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German submarineU-991

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German World War II submarine

History
Type VIIC submarineU-570 which looked almost identical toU-991.
Nazi Germany
Name	U-991
Ordered	25 May 1941
Builder	Blohm & Voss,Hamburg
Yard number	191
Laid down	30 October 1942
Launched	24 June 1943
Commissioned	29 July 1943
Fate	Surrendered on 9 May 1945 Sunk on 11 December 1945 duringOperation Deadlight
General characteristics
Class and type	Type VIIC submarine
Displacement	864.7 t (851long tons) submerged
Length	67.10 m (220 ft 2 in)o/a 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in)pressure hull
Beam	6.18 m (20 ft 3 in) o/a 4.68 m (15 ft 4 in) pressure hull
Height	9.60 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught	4.74 m (15 ft 7 in)
Installed power	2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric)
Propulsion	2 shafts 2 × 4-stroke M6V 40/46Germaniawerft 2 x 62 batteries 2 x six-cylindersupercharged diesel engines 2 ×electric motors
Speed	17.6knots (32.6 km/h; 20.3 mph) surfaced 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) submerged
Range	8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth	220 m (720 ft) Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft)
Complement	44–57 crew
Armament	5 × 53.3 cm (21 in)torpedo tubes (four bow, one stern) 14 ×torpedoes 1 ×8.8 cm (3.46 in) deck gun (220 rounds) 1 x3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 anti-aircraft gun
Service record
Part of:	5th U-boat Flotilla 29 July 1943 – 31 August 1944 11th U-boat Flotilla 1 September 1944 – 8 May 1945
Identification codes:	M 54 105
Commanders:	Oblt.z.S. /Kptlt. Diethelm Balke 29 July 1943 – 9 May 1945
Operations:	1 patrol: a. 15 October – 26 December 1944 b. 27 – 29 December 1944 c. 2 – 4 January 1945 d. 20 – 27 April 1945 e. 29 April – 4 May 1945
Victories:	None

German submarineU-991 was aType VIIC U-boat ofNazi Germany'sKriegsmarine duringWorld War II.^[1]

Construction

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TheU-991 waslaid down on 30 October 1942 at theBlohm & Voss yard inHamburg, Germany. She waslaunched on 24 June 1943 andcommissioned on 29 July 1943 under the command ofOberleutnant zur See Diethelm Balke. HerU-boat emblem was a divingeagle.^[2]

When she was completed, the submarine was 67.10 metres (220 ft 2 in) long, with a beam of 6.18 metres (20 ft 3 in), a height of 9.60 metres (31 ft 6 in) and a draft of 4.74 metres (15 ft 7 in). She was assessed at 864.7 t (851 long tons) submerged. The submarine was powered by twoGermaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylindersupercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced and twoBBC GG UB 720/8double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft)propellers. The submarine was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft), had a maximum surface speed of 17.6 knots (32.6 km/h; 20.3 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph).When submerged, theU-boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) and when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[1]

The submarine was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in)torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteentorpedoes, one8.8 cm (3.46 in) deck gun (220 rounds) and a3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had acomplement of 44 to 57 men.^[1]

Service history

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U-991 was used as a Training ship in the5th U-boat Flotilla from 29 July 1943 until 31 August 1944 before serving in the11th U-boat Flotilla for active service on 1 September 1944.^[2]

Training and tests

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DuringU-991's service as a training ship, she completed a number of trainings and tests for theKriegsmarine.^[3]

Date	Place	Activity
30 July – 19 August 1943	Keel	Trials at UAK
20 August 1943	Sonderborg	Auscultation at UAK
22 – 26 August 1943	Swinemünde	Flakausbildung at Flakschule
27 – 29 August 1943	Danzig	Trials at UAK
30 August – 4 September 1943	Hela	Front training at AGRU-Front
5 September 1943 – 5 February 1944	Flensburg	School boat
9 February – 11 May 1944	Hela	Front training at AGRU-Front
12 – 23 May 1944	Pillau	Torpedo shooting at the 26th U-boat Flotilla
24 May – 4 June 1944	Gotenhafen	Tactical Training at the 27th U-boat Flotilla
5 – 8 June 1944	Baltic Sea	March overKönigsberg toStettin. Equipment for the company Wallenstein
10 June – 14 August 1944	Königsberg	Remaining work inF. Schichau yard
15 – 16 August 1944	Danzig	Trials at UAK
21 – 26 August 1944	Swinemünde	Flakausbildung at Flakschule
29 August – 12 September 1944	Königsberg	Installation of a Schnorchel underwater-breathing apparatus
13 – 20 September 1944	Hela	Snorkel training at AGRU-Front
21 – 22 September 1944	Rönne	Auscultation at AUK
23 – 29 September 1944	Keel	Remaining work and equipment to the 1st company

Active Service

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During her active service,U-991 made 1 patrol and leftKristiansand on 15 October 1944. Her patrol lasted 73 days andU-991 patrolled theNorth Atlantic fromNorway, around theUnited Kingdom andIreland and also toFrance before returning toBergen. She arrived inBergen on 26 December 1944, which marked the end of her first and only patrol duringWorld War II.^[2]^[3]

Date	Port of Departure	Port of Arrival	Duration
5 – 7 October 1944	Kiel	Horten	3 days
11 – 12 October 1944	Horten	Kristiansand	2 days
15 October – 26 December 1944	Kristiansand	Bergen	73 days (Patrol)
27 – 29 December 1944	Bergen	Marviken	3 days
2 – 4 January 1945	Marviken	Flensburg	3 days
20 – 27 April 1945	Kiel	Horten	8 days
29 April – 4 May 1945	Horten	Bergen	6 days

In total, theU-991 spend 98 days at sea during her active service until 9 May 1945.^[3]

Capture And End

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U-991 surrendered on 9 May 1945 atBergen,Norway to theAllied Forces. The submarine was transferred fromBergen toScapa Flow on 2 June 1945 and fromScapa Flow toLoch Ryan on 5 June 1945. She stayed inLoch Ryan for her immersion inOperation Deadlight (post-war Allied operation) until 11 December 1945, when she was towed to sea by the British Navy tug HMS Freedom (W.139).^[3]

The U-2377 taken to sea to bescuttled duringOperation Deadlight, the same fate was waiting forU-991.

U-991 was sunk at 12.15am on 11 December 1945 in theNorth Atlantic, North-West off the coast ofIreland by a torpedo from the British submarineHMS Tantivy. Her wreck still lies at56°10′N10°05′W / 56.167°N 10.083°W /56.167; -10.083.^[2]

References

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^^a ^b ^c"U-991 (+1945)". wrecksite.eu. 29 November 2009. Retrieved7 April 2016.
^^a ^b ^c ^dHelgason, Guðmundur (1995)."U-991".German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved7 April 2016.
^^a ^b ^c ^dHofmann, Markus (23 December 2013)."U-991".Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved7 April 2016.

Bibliography

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Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999).German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991).U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press.ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

v t e Type VII submarines
Type VIIA	U-27 U-28 U-29 U-30 U-31 U-32 U-33 U-34 U-35 U-36
Type VIIB	U-45 U-46 U-47 U-48 U-49 U-50 U-51 U-52 U-53 U-54 U-55 U-73 U-74 U-75 U-76 U-83 U-84 U-85 U-86 U-87 U-99 U-100 U-101 U-102
Type VIIC	U-69 U-70 U-71 U-72 U-77 U-78 U-79 U-80 U-81 U-82 U-88 U-89 U-90 U-91 U-92 U-93 U-94 U-95 U-96 U-97 U-98 U-132 U-133 U-134 U-135 U-136 U-201 U-202 U-203 U-204 U-205 U-206 U-207 U-208 U-209 U-210 U-211 U-212 U-221 U-222 U-223 U-224 U-225 U-226 U-227 U-228 U-229 U-230 U-231 U-232 U-235 U-236 U-237 U-238 U-239 U-240 U-241 U-242 U-243 U-244 U-245 U-246 U-247 U-248 U-249 U-250 U-251 U-252 U-253 U-254 U-255 U-256 U-257 U-258 U-259 U-260 U-261 U-262 U-263 U-264 U-265 U-266 U-267 U-268 U-269 U-270 U-271 U-272 U-273 U-274 U-275 U-276 U-277 U-278 U-279 U-280 U-281 U-282 U-283 U-284 U-285 U-286 U-287 U-288 U-289 U-290 U-291 U-301 U-302 U-303 U-304 U-305 U-306 U-307 U-308 U-309 U-310 U-311 U-312 U-313 U-314 U-315 U-316 U-331 U-332 U-333 U-334 U-335 U-336 U-337 U-338 U-339 U-340 U-341 U-342 U-343 U-344 U-345 U-346 U-347 U-348 U-349 U-350 U-351 U-352 U-353 U-354 U-355 U-356 U-357 U-358 U-359 U-360 U-361 U-362 U-363 U-364 U-365 U-366 U-367 U-368 U-369 U-370 U-371 U-372 U-373 U-374 U-375 U-376 U-377 U-378 U-379 U-380 U-381 U-382 U-383 U-384 U-385 U-386 U-387 U-388 U-389 U-390 U-391 U-392 U-393 U-394 U-396 U-397 U-398 U-399 U-400 U-401 U-402 U-403 U-404 U-405 U-406 U-407 U-408 U-409 U-410 U-411 U-412 U-413 U-414 U-415 U-416 U-417 U-418 U-419 U-420 U-421 U-422 U-423 U-424 U-425 U-426 U-427 U-428 U-429 U-430 U-431 U-432 U-433 U-434 U-435 U-436 U-437 U-438 U-439 U-440 U-441 U-442 U-443 U-444 U-445 U-446 U-447 U-448 U-449 U-450 U-451 U-452 U-453 U-454 U-455 U-456 U-457 U-458 U-465 U-466 U-467 U-468 U-469 U-470 U-471 U-472 U-473 U-475 U-476 U-477 U-478 U-479 U-480 U-481 U-482 U-483 U-484 U-485 U-486 U-551 U-552 U-553 U-554 U-555 U-556 U-557 U-558 U-559 U-560 U-561 U-562 U-563 U-564 U-565 U-566 U-567 U-568 U-569 U-570 U-571 U-572 U-573 U-574 U-575 U-576 U-577 U-578 U-579 U-580 U-581 U-582 U-583 U-584 U-585 U-586 U-587 U-588 U-589 U-590 U-591 U-592 U-593 U-594 U-595 U-596 U-597 U-598 U-599 U-600 U-601 U-602 U-603 U-604 U-605 U-606 U-607 U-608 U-609 U-610 U-611 U-612 U-613 U-614 U-615 U-616 U-617 U-618 U-619 U-620 U-621 U-622 U-623 U-624 U-625 U-626 U-627 U-628 U-629 U-630 U-631 U-632 U-633 U-634 U-635 U-636 U-637 U-638 U-639 U-640 U-641 U-642 U-643 U-644 U-645 U-646 U-647 U-648 U-649 U-650 U-651 U-652 U-653 U-654 U-655 U-656 U-657 U-658 U-659 U-660 U-661 U-662 U-663 U-664 U-665 U-666 U-667 U-668 U-669 U-670 U-671 U-672 U-673 U-674 U-675 U-676 U-677 U-678 U-679 U-680 U-681 U-682 U-683 U-701 U-702 U-703 U-704 U-705 U-706 U-707 U-708 U-709 U-710 U-711 U-712 U-713 U-714 U-715 U-716 U-717 U-718 U-719 U-720 U-721 U-722 U-731 U-732 U-733 U-734 U-735 U-736 U-737 U-738 U-739 U-740 U-741 U-742 U-743 U-744 U-745 U-746 U-747 U-748 U-749 U-750 U-751 U-752 U-753 U-754 U-755 U-756 U-757 U-758 U-759 U-760 U-761 U-762 U-763 U-764 U-765 U-766 U-767 U-768 U-771 U-772 U-773 U-774 U-775 U-776 U-777 U-778 U-779 U-821 U-822 U-825 U-826 U-901 U-903 U-904 U-905 U-907 U-921 U-922 U-923 U-924 U-925 U-926 U-927 U-928 U-951 U-952 U-953 U-954 U-955 U-956 U-957 U-958 U-959 U-960 U-961 U-962 U-963 U-964 U-965 U-966 U-967 U-968 U-969 U-970 U-971 U-972 U-973 U-974 U-975 U-976 U-977 U-978 U-979 U-980 U-981 U-982 U-983 U-984 U-985 U-986 U-987 U-988 U-989 U-990 U-991 U-992 U-993 U-994 U-1051 U-1052 U-1053 U-1054 U-1055 U-1056 U-1057 U-1058 U-1101 U-1102 U-1131 U-1132 U-1161 U-1162 U-1191 U-1192 U-1193 U-1194 U-1195 U-1196 U-1197 U-1198 U-1199 U-1200 U-1201 U-1202 U-1203 U-1204 U-1205 U-1206 U-1207 U-1208 U-1209 U-1210
Type VIIC/41	U-292 U-293 U-294 U-295 U-296 U-297 U-298 U-299 U-300 U-317 U-318 U-319 U-320 U-321 U-322 U-323 U-324 U-325 U-326 U-327 U-328 U-691 U-827 U-828 U-929 U-930 U-995 U-997 U-998 U-999 U-1000 U-1001 U-1002 U-1003 U-1004 U-1005 U-1006 U-1007 U-1008 U-1009 U-1010 U-1011 U-1013 U-1014 U-1015 U-1016 U-1017 U-1018 U-1019 U-1020 U-1021 U-1022 U-1023 U-1024 U-1025 U-1063 U-1064 U-1065 U-1103 U-1104 U-1105 U-1106 U-1107 U-1108 U-1109 U-1110 U-1163 U-1164 U-1165 U-1166 U-1167 U-1168 U-1169 U-1170 U-1171 U-1172 U-1271 U-1272 U-1273 U-1274 U-1275 U-1276 U-1277 U-1278 U-1279 U-1301 U-1302 U-1303 U-1304 U-1305 U-1306 U-1307 U-1308
Type VIID	U-213 U-214 U-215 U-216 U-217 U-218
Type VIIF	U-1059 U-1060 U-1061 U-1062
Preceded by:Type II Followed by:Type IX List of U-boats of Germany

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1945
Shipwrecks	1 Dec:USS Bellona,U-826,U-1004,U-1061,U-1104 3 Dec:U-994 4 Dec:U-218,U-299,U-539,U-777 5 Dec:U-1005 7 Dec:U-245,U-907,U-1019 8 Dec:U-485,U-773,U-775,U-1203,U-1271,U-1272 9 Dec:U-532,U-1052,U-1307 11 Dec:U-716,U-978,U-991,U-1163 13 Dec:Empire Tigaven,HMSN 86,U-255,U-293,U-295,U-760,U-997,U-1002 16 Dec:U-483,U-739,U-928,U-992,U-1009,U-1301 17 Dec:U-368,U-779,U-956,U-1198,U-1230 20 Dec:U-291 21 Dec:U-149,U-150,U-155,U-318,U-427,U-637,U-720,U-806,U-1102,U-1110 22 Dec:U-143,U-145,U-1194,U-2354 23 Dec:Duncan L. Clinch 27 Dec:Empire Tigawa,U-313 28 Dec:U-680 29 Dec:USS Minivet,U-390,U-930,U-1022,U-1233 30 Dec:Lambridge,U-1103,U-1165 31 Dec:U-294,U-363,U-668,U-802,U-861,U-874,U-875,U-883,U-2341 Unknown date:USS Industry
Other incidents	11 Dec:I-201 30 Dec:Éridan
194419451946 November 1945

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