| Gettysburg | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ronald F. Maxwell |
| Screenplay by | Ronald F. Maxwell |
| Based on | The Killer Angels byMichael Shaara |
| Produced by | Moctesuma Esparza Robert A. Katz |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Kees Van Oostrum |
| Edited by | Corky Ehlers |
| Music by | Randy Edelman |
Production companies |
|
| Distributed by | New Line Cinema |
Release date |
|
Running time | 254 minutes 271 minutes (director's cut) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $20 million[1] |
| Box office | $12.7 million[2] |
Gettysburg is a 1993 Americanepicwar film about theBattle of Gettysburg in theAmerican Civil War. Written and directed byRonald F. Maxwell,[3] the film wasadapted from the 1974 historical novelThe Killer Angels byMichael Shaara.[4] It features anensemble cast, includingTom Berenger asJames Longstreet,Jeff Daniels asJoshua Chamberlain,Martin Sheen asRobert E. Lee,Stephen Lang asGeorge Pickett, andSam Elliott asJohn Buford.[3]
Originally filmed as aminiseries forTNT,Gettysburg received alimited theatrical release fromNew Line Cinema under the direction ofTed Turner, who owned both entities. At four hours and 14 minutes, it is the longest film released theatrically by a major film studio in the United States.[5][6][7] It received positive reviews from critics and, despite grossing $12.7 million on a $20 million budget, was considered a hit due to its successful TNT premiere ratings and home video sales. Aprequel entitledGods and Generals was released in 2003, also directed by Maxwell and featuring many returning cast members.
The film begins with a narrated map showing theConfederateArmy of Northern Virginia, commanded byRobert E. Lee, crossing thePotomac River to invade the North in June 1863, marching acrossMaryland and intoPennsylvania. On June 30, Confederate spyHenry Thomas Harrison reports to Lt. Gen.James Longstreet, commander of theFirst Corps, that theUnionArmy of the Potomac is moving in their direction, and that Union commanderJoseph Hooker has been replaced byGeorge Meade. Longstreet reports the information to General Lee, who is concerned that the army is moving "on the word of an actor", as opposed to that of his cavalry chief,J. E. B. Stuart. Nonetheless, Lee orders the army to concentrate near the town ofGettysburg. At the Union encampments nearUnion Mills, Maryland, Col.Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain of the20th Maine is ordered to take in 120 men from the disbanded2nd Maine who had resigned in protest, with permission to shoot any man who refuses to fight. Chamberlain speaks to the men, and is able to persuade all but six to take up arms.
In Gettysburg, Brig. Gen.John Buford and his cavalry division spot elements ofHenry Heth's division ofA. P. Hill'sThird Corps approaching the town and recognizes that the main body of the Confederate army is approaching. Buford recognizes that, with precedent fromprevious battles, the Confederates will arrive at Gettysburg first and entrench in strong positions, forcing the Union to charge them and suffer heavy casualties. To prevent this, he opts to stand and fight where he is, judging the terrain to be "lovely ground" for slowing the Confederate advance. Buford sends word toI Corps commander Maj. Gen.John F. Reynolds to bring up reinforcements. Heth's troops engage Buford's cavalrythe following morning, July 1, withRichard S. Ewell'sSecond Corps moving in to flank them. Reynolds brings his corps forward, but is killed by a Confederate sharpshooter. The Union army is pushed out of Gettysburg toCemetery Ridge, and Lee—rejecting Longstreet's suggestion to redeploy south of Gettysburg and go on the defensive—orders Ewell to take the Union position "if practicable". However, Ewell hesitates and does not engage. The armies concentrate at their chosen positions for the remainder of the first day. At Confederate headquarters atSeminary Ridge, Maj. Gen.Isaac R. Trimble angrily denounces Ewell's inaction to Lee, and requests another assignment.
On thesecond day, July 2, Col.Strong Vincent's brigade from the UnionV Corps is deployed toLittle Round Top, and Vincent places the 20th Maine at the end of the line, warning Chamberlain that he and his regiment are the flank, and that if they retreat, the Confederate army can swing around behind them and rout the Union forces. Chamberlain speaks to the six remaining men of the 2nd Maine, and three of them decide to fight. Lee orders Longstreet to deploy his two available divisions to take Little Round Top and the neighboringBig Round Top. As Longstreet's corps deploys, Maj. Gen.John Bell Hood, commanding one of the divisions, protests to Longstreet; with the Union holding the high ground, he would lose half his forces if he attacked as ordered. Longstreet, despite his own protests to Lee, orders Hood to attack; Hood is later wounded fighting atDevil's Den. At the summit of Little Round Top, Chamberlain and the 20th Maine fight off wave after wave of advancing Confederates, and begin running out of ammunition. Colonel Vincent is mortally wounded, and none of the other three regiments in his brigade are able to provide support. Chamberlain orders his men to fix bayonets, and charge in a right wheel down the slope against the attacking Confederates, which Chamberlain describes as "we'll swing it down; we swing like a door." The attack successfully drives the Confederate assault back, and the Union flank holds. That evening, Stuart finally arrives, and Lee reprimands him for his being out of contact. At the same time, Longstreet's remaining division, under Maj. Gen.George Pickett, arrives on the field.
For thethird day, July 3, Lee decides to send three divisions—Pickett's, Trimble's, andJ. Johnston Pettigrew's—to attack the center of the Union line at Cemetery Ridge. Longstreet expresses his belief to Lee that the attack will fail, as the movement is a mile over open ground, and that the UnionII Corps under Maj. Gen.Winfield Scott Hancock is deployed behind a stone wall, just as Longstreet's men had been atFredericksburg. Lee nonetheless orders the attack to proceed. Longstreet then meets with the three division commanders and details the plan, beginning first with ColonelEdward Porter Alexander's artillery clearing the Union guns off the ridge, before deploying the men forward. Despite heavy Confederate fire, Alexander is unable to make an impact upon the Union guns. When Pickett asks to move forward, Longstreet simply nods. The Confederate divisions march across the open field, and Hancock is wounded as he commands from the front line. One of Pickett's brigades, commanded by Brig. Gen.Lewis Armistead, makes it over the stone wall, but Armistead is wounded and captured by Union troops. The Confederates retreat due to high casualties. Seeing a despondent General Pickett, General Lee implores him to "look to your division," to which Pickett replies "General Lee, I have no division."Pickett's Charge ultimately fails. Meeting with Longstreet that evening, Lee finally decides that they will withdraw. The film ends with the fates of the major figures of the battle.
Ted Turner, the owner of the film's production companyTurner Pictures, has an uncredited appearance as ColonelWaller T. Patton.
Ken Burns, who wrote and directed the 1990 documentaryThe Civil War, portrays an aide to Hancock. Civil War historianBrian Pohanka makes an uncredited appearance as Brigadier GeneralAlexander S. Webb.Matt Letscher, who would later appear in the 2003 prequelGods and Generals as ColonelAdelbert Ames, makes his film debut as a 2nd Maine soldier.
Reeves Teletape Studios first acquired the rights for an adaptation ofThe Killer Angels in 1978. In 1981,Ronald F. Maxwell acquired the rights to the property and hired Michael Sharaa to write a screenplay adaptation. Although Sharaa died in 1988, Maxwell completed the 400-page screenplay.PolyGram Pictures agreed to produce the project as a film starringRobert Duvall andWilliam Hurt but went bankrupt shortly afterwards. Maxwell was unable to sell the project to any other studio because of the failures of recent historical epics such asHeaven's Gate andRevolution.Kevin Costner was interested in adapting the film but chose instead to directDances with Wolves.[8]
Although Maxwell was displeased with American Civil War television series such asNorth and South andThe Blue and the Gray, he reluctantly decided to try to release the project as a television series. The producers originally pitched the project toABC in 1991, as a televisionminiseries. ABC initially agreed to back the project, but when a miniseries aboutGeorge Armstrong Custer,Son of the Morning Star (1991), got low ratings and after theGulf War started, ABC pulled out.[9] Maxwell, with help from documentarianKen Burns, finally secured funding for the film from Ted Turner at the3rd Golden Laurel Awards in 1991. Originally it was planned as a miniseries forTurner Network Television, but it was released as a film instead.[8]
Duvall decided against starring as Robert E. Lee in order to appear inStalin, whileAlbert Finney andGeorge C. Scott declined the role.
Russell Crowe, then an unknown to the US film industry, was favored by the director for the role ofJoshua Chamberlain but he was eventually passed over in favor ofJeff Daniels.[10]
For the first time, theNational Park Service allowed the motion picture industry to recreate and film battle scenes directly on theGettysburg Battlefield, including scenes ofDevil's Den andLittle Round Top. However, much of the movie was shot at a nearbyAdams County farm. Thousands of Civil Warreenactors from across the country volunteered their time to come to Gettysburg to participate in the massive battle scenes.
The score was composed byRandy Edelman.
During filming of the battle scenes onLittle Round Top, Bradley Egen, an extra playing a Union soldier, was unintentionally struck in the head by the butt of a musket and suffered a mild concussion, however Bradley was able to resume light duties the following day.
The soundtrack was composed byRandy Edelman and issued on Milan Records.
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Main Title" | 4:36 |
| 2. | "Men of Honor" | 2:57 |
| 3. | "Battle of Little Round Top" | 3:57 |
| 4. | "Fife and Gun" | 3:03 |
| 5. | "General Lee At Twilight" | 1:25 |
| 6. | "The First Battle" | 2:41 |
| 7. | "Dawn" | 1:58 |
| 8. | "From History to Legend" | 2:56 |
| 9. | "Over the Fence" | 4:11 |
| 10. | "We Are the Flank" | 2:15 |
| 11. | "Charging Up the Hill" | 2:23 |
| 12. | "Dixie" | 2:26 |
| 13. | "General Lee's Solitude" | 3:41 |
| 14. | "Battle At Devils Den" | 1:46 |
| 15. | "Killer Angel" | 4:42 |
| 16. | "March to Mortality (Pickett's Charge)" | 3:18 |
| 17. | "Kathleen Mavourneen" | 3:17 |
| 18. | "Reunion and Finale" | 5:45 |
| Total length: | 57:17 | |
Two more soundtracks,More Songs and Music From Gettysburg and aDeluxe Commemorative Edition, were released as well. The first one included popular songs from the time period and a recitation of theGettysburg Address byJeff Daniels, while the second featured the original soundtrack album (above) and a second disc several previously unreleased tracks from the score and the aforementioned recitation. Another score "Armistead is hit" which played when Armistead rallies the division was never released in the soundtrack.
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Bonnie Blue Flag" | Americus Brass Band | 1:38 |
| 2. | "Welcome Here Again/Old 1812" | 1:15 | |
| 3. | "Willie Has Gone to War" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 1:49 |
| 4. | "Year of Jubillo" | Americus Brass Band | 1:38 |
| 5. | "Nick Malone" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 1:22 |
| 6. | "Frog in the Well" | 1:15 | |
| 7. | "Just Before the Battle, Mother" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 2:08 |
| 8. | "Dixie" | Americus Brass Band | 1:31 |
| 9. | "La Belle Catherine" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 1:30 |
| 10. | "The Campbells Are Coming" | 1:10 | |
| 11. | "Amazing Grace" | Americus Brass Band | 2:31 |
| 12. | "The Fall of Paris" | 1:52 | |
| 13. | "Home Sweet Home" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 1:53 |
| 14. | "Battle Hymn of the Republic" | Americus Brass Band | 1:38 |
| 15. | "Stonewall Jackson's Way" | 1:09 | |
| 16. | "Do They Miss Me at Home" | John Durant / Sandy Mitchell | 2:32 |
| 17. | "Yankee Doodle" | 1:14 | |
| 18. | "Kathleen Mavourneen" | Meir Finklestein / Grant Geissman | 2:25 |
| 19. | "The Gettysburg Address" | Jeff Daniels | 2:29 |
The miniseries was set to air onTNT, but whenTed Turner saw part of the film during post-production, he realized it was much bigger than a miniseries and decided to release the film theatrically. The film was distributed byNew Line Cinema which Turner had just acquired. Only released to 248 theaters at its widest release and limited to just one or two showings per day because of its length, the film still managed to gross $12,769,960 at the box office. It would go on to become an all-time high seller on the VHS and DVD market, and has become a staple of classroom history lessons.[citation needed] Its June 1994 broadcast television premiere, on TNT, garnered over 34 million viewers, a record for cable television.[citation needed]
One of the longest films ever released by a Hollywood studio,Gettysburg runs 254 minutes (4 hours, 14 minutes) on VHS and DVD. A "Director's Cut", 271-minute (4 hours, 31 minutes), with several extended or added scenes, was produced and sold as a part of a special "Collector's Edition" released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2011, to coincide with 150th commemoration of beginning of the Civil War in April 1861. It was also released in the UK by the Premium Collection as a DVD and Blu-ray combo which includes the Directors extended version and is number 21 in the collection.[citation needed]
Gettysburg received a 77% "Fresh" score with an average rating of 7.3/10 on thereview aggregatorRotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Gettysburg's reverent approach to history is balanced with the committed work of a talented cast - and the hard-hitting dramatization of a bloody turning point in the Civil War."[11]
Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, stating, "This is a film that Civil War buffs will find indispensable, even if others might find it interminable." Ebert said that despite his initial indifference, he left the film with a new understanding of the Civil War, and that he felt Jeff Daniels deserved an Oscar nomination for his performance.[12] Ebert also gave the film a "thumbs-up" onSiskel & Ebert, whileGene Siskel gave it a "thumbs-down", saying the film was "bloated Southern propaganda". He, however, also praised Daniels's performance and recommended his nomination for an Oscar.[citation needed]
| Year | Award | Category | Recipients | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Jeff Daniels | Nominated | [13] |
| 1994 | Stinkers Bad Movie Awards | Worst Picture | Gettysburg (New Line Cinema) | Dishonourable Mention | [14] |
| Worst Fake Beards | Won |
Gods and Generals, a prequel based on the1996 novel of the same name byJeff Shaara (Michael Shaara's son), was released in 2003. It was also written and directed byRonald F. Maxwell and featured many returning cast members, includingJeff Daniels asJoshua Chamberlain,Kevin Conway as Buster Kilrain, andC. Thomas Howell asThomas Chamberlain.Stephen Lang, who portrayedGeorge Pickett in the first film, also returned, but in the role ofStonewall Jackson after scheduling conflicts preventedRussell Crowe from taking the part.Billy Campbell, who portrayed Andrew Lewis Pitzer inGettysburg, replaced Lang as Pickett. New cast members includedRobert Duvall asRobert E. Lee, replacingMartin Sheen.
The film received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure, grossing $12.8 million on a $56 million budget.[15][16]
Originally intended to form part of a trilogy, a third film to be titledThe Last Full Measure presenting the end of theAmerican Civil War was proposed, but it never went beyond the planning stage.[17]
