop financing oil exploration in theArctic and some projects related to coal.[119]
In June 2020, Goldman Sachs introduced a new corporate typeface, Goldman Sans, and made it freely available. After Internet users discovered that the terms of the license prohibited the disparagement of Goldman Sachs, the bank was much mocked and disparaged in its font, until it eventually changed the license to the standardSIL Open Font License.[120]
Goldman Sachs was embroiled in the1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, related to Malaysia'ssovereign wealth fund,1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB). The bank paid a fine of $2.9 billion under theForeign Corrupt Practices Act, the largest such fine to date. In July 2020, Goldman Sachs agreed on a $3.9 billion settlement in Malaysia for criminal charges related to the 1MDB scandal.[121][122] For charges brought for the same case in other countries, Goldman Sachs agreed in October of the same year to pay more than $2.9 billion, with over $2 billion going to fines imposed in the US.[123][124]
Effective July 1, 2020, the firm no longer managesinitial public offerings of a company without "at least one diverse board candidate, with a focus on women" in the U.S. and Europe.[125][126]
In August 2021, Goldman Sachs announced that it had agreed to acquireNN Investment Partners, which had US$ 335 billion inassets under management, for €1.7 billion fromNN Group.[127]
In September 2021, Goldman Sachs announced to acquireGreenSky for about $2.24 billion (~$2.48 billion in 2023) and completed the acquisition in March 2022.[128]
In March 2022, Goldman Sachs announced it was winding down its business in Russia in compliance with regulatory and licensing requirements regarding sanctions after theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[129]
Also during that same month, Goldman Sachs announced it had acquired NextCapital Group, aChicago-based open-architecture digital retirement advice provider.[130]
In June 2022, Goldman Sachs offered its firstderivatives product linked toEther (ETH).[131] Goldman Sachs was announced as an official partner of McLaren.[132]
In September 2022, Goldman Sachs announced the layoff of hundreds of employees across the company, apparently as a result of the earnings report from July of the same year that showed a significant reduction.[133]
In February 2024,CNBC reported Goldman Sachs was expanding its reach into the economic lives of more Americans by way of Rhythm Energy, a provider of independent energy in Texas. The firm's private equity fund owned the firm, but it operated independently. At the time of the reporting, it was linked to energy networks that provided electricity for 190 million Americans.[134]
The company is growing itsIndian business – Goldman Sachs has invested ₹72crore (₹720 000 000) for 15lakh (1 500 000)shares in Medi Assist Healthcare debuting in January 2024.[135]
According to a statement made by Goldman CEO David Solomon in January 2025, the credit-card partnership withApple may end before its contract runs out in 2030.[136]
In February 2025, Goldman Sachs announced the termination of its commitment to diversity on the boards of companies it assists with going public. This decision marks another instance in a series of rollbacks concerning corporate diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, which have faced significant criticism from conservative groups. The bank had previously committed to ensuring that each company it takes through the IPO process in the United States or Western Europe would have at least two board members who were not white men. Additionally, the pledge specified that at least one of these individuals should be a woman. Goldman Sachs confirmed the decision to end this initiative on February 11, 2025, reflecting broader shifts in corporate DEI strategies amidst political and societal debates.[137]
In April 2025, Goldman Sachs lowered its 12-month forecast for Europe’s STOXX 600 index from 580 to 570 points, citing concerns over U.S. President Donald Trump’s proposed global tariffs. The index most recently closed at 533.92 points. Fears of an economic slowdown following Trump’s announcement have unsettled financial markets. Goldman also revised down its European earnings per share estimates, now forecasting 2% growth in 2025 and 4% in 2026, down from 4% and 6%, respectively. The bank raised the probability of a U.S. recession to 35% and now expects three interest rate cuts this year from both the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Goldman also raised its FTSE 100 forecast from 9,000 to 9,100 points.[138]
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The company has been criticized for lack of ethical standards,[139] working with dictatorial regimes,[140] close relationships with the U.S. federal government via a "revolving door" of former employees,[141] and driving up prices ofcommodities throughfutures speculation.[142] It has also been criticized by its employees for 100-hour work weeks, high levels of employee dissatisfaction among first-year analysts, abusive treatment by superiors, a lack of mental health resources, and extremely high levels of stress in the workplace leading to physical discomfort.[143][144]
Goldman was criticized for allegedly misleading its investors and profiting from the collapse of the mortgage market during the2008 financial crisis. This led to investigations from theUnited States Congress, theUnited States Department of Justice, and a lawsuit from theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission[145] that resulted in Goldman paying a $550 million settlement in July 2010.[146] Goldman Sachs denied wrongdoing and stated that its customers were aware of its bets against the mortgage-related security products it was selling to them, and that it only used those bets to hedge against losses.[147][148]
Goldman Sachs was "excoriated by the press and the public" according to journalistsBethany McLean andJoe Nocera.[149] This was despite the non-retail nature of its business that would normally have kept it out of the public eye.[150] In a story inRolling Stone published in July 2009,Matt Taibbi characterized Goldman Sachs as a "great vampire squid" sucking money instead of blood, allegedly engineering "every majormarket manipulation since theGreat Depression ... from tech stocks to high gas prices".[151][152][153][154]
While all the investment banks were scolded by congressional investigations, Goldman Sachs was subject to "a solo hearing in front of theSenate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations" and a critical report.[150][155] In 2011, a Senate panel released a report accusing Goldman Sachs of misleading clients and engaging in conflicts of interest.[156]
In June 2009, after the firm repaid the TARP investment from the U.S. Treasury, Goldman made some of the largest bonus payments in its history due to its strong financial performance, setting aside a record $11.4 billion for bonus payments.[150][157][158][159][160]Andrew Cuomo, thenNew York Attorney General, questioned Goldman's decision to pay 953 employees bonuses of at least $1 million each after it received TARP funds in 2008.[161] That same period, however, CEO Lloyd Blankfein and 6 other senior executives opted to forgo bonuses, stating they believed it was the right thing to do because they were part of the industry that caused economic distress.[162]
American International Group received $180 billion in government loans during the financial crisis, much of which was used to pay counterparties under credit default swaps purchased from AIG. Goldman Sachs received $12.9 billion. However, due to the size and nature of the payouts, there was considerable controversy in the media and among some politicians as to whether banks, including Goldman Sachs, should have been forced to take greater losses and should not have been paid in full via government loans to AIG.[163][164][165][166][167][168] If the government let AIG default, according to money manager Michael Lewitt, "its collapse would be as close to an extinction-level event as the financial markets have seen since the Great Depression".[169]
Goldman Sachs maintained that its net exposure to AIG was "not material", and that the firm was protected byhedges (in the form of CDSs with other counterparties) and $7.5 billion ofcollateral, which would have protected the bank from incurring an economic loss in the event of an AIG bankruptcy or failure.[170][171] The firm stated the cost of these hedges to be over $100 million.[172] CFODavid Viniar stated that profits related to AIG in the first quarter of 2009 "rounded to zero", and profits in December were not significant and that he was "mystified" by the interest the government and investors have shown in the bank's trading relationship with AIG.[173] Speculation remains that Goldman's hedges against its AIG exposure would not have paid out if AIG was allowed to fail. According to a report by the United States Office of the Inspector General ofTARP, if AIG had collapsed, it would have made it difficult for Goldman to liquidate its trading positions with AIG, even at discounts, and it also would have put pressure on other counterparties that "might have made it difficult for Goldman Sachs to collect on the credit protection it had purchased against an AIG default." Finally, the report said, an AIG default would have forced Goldman Sachs to bear the risk of declines in the value of billions of dollars in collateral debt obligations.[174] Goldman argued that CDSs aremarked to market (i.e. valued at their current market price) and their positions netted between counterparties daily. Thus, as the cost of insuring AIG's obligations against default rose substantially in the lead-up to its bailout, the sellers of the CDS contracts had to post morecollateral to Goldman Sachs. The firm claims this meant its hedges were effective and the firm would have been protected against an AIG bankruptcy and the risk of knock-on defaults, had AIG been allowed to fail.[175] However, in practice, the collateral would not protect fully against losses both because protection sellers would not be required to post collateral that covered the complete loss during a bankruptcy and because the value of the collateral would be highly uncertain following the repercussions of an AIG bankruptcy.[176]
Although many have said there is no evidence to support the claim,[177] some have argued that Goldman Sachs received preferential treatment from the government by participating in the crucial September meetings at the New York Fed, which decided AIG's fate. Much of this has stemmed from an inaccurate but often quoted article published inThe New York Times.[178] The article was later corrected to state that Blankfein, CEO of Goldman Sachs, was "one of the Wall Street chief executives at the meeting". Representatives from other firms were indeed present at the September AIG meetings. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs CFODavid Viniar stated that CEO Blankfein had never "met" withUS Treasury SecretaryHenry Paulson to discuss AIG;[179] however, they had frequent phone calls.[180] Paulson was not present at the September meetings at the New York Fed.Morgan Stanley was hired by the Federal Reserve to advise on the AIG bailout.[181] According toThe New York Times, Paulson spoke with the CEO of Goldman Sachs two dozen times during the week of the bailout, though he obtained an ethics waiver before doing so.[182] While it is common for regulators to be in contact with market participants to gather valuable industry intelligence, particularly in a crisis, Paulson spoke with Goldman's Blankfein more frequently than with other large banks. Federal officials say that although Paulson was involved in decisions to rescue A.I.G, it was theFederal Reserve that played the lead role in shaping and financing the A.I.G. bailout.[182]
Goldman Sachs was charged for repeatedly issuing research reports with extremely inflated financial projections forExodus Communications and Goldman Sachs was accused of giving Exodus its highest stock rating even though Goldman knew Exodus did not deserve such a rating.[183] On July 15, 2003, Goldman Sachs,Lehman Brothers andMorgan Stanley were sued for artificially inflating the stock price of RSL Communications by issuing untrue or materially misleading statements in research analyst reports, and paid $3,380,000 (~$5.37 million in 2023) for settlement.[184]
Goldman Sachs was accused of asking forkickback bribes from institutional clients who made large profitsflipping stocks which Goldman had intentionally undervalued ininitial public offerings it was underwriting during thedot-com bubble. Documentsunder seal in a decade-long lawsuit concerningeToys.com'sinitial public offering (IPO) in 1999 but released accidentally toThe New York Times show that IPOs managed by Goldman were purposely underpriced to generate profits for clients of Goldman and that these clients were asked by Goldman to return some of the profits via increased business. The clients willingly complied with these demands because they understood it was necessary to participate in further such undervalued IPOs.[185] Companies selling undervalued stock and their initial consumer stockholders were both defrauded by this practice.[186]
A 2016 report byPublic Interest Research Group stated that "Goldman Sachs reports having 987 subsidiaries in offshore tax havens, 537 of which are in theCayman Islands, despite not operating a single legitimate office in that country, according to its own website. The group officially holds $28.6 billion offshore." The report also noted several other major U.S. banks and companies use the same tax-avoidance tactics.[187]
In 2008, Goldman Sachs had an effective tax rate of only 3.8%, down from 34% the year before, and its tax liability decreased to $14 million in 2008, compared to $6 billion in 2007.[188] Critics have argued that the reduction in Goldman Sachs's tax rate was achieved by shifting its earnings to subsidiaries in low or no-tax nations, such as the Cayman Islands.[189]
Goldman was criticized for its involvement in the 2010European debt crisis. In 2001, to avoid non-compliance with theMaastricht Treaty, Goldman arranged a secret loan of €2.8 billion for Greece disguised as an off-the-books "cross-currency swap", hiding 2% of Greece's national debt. Goldman received a fee of €600 million for the complicated transaction.[190][191] In September 2009, Goldman Sachs, among others, created a specialcredit default swap (CDS) index to cover the high risk of Greece's national debt.[192] The interest-rates of Greek national bonds soared, leading the Greek economy very close to bankruptcy in 2010 and 2011.[193]
Many European leaders with roles in the crisis had ties to Goldman Sachs.[194]Lucas Papademos, Greece's former prime minister, ran the Central Bank of Greece at the time of the controversial derivatives deals with Goldman Sachs that enabled Greece to hide the size of its debt.[194]Petros Christodoulou, general manager of the GreekPublic Debt Management Agency was a former employee of Goldman Sachs.[194]Mario Monti, Italy's former prime minister and finance minister, who headed the new government that took over afterBerlusconi's resignation, was an international adviser to Goldman Sachs.[194]Otmar Issing, former board member of the Bundesbank and the executive board of the European Bank also advised Goldman Sachs.[194]Mario Draghi, then head of theEuropean Central Bank, was the former managing director of Goldman Sachs International.[194]António Borges, Head of the European Department of theInternational Monetary Fund in 2010–2011 and responsible for most of enterpriseprivatizations in Portugal since 2011, was the former vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International.[194]Carlos Moedas, a former Goldman Sachs employee, was the Secretary of State to thePrime Minister of Portugal and Director of ESAME, the agency created to monitor and control the implementation of the structural reforms agreed by the government of Portugal and thetroika composed of theEuropean Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund.Peter Sutherland, former Attorney General of Ireland was a non-executive director of Goldman Sachs International.[195]
Although the allegations against Goldman were later discovered to be lacking evidence, in March 2012, Greg Smith, then-head of Goldman Sachs U.S. equity derivatives sales business inEurope, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), resigned his position via anop-ed inThe New York Times criticizing the company and its executives and wrote a book titledWhy I left Goldman Sachs.[139][196][197][198][199] Almost all the claims made by Smith turned out to be lacking in evidence and Smith was alleged to be acon artist byThe Observer. However,The New York Times never issued a retraction or admitted to any error in judgment in initially publishing Smith's op-ed.[199][200][201]
In 2014, a book by former Goldman portfolio managerSteven George Mandis was published entitledWhat Happened to Goldman Sachs: An Insider's Story of Organizational Drift and Its Unintended Consequences. Mandis also wrote and defended a PhD dissertation about Goldman atColumbia University.[202] Mandis left in 2004 after working for the firm for 12 years.[203] According to Mandis, there was an "organizational drift" in the company's evolution and Goldman came under a variety of pressures that resulted in slow, incremental changes to its culture and business practices. Those changes included becoming apublic company, which limited the personal risk of Goldman executives and shifted it to shareholders and put pressure on the company to grow, leading toconflicts of interest.[204]
In 2021, a group of first year bankers told managers that they are working 100 hours a week with 5 hours sleep at night and that they have been constantly experiencing workplace abuse that has seriously affected their mental health. In May 2022, Goldman Sachs implemented a more flexible vacation policy to help their employees "rest and recharge" whereby senior bankers get unlimited vacation days, and all employees are expected to take a minimum of 15 days vacation every year.[205]
In 2010, two former female employees filed a lawsuit against Goldman Sachs for gender discrimination. Cristina Chen-Oster and Shanna Orlich claimed that the firm fostered an "uncorrected culture of sexual harassment and assault" causing women to either be "sexualized or ignored". The suit cited both cultural and pay discrimination including frequent client trips to strip clubs, client golf outings that excluded female employees, and the fact that female vice presidents made 21% less than their male counterparts.[206] In March 2018, the judge ruled that the female employees may pursue their claims as a group in a class-action lawsuit against Goldman on gender bias, but the class action excludes their claim on sexual harassment.[207]
In May 2023, Goldman Sachs agreed to pay $215 million (£170.5 million) to resolve claims made by nearly 2800 female staff. This settlement was made over accusations of the company's discriminatory practices, allegedly providing women with lower salaries and lesser opportunities. Government records have revealed that female employees at Goldman Sachs earned 20% less than their male counterparts, which is significantly higher than the 9.4% national gender pay gap. The settlement was reached a month before the scheduled trial of the class-action lawsuit.[208]
On March 13, 2024, WSJ reported that roughly two-thirds of the women who were partners at the end of 2018 have left the firm or no longer have the title. No woman runs a major division or is seen as a credible candidate to succeedSolomon. Only two of the eight executive officers at Goldman are women – in legal and accounting, non-revenue generating positions.[209]
On November 11, 2008, theLos Angeles Times reported that Goldman Sachs had both earned $25 million from underwriting California bonds, and advised other clients toshort those bonds.[210] While some journalists criticized the contradictory actions,[211] others pointed out that the opposite investment decisions undertaken by the underwriting side and the trading side of the bank were normal and in line with regulations regardingChinese walls, and in fact critics had demanded increased independence between underwriting and trading.[212]
Several people on thelist of former employees of Goldman Sachshave later worked in government positions. Notable examples includeBritish Prime MinisterRishi Sunak, former U.S. Secretaries of the TreasurySteven Mnuchin,Robert Rubin, andHenry Paulson; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chairmanGary Gensler; former Under Secretary of StateJohn C. Whitehead; former chief economic advisorGary Cohn;Governor of New JerseyPhil Murphy and formerGovernor of New JerseyJon Corzine; formerPrime Minister of ItalyMario Monti; formerEuropean Central Bank President and former Prime Minister of ItalyMario Draghi; formerBank of Canada and Bank of England Governor and currentPrime Minister of CanadaMark Carney; and the formerPrime Minister of AustraliaMalcolm Turnbull. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed theNew York Stock Exchange, theLondon Stock Exchange Group, theWorld Bank, and competing banks such asCitigroup andMerrill Lynch.
During 2008 Goldman Sachs received criticism for an apparentrevolving door relationship, in which its employees and consultants moved in and out of high-level U.S. Government positions, creating the potential for conflicts of interest and leading to the moniker "Government Sachs".[141] Former Treasury SecretaryHenry Paulson and formerUnited States Senator and formerGovernor of New JerseyJon Corzine are former CEOs of Goldman Sachs along with current governor Murphy. Additional controversy attended the selection of former Goldman SachslobbyistMark A. Patterson as chief of staff to Treasury SecretaryTimothy Geithner, despite PresidentBarack Obama's campaign promise that he would limit the influence of lobbyists in his administration.[213] In February 2011, theWashington Examiner reported that Goldman Sachs was "the company from which Obama raised the most money in 2008", and that its "CEOLloyd Blankfein has visited the White House 10 times".[214]
In 1986, Goldman Sachs investment banker David Brown pleaded guilty to charges of passing inside information on a takeover deal that eventually was provided toIvan Boesky.[215] In 1989,Robert M. Freeman, who was a senior Partner, who was the Head of Risk Arbitrage, and who was a protégé ofRobert Rubin, pleaded guilty toinsider trading, for his own account and for the firm's account.[216]
In April 2010, Goldman directorRajat Gupta was named in an insider-trading case after allegedly informingRaj Rajaratnam ofGalleon Group about the $5 billion Berkshire Hathaway investment in Goldman during the2008 financial crisis. Gupta had told Goldman the month before his involvement became public that he wouldn't seek re-election as a director.[217][218] TheUnited States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced civil charges against Gupta covering the Berkshire investment as well as for providing confidential quarterly earnings information from Goldman andProcter & Gamble, on which Gupta served as a member of theboard of directors. Gupta was an investor in some of the Galleon hedge funds and he had other business interests with Rajaratnam. Rajaratnam used the information from Gupta to illegally profit in hedge fund trades; the information on Goldman made Rajaratnam's funds $17 million richer and the Procter & Gamble data created illegal profits of more than $570,000 for Galleon funds managed by others. Gupta denied the accusations. He was also a board member ofAMR Corporation.[219][220]
Gupta was convicted in June 2012 oninsider trading charges stemming from the cases on four criminal felony counts ofconspiracy andsecurities fraud. He was sentenced in October 2012 to two years in prison, an additional year on supervised release and ordered to pay $5 million (~$6.56 million in 2023) in fines.[221] In January 2016, he was released from prison to serve his remaining sentence at home.[222] Gupta challenged the conviction through the courts; it was upheld in 2019.[223]
Unlike many investors and investment bankers, Goldman Sachs anticipated thesubprime mortgage crisis.[224] Some of its traders became "bearish" on the housing boom beginning in 2004 and developed mortgage-related securities, originally intended to protect Goldman from investment losses in the housing market. In late 2006, Goldman management changed the firm's overall stance on the mortgage market from positive to negative. As the market began its downturn, Goldman "created even more of these securities", no longer just hedging or satisfying investor orders but, according to business journalistGretchen Morgenson, "enabling it to pocket huge profits" from the mortgage defaults and that Goldman "used the C.D.O.'s to place unusually large negative bets that were not mainly for hedging purposes".[224] Authors Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera stated that "the firm's later insistence that it was merely a 'market maker' in these transactions – implying that it had no stake in the economic performance of the securities it was selling to clients – became less true over time"-[225]
The investments were calledsynthetic CDOs because unlike regularcollateralized debt obligations, the principal and interest they paid out came not from mortgages or other loans, but from premiums to pay for insurance against mortgage defaults – the insurance known as "credit default swaps". Goldman and some other hedge funds held a "short" position in the securities, paying the premiums, while the investors (insurance companies, pension funds, etc.) receiving the premiums were the "long" position. The longs were responsible for paying the insurance "claim" to Goldman and any other shorts if the mortgages or other loans defaulted. Through April 2007, Goldman issued over 20 CDOs in its "Abacus" series worth a total of $10.9 billion (~$15.4 billion in 2023).[226] All together Goldman packaged, sold, and shorted a total of 47 synthetic CDOs, with an aggregate face value of $66 billion between July 1, 2004, and May 31, 2007.[227]
But while Goldman was praised for its foresight, some argued its bets against the securities it created gave it a vested interest in their failure. These securities performed very poorly for the long investors and by April 2010, at least US$5 billion (~$6.82 billion in 2023) worth of the securities either carried "junk" ratings or had defaulted.[228] One CDO examined by critics which Goldman bet against but also sold to investors, was the $800 million (~$1.16 billion in 2023) Hudson Mezzanine CDO issued in 2006. In the Senate Permanent Subcommittee hearings, Goldman executives stated that the company was trying to remove subprime securities from its books. Unable to sell them directly, it included them in the underlying securities of the CDO and took the short side, but critics McLean and Nocera complained the CDO prospectus did not explain this but described its contents as "'assets sourced from the Street', making it sound as though Goldman randomly selected the securities, instead of specifically creating a hedge for its own book".[229] The CDO did not perform well, and by March 2008 – just 18 months after its issue – so many borrowers had defaulted that holders of the security paid out "about US$310 million to Goldman and others who had bet against it".[224] Goldman's head of European fixed-income sales lamented in an e-mail made public by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, the "real bad feeling across European sales about some of the trades we did with clients" who had invested in the CDO. "The damage this has done to our franchise is very significant."[230]
In April 2010, theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged Goldman Sachs and one of its vice-presidents, Fabrice Tourre, with securities fraud. The SEC alleged that Goldman had told buyers of asynthetic CDO, a type of investment, that the underlying assets in the investment had been picked by an independent CDO manager, ACA Management. In fact,Paulson & Co. ahedge fund that wanted to bet against the investment had played a "significant role" in the selection,[145] and the package of securities turned out to become "one of the worst-performing mortgage deals of the housing crisis" because "less than a year after the deal was completed, 100% of the bonds selected for Abacus had been downgraded".[231]
The particular synthetic CDO that the SEC's 2010 fraud suit charged Goldman with misleading investors with was called Abacus 2007-AC1. Unlike many of the Abacus securities, 2007-AC1 did not have Goldman Sachs as a short seller, in fact, Goldman Sachs lost money on the deal.[232] That position was taken by the customer (John Paulson) who hired Goldman to issue the security (according to the SEC's complaint). Paulson and his employees selected 90 BBB-rated mortgage bonds[231][233] that they believed were most likely to lose value and so the best bet to buy insurance for.[146] Paulson and the manager of the CDO, ACA Management, worked on the portfolio of 90 bonds to be insured (ACA allegedly unaware of Paulson's short position), coming to an agreement in late February 2007.[233] Paulson paid Goldman approximately US$15 million for its work in the deal.[234] Paulson ultimately made a US$1 billion profit from the short investments, the profits coming from the losses of the investors and their insurers. These were primarilyIKB Deutsche Industriebank (US$150 million loss), and the investors and insurers of another US$900 million – ACA Financial Guaranty Corp,[235]ABN AMRO, and theRoyal Bank of Scotland.[236][237]
The SEC alleged that Goldman "materially misstated and omitted facts in disclosure documents" about the financial security,[145] including the fact that it had "permitted a client that was betting against the mortgage market [the hedge fund manager Paulson & Co.] to heavily influence which mortgage securities to include in an investment portfolio, while telling other investors that the securities were selected by an independent, objective third party", ACA Management.[236][238] The SEC further alleged that "Tourre also misled ACA into believing ... that Paulson's interests in the collateral section [sic] process were aligned with ACA's, when, in reality, Paulson's interests were sharply conflicting".[236]
In reply, Goldman issued a statement saying the SEC's charges were "unfounded in law and fact", and in later statements maintained that it had not structured the portfolio to lose money,[239] that it had provided extensive disclosure to the long investors in the CDO, that it had lost $90 million, that ACA selected the portfolio without Goldman suggesting Paulson was to be a long investor, that it did not disclose the identities of a buyer to a seller, and vice versa, as it was not normal business practice for a market maker,[239] and that ACA was itself the largest purchaser of the Abacus pool, investing US$951 million. Goldman also stated that any investor losses resulted from the overall negative performance of the entire sector, rather than from a particular security in the CDO.[239][240] While some journalists and analysts have called these statements misleading,[235] others believed Goldman's defense was strong and the SEC's case was weak.[241][242][243]
Some experts on securities law such asDuke University law professor James Cox, believed the suit had merit because Goldman was aware of the relevance of Paulson's involvement and took steps to downplay it. Others, includingWayne State University Law School law professor Peter Henning, noted that the major purchasers were sophisticated investors capable of accurately assessing the risks involved, even without knowledge of the part played by Paulson.[244]
Critics of Goldman Sachs point out that Paulson went to Goldman Sachs after being turned down for ethical reasons by another investment bank,Bear Stearns who he had asked to build a CDO. Ira Wagner, the head of Bear Stearns's CDO Group in 2007, told theFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission that having the short investors select the referenced collateral as a serious conflict of interest and the structure of the deal Paulson was proposing encouraged Paulson to pick the worst assets.[245][246] Describing Bear Stearns's reasoning, one author compared the deal to "a bettor asking a football owner to bench a star quarterback to improve the odds of his wager against the team".[247] Goldman claimed it lost $90 million, critics maintain it was simply unable (not due to a lack of trying) to shed its position before the underlying securities defaulted.[232]
Critics also question whether the deal was ethical, even if it was legal.[248][249] Goldman had considerable advantages over its long customers. According to McLean and Nocera, there were dozens of securities being insured in the CDO – for example, another ABACUS[250] – had 130 credits from several different mortgage originators, commercial mortgage-backed securities, debt from Sallie Mae, credit cards, etc. Goldman bought mortgages to create securities, which made it "far more likely than its clients to have early knowledge" that thehousing bubble was deflating and the mortgage originators likeNew Century had begun to falsify documentation and sell mortgages to customers unable to pay the mortgage-holders back[251] – which is why the fine print on at least one ABACUS prospectus warned long investors that the 'Protection Buyer' (Goldman) 'may have information, including material, non-public information' which it was not providing to the long investors.[251]
According to an article in theHouston Chronicle, critics also worried that Abacus might undermine the position of the United States "as a safe harbor for the world's investors" and that "The involvement of European interests as losers in this allegedly fixed game has attracted the attention of that region's political leaders, most notably British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, who has accused Goldman of "moral bankruptcy". This is, in short, a big global story ... Is what Goldman Sachs did with its Abacus investment vehicle illegal? That will be for the courts to decide, ... But it doesn't take a judge and jury to conclude that, legalities aside, this was just wrong."[249]
On July 15, 2010, Goldman settled out of court, agreeing to pay the SEC and investors US$550 million, including $300 million to the U.S. government and $250 million to investors, one of the largest penalties ever paid by a Wall Street firm.[146] The company did not admit or deny wrongdoing, but did admit that its marketing materials for the investment "contained incomplete information", and agreed to change some of its business practices regarding mortgage investments.[146]
The settlement in July 2010 did not cover charges against Goldman vice president and salesman for Abacus, Fabrice Tourre.[232][146] Tourre unsuccessfully sought a dismissal of the suit,[252][253] which went to trial in 2013.[254] On August 1, a federal jury found Tourre liable on six of seven counts, including that he misled investors about the mortgage deal. He was found not liable on the most specific charge, that he deliberately made an untrue or misleading statement.[255][256] Tourre was not subject to criminal charges or jail time.[257] He was fined $650,000 and forced to return a $175,000 bonus.[258] Tourre then pursued a career in academia.[259]
A provision of the 1999 financial deregulation law, theGramm-Leach-Bliley Act, allows commercial banks to enter into any business activity that is "complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally".[260] Since the passing of the laws, Goldman Sachs and other investment banks such as Morgan Stanley and JPMorgan Chase have branched out into ownership of a wide variety of enterprises including raw materials, such as food products, zinc, copper, tin, nickel and, aluminum.
Some critics, such asMatt Taibbi, believe that allowing a company to both "control the supply of crucial physical commodities, and also trade in the financial products that might be related to those markets", is "akin to letting casino owners who take book on NFL games during the week also coach all the teams on Sundays".[260]
Frederick Kaufman, a contributing editor ofHarper's Magazine, argued in a 2010 article that Goldman's creation of the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (now theS&P GSCI) helped passive investors such as pension funds, mutual funds and others engage in food pricespeculation by betting on financial products based on the commodity index. These financial products disturbed the normal relationship betweensupply and demand, making prices more volatile and defeating the price stabilization mechanism of the futures exchange.[261][262][263]
A June 2010 article inThe Economist defended commodity investors and oil index-tracking funds, citing a report by theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that found that commodities without futures markets and ignored by index-tracking funds also saw price rises during the period.[264]
Although it was described by others as just aconspiracy theory,[265][266] in a July 2013 article,David Kocieniewski, a journalist withThe New York Times, accused Goldman Sachs and other Wall Street firms of "capitalizing on loosened federal regulations" to manipulate "a variety of commodities markets", particularly aluminum, citing "financial records, regulatory documents, and interviews with people involved in the activities".[142] After Goldman Sachs purchased aluminum warehousing company Metro International in 2010, the wait of warehouse customers for delivery of aluminum supplies to their factories – to make beer cans, home siding, and other products – went from an average of 6 weeks to more than 16 months.[153][142] The premium on all aluminum sold in the spot market doubled, with industry analysts blaming the lengthy delays at Metro International, costing American consumers more than $5 billion from 2010 to 2013.[142] Goldman's ownership of a quarter of the national supply of aluminum – a million and a half tons – in a network of 27 Metro International warehouses in Detroit, Michigan, was blamed.[142][267] To avoid hoarding and price manipulation, the London Metal Exchange requires that "at least 3,000 tons of that metal must be moved out each day". According to the article, Goldman dealt with this requirement by moving the aluminum – not to factories, but "from one warehouse to another".[142]
In August 2013, Goldman Sachs was subpoenaed by the federalCommodity Futures Trading Commission as part of an investigation into complaints that Goldman-owned metals warehouses had "intentionally created delays and inflated the price of aluminum".[268]
According to Lydia DePillis of Wonkblog, when Goldman bought the warehouses it "started paying traders extra to bring their metal" to Goldman's warehouses "rather than anywhere else. The longer it stays, the more rent Goldman can charge, which is then passed on to the buyer in the form of a premium."[269] The effect is "amplified" by another company,Glencore, which is "doing the same thing in its warehouse inVlissingen".[269]
Columnist Matt Levine, writing forBloomberg News, described theconspiracy theory as "pretty silly", but said that it was a rational outcome of an irrational and inefficient system which Goldman Sachs may not have properly understood.[265]
In December 2014, Goldman Sachs sold its aluminum warehousing business to Ruben Brothers.[270][271][272]
In March 2015, the legal case against Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Glencore, the two investment banks' warehousing businesses, and the London Metal Exchange in various combinations – of violating U.S. anti-trust laws, was dismissed byUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York JudgeKatherine B. Forrest inManhattan for lack of evidence and other reasons.[273] The lawsuit was revived in 2019 after the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan said the previous decision was in error. That case was dismissed by judgePaul A. Engelmayer in 2021 althoughReynolds Consumer Products and two other plaintiffs that had directly transacted with the defendants were allowed to pursue the case.[274] Those purchasers settled with Goldman and JPMorgan Chase in 2022.[275]
Investment banks, including Goldman, have also been accused of driving up the price ofgasoline by speculating on the oilfutures exchange. In August 2011, "confidential documents" were leaked "detailing the positions"[276] in the oil futures market of several investment banks, including Goldman Sachs,Morgan Stanley,JPMorgan Chase,Deutsche Bank, andBarclays, just before the peak in gasoline prices in the summer of 2008. The presence of positions by investment banks on the market was significant for the fact that the banks have deep pockets, and so the means to significantly sway prices, and unlike traditional market participants, neither produced oil nor ever took physical possession of actual barrels of oil they bought and sold. Journalist Kate Sheppard ofMother Jones called it "a development that many say is artificially raising the price of crude".[276] However, another source stated that, "Just before crude oil hit its record high in mid-2008, 15 of the world's largest banks were betting that prices would fall, according to private trading data..."[277]
In April 2011, a couple of observers – Brad Johnson of the blog Climate Progress,[278] founded byJoseph J. Romm, and Alain Sherter ofCBS MoneyWatch[279] – noted that Goldman Sachs was warning investors of a dangerous spike in theprice of oil. Climate Progress quoted Goldman as warning "that the price of oil has grown out of control due to excessive speculation" in petroleum futures, and that "net speculative positions are four times as high as in June 2008", when the price of oil peaked.[277]
It stated that, "Goldman Sachs told its clients that it believed speculators like itself had artificially driven the price of oil at least $20 higher than supply and demand dictate."[278] Sherter noted that Goldman's concern over speculation did not prevent it (along with other speculators) from lobbying against regulations by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to establish "position limits", which would cap the number of futures contracts a trader can hold, and thus prevent speculation.[279]
According toJoseph P. Kennedy II, by 2012, prices on the oil commodity market had become influenced by "hedge funds and bankers" pumping "billions of purely speculative dollars into commodity exchanges, chasing a limited number of barrels and driving up the price".[280] The problem started, according to Kennedy, in 1991, when
just a few years after oil futures began trading on theNew York Mercantile Exchange, Goldman Sachs made an argument to theCommodity Futures Trading Commission that Wall Street dealers who put down big bets on oil should be considered legitimate hedgers and granted an exemption from regulatory limits on their trades.The commission granted an exemption that ultimately allowed Goldman Sachs to process billions of dollars in speculative oil trades. Other exemptions followed,[280]
and "by 2008, eight investment banks accounted for 32% of the total oil futures market".[280]
In January 2016, Goldman Sachs agreed to pay $15 million after it was found that a team of Goldman employees, between 2008 and 2013, "granted locates" by arranging to borrow securities to settle short sales without adequate review. However, U.S. regulation for short selling requires brokerages to enter an agreement to borrow securities on behalf of customers or to have "reasonable grounds" for believing that it can borrow the security before entering contracts to complete the sale. Additionally, Goldman Sachs gave "incomplete and unclear" responses to information requests from SEC compliance examiners in 2013 about the firm's securities lending practices.[281]
In July 2009,Prime Minister of MalaysiaNajib Razak set up a sovereign wealth fund,1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).[282][283][284]
In 2015, U.S. prosecutors began examining the role of Goldman in helping 1MDB raise more than $6 billion (~$7.54 billion in 2023). The 1MDB bond deals were said to generate "above-average" commissions and fees for Goldman amounting close to $600 million or more than 9% of the proceeds.[285]
Beginning in 2016, Goldman was investigated for a $3 billion (~$3.73 billion in 2023) bond created by the bank for 1MDB. U.S. Prosecutors investigated whether the bank failed to comply with theBank Secrecy Act, which requires financial institutions to report suspicious transactions to regulators.[286] In November 2018, Goldman's former chairman of Southeast Asia, Tim Leissner, admitted that more than US$200 million (~$239 million in 2023) in proceeds from 1MDB bonds went into the accounts controlled by him and a relative, bypassing the company's compliance rules.[287][288] Leissner and another former Goldman banker, Roger Ng, together with Malaysian financierJho Low were charged with money laundering.[289] Goldman chief executive David Solomon felt "horrible" about the ex-staff breaking the law by going around the policies[290][291] and apologized to Malaysians for Leissner's role in the 1MDB scandal.[292][293][294]
On December 17, 2018, Malaysia filed criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman and their former employees Leissner and Ng, alleging their commission of misleading statements to dishonestly misappropriate US$2.7 billion from the proceeds of 1MDB bonds arranged and underwritten by Goldman in 2012 and 2013.[295][296]
On July 24, 2020, it was announced that the Malaysian government would receive US$2.5 billion in cash from Goldman Sachs,[297] and a guarantee from the bank they would also return US$1.4 billion in assets linked to 1MDB bonds.[298] Put together this was substantially less than the US$7.5 billion that had been previously demanded by the Malaysian finance minister. At the same time, the Malaysian government agreed to drop all criminal charges against the bank and that it would cease legal proceedings against 17 current and former Goldman directors. Some commentators argued that Goldman secured a very favorable deal.[299] Despite the settlement, Malaysian prime minister called it unfair to the country as the settled amount was not sufficient in September 2023,[300] and Goldman had in the following month sued Malaysia in a London arbitration court over the settlement reached by both parties.[301]
In October 2020, the Malaysian subsidiary of Goldman Sachs admitted to mistakes in auditing its subsidiary and agreed to pay more than $2.9 billion (~$3.36 billion in 2023) in fines.[124][302][303][304]
In May 2017, Goldman Sachs purchased $2.8 billion (~$3.42 billion in 2023) ofPDVSA 2022 bonds from theCentral Bank of Venezuela during the2017 Venezuelan protests,[111] when the country was suffering from malnutrition and hyperinflation.[305][306] Venezuelan politicians and protesters in New York opposed toPresident of VenezuelaNicolás Maduro accused Goldman of being of complicit ofhuman rights abuses under the government and declared that the financing would fuel hunger in Venezuela by depriving the government of foreign exchange to import food, leading the securities to be dubbed "hunger bonds."[305] The opposition-ledNational Assembly voted to ask theUnited States Congress to investigate the deal, which they called "immoral, opaque, and hypocritical given the socialist government's anti-Wall Street rhetoric".[306] National Assembly presidentJulio Borges said that the funds would "strengthen the brutal repression" used against the protestors.[307] Sheila Patel, CEO of Goldman Sachs Asset Management's international division, said that the incident was a learning experience that taught the bank to focus onenvironmental, social, and corporate governance issues.[308]
Goldman Sachs established its presence in Russia in 1998, focusing on investment banking services rather than retail operations. This early entry helped the firm navigate complex sanctions later.[309] Notably,Kirill Dmitriev, who later led theRussian Direct Investment Fund, worked at Goldman Sachs in New York in the late 1990s, gaining experience in Western finance.[310][311] After Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Goldman Sachs announced plans to exit Russia, finalizing the sale of its business to Armenian firm Balchug Capital in April 2025,[312] following a decree by PresidentVladimir Putin.[313] Despite the official exit, Goldman Sachs resumed offering clients non-deliverable forwards (NDFs) linked to the Russian ruble in February 2025.[314] Additionally, Putin authorized the transfer of Goldman Sachs' shares in major Russian companies, such asGazprom andRosneft, to Balchug Capital.[315][316]
After working at Goldman Sachs, Kirill Dmitriev became CEO of the Russian Direct Investment Fund in 2011 and, in February 2025, was appointed Special Representative of the Russian President for Investment and Economic Cooperation.[317] His background links him closely to Western finance, aiding his role in navigating sanctions. Dmitriev maintained informal ties with the Trump administration, notably meetingSteve Witkoff, earning him the nickname "Putin’s Trump-whisperer."[318] His past at Goldman Sachs likely provided lasting networks valuable for influencing financial discussions.[319][320][321]
The term "Government Sachs" emerged during Donald Trump's presidency to describe the significant influence of Goldman Sachs alumni, includingSteven Mnuchin andGary Cohn, within his administration.[322] Their presence raised concerns about potential regulatory capture and Wall Street’s broader influence on US policy, including sanctions.[323] While there is no direct evidence that Goldman Sachs lobbied for easing sanctions against Russia, the possibility of indirect influence through personal connections and shared perspectives cannot be dismissed. Kirill Dmitriev, a Goldman Sachs alumnus and key intermediary between the Trump administration and theKremlin,[324] further complicated the picture. Dmitriev’s reported discussions with Trump associate Steve Witkoff[325]—referred to as the "Witkoff-Dmitriev pact"—suggest informal channels that could have aligned with Goldman Sachs’ interests in maintaining ties to the Russian market.[326]
Goldman Sachs’ cautious moves to re-engage with Russia, such as resuming ruble derivative trading and negotiating asset sales with Kremlin approval, can be seen within the broader context of shifting political and economic dynamics.[327] Even though official US policy toward Russia is still tough, a mix of leftover business interests, signs during the Trump years that sanctions might be eased, and new openings left by European companies pulling out of Russia suggests that Goldman Sachs — and possibly others — are quietly setting themselves up for a future return to the Russian market.[328][329][330]
| Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 16.590 | 15.811 | 13.986 | 16.012 | 20.951 | 25.228 | 37.665 | 45.987 | 37.665 | 22.222 | 39.161 | 28.811 | 34.163 | 34.206 | 34.528 | 33.820 | 30.790 | 32.730 | 36.616 | 36.546 | 44.560 | 59.339 | 47.365 | 46.254 |
| Net income | 3.067 | 2.310 | 2.114 | 3.005 | 4.553 | 5.609 | 9.398 | 11.407 | 2.041 | 12.192 | 7.713 | 2.510 | 7.292 | 7.726 | 8.077 | 5.568 | 7.087 | 3.685 | 9.860 | 7.897 | 8.915 | 21.151 | 10.764 | 7.907 |
| Assets | 290 | 312 | 356 | 404 | 531 | 707 | 838 | 1,120 | 885 | 849 | 911 | 923 | 939 | 912 | 855 | 861 | 861 | 917 | 932 | 992 | 1,163 | 1,464 | 1,442 | 1,642 |
| Headcount | 22.7 | 22.7 | 19.7 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 23.6 | 26.5 | 30.5 | 30.1 | 32.5 | 35.7 | 33.3 | 32.4 | 32.9 | 34.0 | 36.8 | 34.4 | 36.6 | 36.6 | 38.3 | 40.5 | 43.9 | 48.5 | 45.3 |
Note: Financial data in billions of US dollars and employee data in thousands. The data is sourced from the company's SECForm 10-K from 2000 to 2023.[331]
The 10 largest shareholders of Goldman Sachs as of August 2024 were:[332]
According toOpenSecrets, Goldman Sachs and its employees collectively gave $3.3 million in the2022 United States elections to various candidates,leadership PACs, political parties,527 groups, and outside spending entities benefiting both major American political parties. The largest beneficiary in 2022 wasDavid McCormick, former CEO ofBridgewater Associates, who received $336,000 in contributions.[333]
Non-employee members of theboard of directors of the company areM. Michele Burns, Mark Flaherty, Kimberley Harris,Kevin Johnson,Ellen J. Kullman,Lakshmi Mittal,Adebayo Ogunlesi,Peter Oppenheimer,Jan E. Tighe,Jessica Uhl, andDavid Viniar.[334] Non-employee directors receive annual compensation of $100,000 in cash and $350,000 in restricted stock, with an extra $25,000 for committee chairpersons.[334]
Goldman Sachs, Underwriter for the Revenue Bonds
Hedge fund manager John Paulson tells Goldman Sachs in late 2006 he wants to bet against risky subprime mortgages using derivatives. The risky mortgage bonds that Paulson wanted to short were essentially subprime home loans that had been repackaged into bonds. The bonds were rated "BBB", meaning that as the home loans defaulted, these bonds would be among the first to feel the pain.
Paulson knocked on Goldman's door at a fortuitous moment. The firm had begun thinking about 'ABACUS-renal strategies' ... By that, he meant that Goldman would 'rent' – for a hefty fee – the Abacus brand to a hedge fund that wanted to make a massive short bet. ... Paulson paid Goldman $15 million to rent the Abacus name.
when Goldman wrapped the super-senior tranche of the Abacus deal, it did so with ABN Amro, a too-big-to-fail bank, and not with ACA. ABN Amro then laid off that risk onto ACA but was on the hook for all of it if ACA went bust. As, of course, it did.
R.B.S. [Royal Bank of Scotland] became involved in Abacus almost by accident. Bankers working in London for ABN Amro, a Dutch bank that was later acquired by R.B.S., agreed to stand behind a portfolio of American mortgage investments that were used in the deal. ABN Amro shouldered almost all of the risks for what, in retrospect, might seem like a small reward: that $7 million. When the housing market fell and Abacus collapsed, R.B.S. ended up on the hook for most of the losses.
Scott Eichel, a senior Bear Stearns trader, was among those at the investment bank who sat through a meeting with Paulson but later turned down the idea. He worried that Paulson would want especially ugly mortgages for the CDOs, like a bettor asking a football owner to bench a star quarterback to improve the odds of his wager against the team. Either way, he felt it would look improper. ... it didn't pass the ethics standards; it was a reputation issue, and it didn't pass our moral compass.
... in truth, the legal issues were far from the most disturbing thing about Abacus 2007-ACI
Just before crude oil hit its record high in mid-2008, 15 of the world's largest banks were betting that prices would fall, according to private trading data released by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders. The net positions of the banks undermine arguments made by Sanders that speculative trades on Wall Street drove oil prices in 2008, said Craig Pirrong, director of the Global Energy Management Institute at the University of Houston. Retail gasoline reached a record $4.08 a gallon on July 7, 2008, and oil peaked at $147.27 a barrel on July 11 that year.
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