Apophysis (plural apophyses): An outgrowth or process changing the general shape of a body part, particularly the appendages; often used in describing the malepedipalp:[2] seeretrolateral tibial apophysis
Atrium (plural atria): An internal chamber at the entrance to thecopulation duct in femalehaplogyne spiders[2]
Book lungs: Respiratory organs on the ventral side (underside) of theabdomen, in front of theepigastric furrow, opening through narrow slits;[3] see alsoBook lungs
Calamistrum (plural calamistra): Modified setae (bristles) on themetatarsus of the fourth leg of spiders with acribellum, arranged in one or more rows or in an oval shape, used to comb silk produced by the cribellum; see alsoCalamistrum
Cephalothorax orprosoma: One of the two main body parts (tagmata), located towards theanterior end, composed of the head (cephalic region or caput) and the thorax (thoracic region), the two regions being separated by thecervical groove; covered by thecarapace and bearing theeyes, legs,pedipalps and mouthparts[3]
Cervical groove: A shallow U-shaped groove, separating thecephalic and thoracic regions of thecarapace[3]
Chelate: A description of achelicera where thefang closes against a tooth-like process[1]
Chelicera (plural chelicerae): One of two appendages at the front of thecarapace, made up of basal portion, thepaturon, and thefang;[5] sometimes called the jaw; see alsoChelicerae
Cheliceral furrow: A shallow groove on the basal portion of achelicera accommodating thefang, usually havingteeth on its margins[6]
Cheliceral tooth: A tooth-like extension on the margin of thecheliceral furrow[7]
Chilum: A small hardened plate (sclerite) at the base of thechelicerae, under theclypeus[7]
Claw tuft: A dense group of hairs or bristles (setae) underneath the pairedtarsal claws, usually well developed in hunting spiders[6]
The clypeus of thisjumping spider is covered with red scales.
Clypeus: The area of thecarapace between the anterior (frontmost)eyes and the anterior edge of the carapace[6]
Colulus: A short protuberance in the middle of the underside of theabdomen in front of thespinnerets, considered to be a modification of thecribellum[6]
Copulatory duct: An internal tube (duct) from thecopulatory opening through which sperm enters the female; separate from the duct through which fertilized eggs pass inentelegyne spiders[8]
Copulatory opening: An opening in the ventralabdomen of female spiders; inentelegyne spiders, a double opening in theepigyne through which theembolus is inserted; inhaplogyne spiders, a single opening through which malepalpal bulb is inserted[6]
Cribellum: A sieve-like plate in front of thespinnerets, used in conjunction with thecalamistrum; spiders with a cribellum are calledcribellate, those withoutecribellate;[4] see alsoCribellum
Dorsum: The upper (dorsal) portion or surface of the body orabdomen; the adjectivedorsal may be applied to the upper portion or surface of any part of the body; seeventrum
Endosternite: An internal hardened plate (sclerite)[9]
Entelegyne: A spider whose female has anepigyne and separate ducts leading tospermathecae for sperm storage and to the uterus for fertilization,[6] creating a "flow-through" system; seehaplogyne; see alsoEntelegynae
Basic arrangement of spider eyes, viewed from aboveArrangement of eyes in mostSalticidae, viewed from above
Epigastric furrow orepigastric fold: A transverse slit towards the front (anterior) of underside of theabdomen; the front pair ofbook lungs open at the edge of this furrow as do the genital openings (gonopores)[10]
Epigyne orepigynum (plural epigynes): A hardened plate on the underside of the femaleabdomen in which thecopulatory openings are located; only fully developed in mature females ofentelegyne spiders;[6] see alsoEpigyne
Eyes: The basic number of eyes is eight, typically arranged in two rows (e.g. as inGnaphosidae); the front row are theanterior eyes, the row behind theposterior eyes; the four eyes to the edges are thelateral eyes, the four eyes in the centre themedian eyes; the anterior median eyes are called themain eyes ordirect eyes, while the other eyes are called thesecondary eyes orindirect eyes; the number of eyes, their sizes and arrangement varies widely and is characteristic of spider families; seemain eye,secondary eye
Fang: The final hinged part of thechelicera, normally folded down into a groove in the basal part of the chelicera; venom is injected via an opening near the tip of the fang[11]
Larinioides cornutus spider showing folium on abdomen
Folium: A broad leaf-like marking along the medial line of the top of theabdomen
Fossa (plural fossae): A pit or depression, typically in theepigyne[12]
Fovea (also calledthoracic furrow ordorsal groove): A depression or pit in the centre of thecarapace of a spider marking an inward projection of the exoskeleton to which stomach muscles are attached[13][14]
Gonopore: The genital opening; located in theepigastric furrow; the opening of the duct from the uterus in females and from the testes in males;[9] see alsoGonopore
Gravid: A fertilised female with an enlarged abdomen section right before egg laying has begun.
Haplogyne: A spider whose female lacks anepigyne and in which the same ducts are used to transport sperm to the uterus and to thespermathecae;[15] seeentelegyne; see alsoHaplogynae
Heart mark: A narrow marking along the top of theabdomen roughly corresponding to the location of the heart
Lateral (applied to appendages): Viewed from above or below, the sides of the leg orpedipalp, i.e. the surfaces parallel to the line of sight; seeprolateral,retrolateral
Laterigrade: With legs directed to the side, hence appearing like and moving like a crab;[17] seeprograde
Leg formula: The legs are numbered from the front from I to IV; the relative length of the legs can be represented by four numbers from the longest to the shortest; e.g. 1423 = first leg (leg I) is longest and third leg (leg III) is shortest[17]
Main eye: One of the two anterior median eyes (AME) that have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing towards the source; particularly enlarged in the familiesSalticidae andThomisidae;[18] seesecondary eye,eyes
Mastidion (plural mastidia): A projection or bump on the chelicerae (not to be confused withteeth)
Maxilla (plural maxillae; also calledendite orgnathocoxa): Modifiedcoxa of thepedipalp, used in feeding;[14][6] not the structure called by this name in other arthropods, for which seeMaxilla (arthropod mouthpart)
Ocular area orocular quadrangle: The area of thecarapace which includes theeyes.
Operculum orbranchial operculum (plural opercula): One of the plates on theventral surface of theabdomen, just in front of theepigastric furrow, covering thebook lungs, often pale, yellow or orange in colour; two pairs inMygalomorphae, one pair in other spiders[1]
Highly simplified and stylized diagram of the main parts of an inflated palpal bulb, based loosely on Coddington (1990);[19] hardened parts shown darker, membranous parts shown lighter
Palpal bulb (also calledbulbus,palpal organ,genital bulb): The copulatory organ of the male spider, carried on the modified last segment of thepedipalp, used to transfer sperm to the female;[20] see alsoPalpal bulb
Conductor: A part of the palpal bulb that accompanies and supports the embolus[6]
Embolus: The final part of the palpal bulb containing the end of the sperm duct, usually thin, sharp-tipped and strongly hardened (sclerotized)[6]
Haematodocha (plural haematodochae): A membranous, inflatable part of the palpal bulb[10]
Median apophysis: A projection (apophysis) of the palpal bulb, below the conductor
Subtegulum: A hardened part of the palpal bulb nearer its base than the tegulum
Tegulum: The main hardened part of the palpal bulb
Pedipalp (plural pedipalps or pedipalpi; also called just palp): The second appendage of thecephalothorax in front of the first leg; bears thepalpal bulb in male spiders;[10] seesegments, see alsoPedipalp
Plumose: Used to describe hairs (setae) having outgrowths or appendages on two sides, giving a feather-like appearance; the appendages vary in number, size and arrangement[23]
Postembryo (also calledlarva): The stage of development between hatching from the egg and first molting
Preening brush: a dense cluster ofsetae near theventral tip of the posteriormetatarsi; called apreening comb when present as a transverse row of setae.[22]
Procurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are in front of the central part;[22] oppositerecurved
Prolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg orpedipalp nearest the mouth, i.e. the side facing forward; oppositeretrolateral (includes diagram)
Rastellum (plural rastella): An often rake-like structure at end of thechelicera inmygalomorph spiders; used in burrowing[22]
Rebordered: Having a thickened edge (i.e. border)[24] (more rarely seen asreborded, from the Frenchrebordé, e.g. in Levy (1984)[25]); particularly used of thelabium
Recurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are behind the central part;[22] oppositeprocurved
Retrolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg orpedipalp furthest from the mouth, i.e. the side facing backwards; oppositeprolateral
Retrolateral tibial apophysis: A backward-facing projection on the tibia of the malepedipalp; distinguishing feature of theRTA clade
Retromarginal: The side of thecheliceral furrow facing backward (towards the posterior end of the spider); particularly used for describingteeth; oppositepromarginal
Scape: An elongated process or appendage of someepigyne[26]
Sclerite: A single hardened (sclerotized) part of the external covering (tegument, exoskeleton)[24]
Scopula (plural scopulae): A brush of hairs (setae); called aclaw tuft when on the end of the foot (tarsus), where it improves adhesion[22][27]
Scutum (plural scuta): A hardened (sclerotized) plate on theabdomen of some spiders
Secondary eye: An eye belonging to the three pairs – anterior lateral eyes (ALE), posterior median eyes (PME) and posterior lateral eyes (PLE) – that are primarily movement detectors and have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing away from the source;[28] seemain eye,eyes
Pedipalp and leg of a female spider from the underside; the coxa of the pedipalp is heavily modified to form the maxilla
Coxa (plural coxae): First leg segment, between body and trochanter; the coxa of thepedipalp is heavily modified to form themaxilla or endite
Trochanter: Second leg segment, between coxa and femur
Femur (plural femora): Third leg segment, between trochanter and patella
Patella (plural patellae): Fourth leg segment, between femur and tibia
Tibia (plural tibiae): Fifth leg segment, between patella and metatarsus
Metatarsus (plural metatarsi; also called basitarsus): Sixth leg segment, between tibia and tarsus; absent in thepedipalp
Tarsus (plural tarsi; also called telotarsus): Seventh (last) leg segment, after the metatarsus
Serrula: A row of tiny teeth along the edge of themaxilla
Seta (plural setae): A bristle;[22] spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) orspines[29]
Sigillum (plural sigilla): A circular indentation on the outside of the spider, showing where an internal muscle is attached;[30] particularly on thesternum in someMygalomorphae and on thedorsum in someAraneomorphae[22]
Sperm duct: A duct in the malepalpal bulb used to store sperm[22]
Spermatheca (plural spermathecae; also calledreceptulacum, receptulacum seminis): A structure in theabdomen of female spiders used to store sperm after insemination and before fertilization;[22] see alsoSpermatheca
Spigot: A small pointed or cylindrical structure at the tip of aspinneret from which silk emerges[22]
Spine: A pointed, rigid structure on body and legs, usually with a basal joint;[31] spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or spines[29]
Spinneret: An appendage borne on theabdomen, typically one of six arranged in three pairs: anterior (anterior median, AMS), median (posterior median, PMS) and posterior (posterior lateral, PLS); silk emerges from smallspigots on the spinnerets;[31][1] see alsoSpinneret
Sternum: The lower (ventral) portion of thecephalothorax
Stridulating organ: A series of thin ridges on a hardened part of the body; rubbing this with a matching series of short, stiff bristles (setae) elsewhere on the body creates a sound[31]
Subadult: A spider in the last stage of development (penultimate instar) before becoming a sexually mature adult
Tapetum (plural tapeta): A light-reflecting layer in asecondary eye making the eye appear pale[31]
Tarsal claw (claw): One of a set of claws at the tip of thetarsus; there may be a single pair, often concealed in aclaw tuft, or an additional third central claw, much smaller than the other two[31]
Tarsal organ: a small pit, usually spherical and on thedorsal surface of eachtarsus, believed to respond tohumidity[32]
Trachea (plural tracheae): A thin hardened internal tube, part of the respiratory system in manyaraneomorph spiders; opens on the underside of theabdomen via atracheal spiracle;[33] seeTrachea § Invertebrates
Trichobothrium (plural trichobothria): A slender hair-like structure of variable length on the legs andpedipalps, arising from a special socket; used to detect air movements, including sounds;[34] seeseta,spine
Venter (orventrum): The lower (ventral) portion or surface of the body orabdomen; the adjectiveventral may be applied to the lower portion or surface of any part of the body; seedorsum
^Coddington, J.A. (1990). "Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea)".Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology.496 (496):1–52.doi:10.5479/si.00810282.496. Figs 5–8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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Saaristo, M.I. (2010). "Araneae". In Gerlach, J. & Marusik, Y. (eds.).Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles Islands. Manchester, UK: Siri Scientific Press. pp. 8–306.ISBN978-0-9558636-8-4.
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