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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IUPAC names Germanium tetrachloride Tetrachlorogermane Tetrachloridogermanium | |||
| Other names Germanium(IV) chloride Neutral germanium chloride (1:4) | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol) | |||
| ChemSpider |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.093 | ||
| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
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| Properties | |||
| GeCl4 | |||
| Molar mass | 214.40 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | Colourless liquid | ||
| Density | 1.879 g/cm3 (20 °C) 1.844 g/cm3 (30 °C)[1] | ||
| Melting point | −49.5 °C (−57.1 °F; 223.7 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 86.5 °C (187.7 °F; 359.6 K) | ||
| Soluble, hydrolyses | |||
| Solubility | Soluble inether,benzene,chloroform,CCl4 Very soluble inHCl, diluteH2SO4 | ||
| −72.0·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD) | 1.464 | ||
| Structure | |||
| tetrahedral[2] | |||
| Thermochemistry[3] | |||
Std molar entropy(S⦵298) | 245.6 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of formation(ΔfH⦵298) | −531.8 kJ·mol−1 | ||
Gibbs free energy(ΔfG⦵) | −462.7 kJ·mol−1 | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards | Reacts slowly with water to form HCl and GeO2, corrosive, lachrymator | ||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | Non-flammable | ||
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | "External MSDS" | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Otheranions | Germanium tetrafluoride Germanium tetrabromide Germanium tetraiodide | ||
Othercations | Carbon tetrachloride Silicon tetrachloride Tin(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
Germanium tetrachloride is a colourless, fuming liquid[4] with a peculiar, acidic odour. It is used as an intermediate in the production of purifiedgermanium metal. In recent years, GeCl4 usage has increased substantially due to its use as a reagent forfiber optic production.
Most commercial production ofgermanium is from treating flue-dusts of zinc- and copper-ore smelters, although a significant source is also found in the ash from the combustion of certain types of coal calledvitrain. Germanium tetrachloride is an intermediate for the purification of germanium metal or its oxide, GeO2.[5]
Germanium tetrachloride can be generated directly from GeO2 (germanium dioxide) by dissolution of the oxide in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting mixture is fractionally distilled to purify and separate the germanium tetrachloride from other products and impurities.[6] The GeCl4 can be rehydrolysed with deionized water to produce pure GeO2, which is then reduced under hydrogen to produce germanium metal.[5][6]
Production of GeO2, however, is dependent on the oxidized form of germanium extracted from the ore. Copper-lead-sulfide and zinc-sulfide ores will produceGeS2, which is subsequently oxidized to GeO2 with an oxidizer such assodium chlorate. Zinc-ores are roasted and sintered and can produce the GeO2 directly. The oxide is then processed as discussed above.[5]
The classic synthesis from chlorine and germanium metal at elevated temperatures is also possible.[7][1] Additionally, achlorine free activation of germanium has been developed, giving a less energy intensive and more environmentally friendly alternative synthesis for germanium precursors.
Germanium tetrachloride is used almost exclusively as an intermediate for several optical processes. GeCl4 can be directly hydrolysed to GeO2, an oxide glass with several unique properties and applications, described below and in linked articles:
A notable derivative of GeCl4 isgermanium dioxide. In the manufacture ofoptical fibers,silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, and germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, are introduced withoxygen into a hollow glass preform, which is carefully heated to allow for oxidation of the reagents to their respective oxides and formation of a glass mixture. The GeO2 has a high index of refraction, so by varying the flow rate of germanium tetrachloride the overallindex of refraction of the optical fiber can be specifically controlled. The GeO2 is about 4% by weight of the glass.[5]
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