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Thegoing-to future is agrammatical construction used inEnglish to refer to various types offuture occurrences. It is made using appropriate forms of the expressionto be going to.^[1] It is an alternative to other ways of referring to the future in English, such as thefuture construction formed withwill (orshall) – in some contexts the different constructions are interchangeable, while in others they carry somewhat different implications.

Constructions analogous to the Englishgoing-to future are found in some other languages, includingFrench,Spanish and somevarieties of Arabic.

Thegoing-to future originated in the late 15th century^[2] by the extension of the spatial sense of the verbgo to a temporal sense (a common change, the same phenomenon can be seen in the prepositionbefore).^{[citation needed]} The original construction involved physical movement with an intention, such as "I am going [outside] to harvest the crop." The location later became unnecessary, and the expression was reinterpreted to represent anear future.

Thegoing to future construction is frequently contracted incolloquial English, with the colloquial formgonna and the other variations of it resulting from a relaxed pronunciation. In some forms of English, the copula may also be omitted. Hence "You're going to be" could be said as "You're gonna be" or just "You gonna be". In thegrammatical first person,I'm gonna (which is, in full,I am going to) may further contract toI'm'n'a/ˈaɪmənə/ orImma/ˈaɪmə/.

These contracted forms can provide a distinction between the spatial and temporal senses of the expression: "I'm gonna swim" explicitly carries the temporal meaning of futurity, as opposed to the spatial meaning of "I'm going [now] [in order] to swim", or "I'm going [in the pool] to swim".

Thegoing-to idiom, used to express futurity is a semi-modal verb that consists of a form of thecopula verbbe, the wordgoing followed by the word "to", for instanceis going to. Like other modals, it is followed by the base infinitive of the main verb (compare with "ought to".) (An alternative description is that it uses the verbgo in theprogressive aspect, most commonly inpresent progressive form, serving as anauxiliary verb and having theto-infinitive phrase as its complement. However this description fails to take into account sentences in which the main verb is elided, such as "Yes, he's going to.") It can be put into question and negative forms according to the normal rules ofEnglish grammar.

Some examples:

• The boys are going to fight. (subjectthe boys + copulaare +going to + base-infinitivefight)
• I'm going to try the wine. (subjectI + copulaam +going to + base-infinitive phrasetry the wine)
• He's not going to make it. (negative form, copula negated with the addition ofnot)
• Are you going to bring Sue? (interrogative form, featuringsubject–auxiliary inversion)
• Aren't they (more formal: Are they not) going to wear coats? (negative interrogative form)
• We were going to tell you earlier. (past form of thegoing-to future, formed with the past copulawere)
• Yes, I'm going to. (main verb is elided).

That the verbgo as used in this construction is distinct from the ordinary lexical verbgo can be seen in the fact that the two can be used together: "I'm going to go to the store now." Also the lexical use ofgoing to is not subject to the contractions togonna and similar: "I'm gonna get his autograph" clearly implies the future meaning (intention), and not the meaning "I'm going [somewhere] [in order] to get his autograph."

Thegoing-to future is one of several constructions used in English to refer to future events (seeFuture tense § English). The basic form of thegoing-to construction is in fact in thepresent tense; it is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events, situations, or intentions and expected future events or situations, i.e. to express the present relevance of the future occurrence.^[3] It may therefore be described as expressingprospective aspect, in the same way that thepresent perfect (which refers to the present relevance ofpast occurrences) is said to expressretrospective (or perfect) aspect.

There is no clear delineation between contexts wheregoing to is used and those where other forms of future expression (such as thewill/shall future, or the ordinary present tense) are used. Different forms are often interchangeable. Some general points of usage are listed below.

• Thegoing-to future is relatively informal; in more formal contexts it may be replaced by thewill/shall future, or by expressions such asplan(s) to,expect(s) to,is/are expected to, etc.
• The ordinary present tense can be used to refer to the future when the context (or timeadverbs) indicate futurity, and the reference is to some planned action: "We are painting the house tomorrow" (this could also be expressed with "... going to paint ..."). It is usually thepresent progressive that is used, as in the preceding example, but thesimple present can also be used, particularly for precisely scheduled events: "My train leaves at 4.15." (See also the obligatory use of present tense with future meaning in somedependent clauses.)
• When the expression of futurity is combined with that of somemodality, such as obligation or possibility, a modal verb (not marked specifically for the future) may be used: "We must/can do it tomorrow." There is also the expressionam to etc., which implies obligation or expectation as in "He is to deliver it this afternoon" (see the following section), and the expressionto be about to (alsoto be due to and similar), implying immediacy ("I am about to leave").
• Thegoing-to form sometimes indicates imminence, but sometimes does not; and it sometimes indicates intention, but sometimes does not (compare "It's going to rain", which expresses imminence but not intention, and "I'm going to visit Paris someday", which expresses intention but not imminence).^[4]
• Thewill future is often used for announcing a decision at the time when it is made, whilegoing to is more likely for a plan already in existence: compare "All right, I'll help her" and "Yes, I'm going to help her".
• Thewill future is used more often thangoing to in conditional sentences of the "first conditional" type: "If it rains, you'll get wet" (althoughgoing to is also sometimes found in such sentences).
• In some contexts thegoing-to form can express unconditionality while thewill form expresses conditionality ("Don't sit on that rock, it's going to fall" means it's going to fall regardless of what you do, while "Don't sit on that rock, it will fall" means that it will fall conditional on your sitting on it). But in some contexts (particularly with "future in the past" – see the following section) the reverse can be true ("After 1962 ended, I would be a star" unconditionally describes what subsequently did happen, while "After 1962 ended, I was going to be a star" describes only intention).^[5]

English has a construction formed by a form of thecopulabe followed byto and the bareinfinitive of the main verb (i.e. the copula followed by theto-infinitive). This is similar in form to thegoing-to future, with the omission of the wordgoing. In thebe + to construction onlyfinite,indicative (orpast subjunctive) forms of the copula can appear – that is, the copula used cannot be "be" itself, but one of the formsam,is,are,was,were (possiblycontracted in some cases).

The meaning of this construction is to indicate that something is expected to happen at a future time (usually in the near future), as a result of either some duty (deontic modality) or some set plan. For example:

• I'm to report to the principal this afternoon. (duty)
• The Prime Ministeris to visit the West Bank. (plan)
• Troopsare to be sent to war-torn Darfur. (plan; notepassive voice)

Inheadline language the copula may be omitted, e.g. "Prime Minister to visit West Bank".

Compared with thewill future, thebe + to construction may be less expressive of a prediction, and more of the existence of a plan or duty. Thus "John will go ..." implies a belief on the speaker's part that this will occur, while "John is to go ..." implies knowledge on the speaker's part that there exists a plan or obligation entailing such an occurrence (the latter statement will not be falsified if John ends up not going). Thebe + to construction may therefore resemble arenarrative mood in some ways.

Whenwas orwere is used as the copula, the plan or duty is placed in past time (and quite often implies that it was not carried out). It may also be used simply as a way of expressing "future in the past" (see the following section). For example:

Iwas to visit my aunt, but I missed the train. (past plan, not in fact fulfilled)

This was the battle at which theywere finallyto triumph. (future in the past, also:they would finally triumph)

The construction also appears incondition clauses:

If youare to go on holiday, you need to work hard. (i.e. working hard is necessary for going on holiday)

If hewas/were to speak, it would change things significantly. (alsoif he spoke)

When the verb in such a clause iswere, it can be inverted and the conjunctionif dropped: "Were he to speak, ..." For details of these constructions, seeEnglish conditional sentences.

Thegoing-to construction, as well as other constructions used in English refer to future events, can be used not only to express the future relative to the present time, but also sometimes to express the future relative to some other time of reference (seerelative tense).^[6]

Some reference points appear more suitable for use in relative future than others. The following are universally attested:

• Future relative to a past reference point is formed using the past tense of the copula, e.g. "Iwas going to eat dinner" (instead of the present "Iam going to eat dinner"). This may express past intention ("I was going to eat dinner") or prediction ("It was going to rain").
• Ongoing intention or prediction existing up to the present time is also attested, based on thepresent perfect progressive of the copula. For example, "I have been going to do it for some time" (but I haven't gotten around to it) or "It has been going to rain all afternoon" (but it hasn't started). Similar sentences can be formed on thepast perfect progressive (e.g. "I had been going to eat").
• Future relative to a pastsubjunctive is attested in a condition clause: "If I was/were going to eat..."

The following relative futures are more nebulous:

• Future event relative to a future reference point. In theory, one could string two going-to futures together ("I'm going to be going to eat"), or, to more easily disambiguate them, use the modular future for the reference point ("I will be going to eat"). A strong example might be one that incorporates the precise difference in time between the reference point and the event: "We can't visit Louise in June, because she'll be going to have a baby three weeks from then."
  • However, it is not clear that English speakers would agree on the naturalness of this construction or on the interpretation. In fact, some have argued that such a construction does not occur in English or other natural languages with the intended meaning;^[7] the latter "going to" in these constructions may signify the main verbto go as in "to move from one place to another."
  • Others have speculated about this grammaticallacuna.Hans Reichenbach's scheme of tenses identifies a sequence S-R-E, i.e. speech act followed by reference point followed by event, but it does not correspond to an English tense in a strict sense.^[8]Latin had a form that may have corresponded to this use, e.g. in the phrase "abiturus ero", which could be translated "I shall be one of those who will leave."^[9] Other authors have argued that the future of the future is "not attested in natural languages."^[10] The South Indian languageKannada has a posterior future tense that might correspond to this usage, but reportedly denotes "to need to."^[11]
  • Some have speculated that the lacuna, if it exists, may have a semantic origin; that is, the future is already difficult to specify, and there is simply little occasion in human experience for using a future event as a reference point for afurther future event.^[12]
• Future relative to a hypothetical (conditional) state: "I would be going to eat." A similar interpretation to future relative to future may arise instead: "I would be going (on my way) to eat."
• Future relative to unspecified time: the infinitive (or occasionallypresent subjunctive) of the copula can be used, e.g. "To be going to die is not a good feeling." The infinitive can be used in a variety of constructions, in line with the normaluses of the English infinitive; for example, "He is said to be going to resign." Speakers may differ on the interpretation of such constructions.

Relative future is also possible for a limited number of uses of the modular "will" or "shall" in their so-called past tense forms, respectively "would" and "should" (seefuture in the past).

Periphrastic phrases may be able to express some relative future meanings that are otherwise unattested. For example, the phrase "to be about to" means that in the very near future, one will do something. Hence, "I will be about to leave" expresses a future event relative to a future reference point.

Another construction, "to be to", also has similar denotations in some constructions, e.g. "I was to see the Queen the next day." However, its use is restricted to simple finite forms of the copula, namely the present indicative ("I am to do it"), the past indicative ("I was to do it"), and the past subjunctive ("if I were to do it" or "were I to do it"; these last have somewhat different implications, as described atEnglish conditional sentences).

Somecreole languages have a marker of future time reference (orirrealis mood) modeled on the verb "go" as found in thegoing-to future of the Englishsuperstrate.^[13]

Examples includeJamaican English Creole^[14] /de go hapm/ "is going to happen", /mi a go ɹon/ "I am going to run",Belizean Creole English /gwein/ or /gouɲ/,GullahUh gwine he'p dem "I'm going to help them",Hawaiian Creole English^[15] /Ai gon bai wan pickup/ "I gonna buy one pickup", /Da gai sed hi gon fiks mi ap wit wan blain deit/ "The guy said he gonna fix me up with one blind date", andHaitian Creole^[16] /Mwen va fini/ "I go finish".

Similarly to English, theFrench verballer ("to go") can be used as an auxiliary verb to create a near-future tense (le futur proche).^[17] For example, the English sentence "I am going to do it tomorrow" can be translated byJevais lefaire demain (literally "Igo itto do tomorrow"; French does not have a distinctpresent progressive form, soje vais stands for both "I go" and "I am going"). As in English, the French form can generally be replaced by the present or future tense:Je lefais demain ("Iam doing it tomorrow") orJe leferai demain ("Iwill do it tomorrow").

Likewise, theSpanish verbir ("to go") can be used to express the future:Mi padreva a llegar mañana ("My fatheris going to arrive tomorrow"). Here the prepositiona is used, analogous to the Englishto; the French construction does not have this.

InWelsh, aBrittonic andCeltic language, the verbmynd ("to go") is used much like the English verbgo. In the sentencedw i'nmynd i wneud e yfory ("I amgoing to do it tomorrow")mynd is followed by the prepositioni ("to, for") which is itself followed by the verbgwneud ("to do") in mutated form (hence the missing initial 'g'). This forms agoing-to future as found in English.

The form is well established in urban varieties ofIrish, usingTá (the Irish verb 'to be'), the preposition 'chun' ("to", "towards") and the verbal noun moved by transformation to the end of the verbal phrase. So "tá mé chun an bus a thógáil" - ("I am going to take the bus"). It is much less used in rural dialects, where the plain future tense is still preferred.

• Grammatical aspect
• Grammatical tense
• Shall andwill

• Use and Form of Be going to + Exercises
• Exercises and explanation

• English grammar
• Grammatical aspects
• Time in linguistics

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