| Valinor | |
|---|---|
| Tolkien's legendarium location | |
| First appearance | The Lord of the Rings |
| Created by | J. R. R. Tolkien |
| In-universe information | |
| Other name(s) | The Undying Lands, The Blessed Realm, The Uttermost West, Faerie, Aman |
| Type | Continent |
| Ruled by | Manwë |
| Character(s) | Valar,Maiar,Elves |
| Location | On the west ofThe Great Sea, far to the West ofMiddle-earth |
Valinor (Quenya: Land of the Valar), theBlessed Realm, or theUndying Lands is afictional location inJ. R. R. Tolkien'slegendarium, the home of the immortalValar andMaiar on the continent ofAman, far to the west ofMiddle-earth; he used the name Aman mainly to mean Valinor. It includesEldamar, the land of theElves, who as immortals are permitted to live in Valinor.
The name "the Undying Lands" does not mean that the land itself causes mortals to live forever.[T 1] Generally, only immortal beings are allowed to reside there. Exceptions are made for the surviving bearers of theOne Ring:Bilbo andFrodo Baggins andSam Gamgee, who dwell there for a time, and the dwarfGimli.[T 2][T 3]
Tolkien's myth of the attempt ofNúmenor to capture Aman has been likened to the biblicalTower of Babel and theancient GreekAtlantis, and the resulting destruction in both cases. They note, too, that a mortal's stay in Valinor is only temporary, not conferring immortality, just as, in medieval Christian theology, theEarthly Paradise is only a preparation for theCelestial Paradise that is above.
Others have compared the account of the beautiful Elvish part of the Undying Lands to the place dreamed of in theMiddle English poemPearl, and stated that the closest literary equivalents of Tolkien's descriptions of these lands are theimrama Celtic tales such as those aboutSaint Brendan from the earlyMiddle Ages. TheChristian theme of good and light (from Valinor) opposingevil and dark (fromMordor) has also been discussed.
Valinor lies in Aman ("Unmarred"[1]), a continent on the west ofBelegaer, the ocean to the west ofMiddle-earth.[2]Ekkaia, the encircling sea, surrounds both Aman and Middle-earth. Tolkien wrote that the name "Aman" was "chiefly used as the name of the land in which the Valar dwelt".[T 4] The Pelóri mountains run along the east coast; their highest peak is Taniquetil.[T 5] Tolkien created no detailed maps of Aman; those drawn byKaren Wynn Fonstad, based on Tolkien's rough sketch ofArda's landmasses and seas, show Valinor about 700 miles (1,100 km) wide, west to east (from the Great Sea to the Outer Sea), and about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) long north to south. The continent of Aman extends from the Arctic latitudes of the Helcaraxë to the subpolar southern region of Arda – about 7,000 miles (11,000 km).[3]
Eldamar is "Elvenhome", the "coastal region of Aman, settled by the Elves", wrote Tolkien.[T 6][4] Eldamar was the true Eldarin name of Aman.[T 7] InThe Hobbit it is named "Faerie". The land is well-wooded, asFinrod "walk[ed] with his father under the trees in Eldamar" and theTeleri Elves have timber to build their ships. The city of the Teleri, on the north shore of the Bay is Alqualondë, the Haven of the Swans, whose halls and mansions are made of pearl. The harbour is entered through a natural arch of rock, and the beaches are strewn with gems given by theNoldor Elves.[T 8] In the bay is the island of Tol Eressëa.[T 5]
Calacirya (Quenya: "Light Cleft", for the light of theTwo Trees that streams through the pass into the world beyond) is the pass in the Pelóri mountains where the Elven city Tirion is set. It is close to the Girdle of Arda (theEquator).[3] After the hiding of Valinor, this is the only gap through the mountains of Aman.[T 5]
In the extreme north-east, beyond the Pelóri, is the Helcaraxë, a vast ice sheet that joins the two continents of Aman and Middle-earth before the War of Wrath.[T 9] To prevent anyone from reaching the main part of Valinor's east coast by sea, the Valar create the Shadowy Seas, and within these seas they set a long chain of islands called the Enchanted Isles.[T 10][5]
Valinor is the home of the Valar (singular Vala), spirits that often take humanoid form, sometimes called "gods" by theMen of Middle-earth.[T 11] Other residents of Valinor include the related but less powerful spirits, theMaiar, and most of the Elves.[T 12]
Each Vala has his or her own region of the land. The Mansions of Manwë and Varda, two of the most powerful spirits, stands upon the top of Taniquetil.[T 11] Yavanna, the Vala of Earth, Growth, and Harvest, resides in the Pastures of Yavanna in the south of the land, west of the Pelóri. Nearby are the mansions of Yavanna's spouse, Aulë the Smith. Oromë, the Vala of the Hunt, lives in the Woods of Oromë to the north-east of the pastures. Nienna lives in the far west of the island. Just south of Nienna's home, and to the north of the pastures, are the Halls of Mandos; he lives with his spouse Vairë the weaver. To the east of the Halls of Mandos is the Isle of Estë, in the lake of Lórellin[T 11] within the Gardens of Lórien.[3]
In east-central Valinor at the Girdle of Arda is Valmar, the capital of Valinor (also called Valimar, the City of Bells), the residence of the Valar and the Maiar in Valinor. The first house of the Elves, theVanyar, settles there as well. The mound of Ezellohar, on which stand theTwo Trees, and Máhanaxar, the Ring of Doom, are outside Valmar.[T 12] Farther east is the Calacirya, the only easy pass through the Pelóri, a huge mountain range fencing Valinor on three sides, created to keepMorgoth's forces out. The city of the Noldor (and for a time the Vanyar Elves also) is Tirion, built on the hill of Túna, inside the Calacirya mountain pass; it is just north of Taniquetil, facing both the Two Trees and the starlit seas.[T 5][3]
In the northern inner foothills of the Pelóri, far to the north of Valmar, isFëanor's city of Formenos, built after his banishment from Tirion.[T 13]
Valinor is first established on the western continent Aman when Melkor (a Vala later named Morgoth, "the black foe", by the Elves) destroys the Valar's original home on the island Almaren in primeval Middle-earth, ending theYears of the Lamps.[T 12] To defend their new home from attack, they raise the Pelóri Mountains.[T 12] They also establish Valimar, the future dwelling place of many of Aman’s Elven residents, such as the Vanyar, a more major the radiant Two Trees, and their dwelling-places.[T 12][T 14] Valinor is said to surpass Almaren in beauty.[T 12] Later, the Valar hear of theawakening of the Elves in Middle-earth, where Melkor is unopposed. They propose to bring the Elves to the safety of Valinor, but to do that, they need to get Melkor out of the way. A war is fought, and Melkor's stronghold Utumno is destroyed. Then, many Elves come to Valinor, and establish their cities Tirion and Alqualondë, beginning Valinor's age of glory. Melkor comes back to Valinor as a prisoner, and after three Ages is brought before the Valar; he sues for pardon, vowing to assist the Valar and make amends for the hurts he has done. Manwë grants him pardon, but confines him within Valmar to remain under watch.[T 9] After his release, Melkor starts planting seeds of dissent in the minds of the Elves, including between Fëanor and his brothersFingolfin and Finarfin. Fëanor uses some of the light of the Two Trees to forge the threeSilmarils, beautiful, unmarrable, and irreplaceable jewels.[T 13]
Belatedly, the Valar learn whatMelkor has done. Knowing that he is discovered, Melkor goes to the home of the Noldor's High KingFinwë, kills him and steals the Silmarils. He then destroys the Two Trees with the help ofUngoliant, plunging Valinor into darkness, the Long Night, relieved only by stars. Melkor and Ungoliant flee to Middle-earth.[T 15]
The Valar manage to save one last luminous flower from one of the Two Trees, Telperion, and one last luminous fruit from the other, Laurelin. These become the Moon and the Sun. The Valar carry out further titanic labours to improve the defences of Valinor. They raise the Pelóri mountains to even greater and sheerer heights. Off the coast, eastwards of Tol Eressëa, they create the Shadowy Seas and their Enchanted Isles; both the Seas and the Isles present numerous perils to anyone attempting to get to Valinor by sea.[T 10]
For centuries, Valinor take no part in the struggles between the Noldor and Morgoth in Middle-earth. But near the end of theFirst Age, when the Noldor are in total defeat, the marinerEärendil convinces the Valar to make a last attack on Morgoth. A mighty host of Maiar, Vanyar and the remaining Noldor in Valinor destroy Morgoth's gigantic army and his strongholdAngband, and cast Morgoth into the void.[T 16]
During theSecond Age, the Valar create the island ofNúmenor as a reward to theEdain, Men who had fought alongside the Noldor. Centuries later the kingdom of Númenor grows so powerful and so arrogant that Ar-Pharazôn, the twenty-fifth and last king, dares to attempt an invasion of Valinor. When the creatorEru Ilúvatar responds to the call of the Valar, Númenor sinks into the sea, and Aman is removed beyond the reach of the Men of Arda. Arda itself becomes spherical, and is left for Men to govern. The Elves can go to Valinor only by theStraight Road and in ships capable of passing out of the spheres of the earth.[T 17][6]
Keith Kelly and Michael Livingston, writing inMythlore, note thatFrodo's final destination, mentioned at the end ofThe Lord of the Rings, is Aman, the Undying Lands. In Tolkien's mythology, they write, the islands of Aman are initially just the dwelling-places of the Valar (in the Ages of the Trees, while the rest of the world lies in darkness). The Valar help The One,Eru Ilúvatar, to create the world. Gradually some of the immortal and ageless Elves are allowed to live there as well, sailing across the ocean to the West. After the fall of Númenor and the reshaping of the world, Aman becomes the place "between (sic) Over-heaven and Middle-earth".[8] It is accessible only in special circumstances like Frodo's, allowed to come to Aman through the offices of the Valar and of Gandalf, one of the Valar's emissaries, theIstari or Wizards. However, Aman is not, they write, exactlyparadise. Firstly, being there does not confer immortality, contrary to what the Númenóreans supposed. Secondly, those mortals like Frodo who are allowed to go there will eventually choose to die. They note that in another of Tolkien's writings, "Leaf by Niggle", understood to be a journey throughPurgatory (the Catholic precursor stage to paradise), Tolkien avoids describing paradise at all. They suggest that to the Catholic Tolkien, it is impossible to describe Heaven, and it might be sacrilege to make the attempt.[8] The Tolkien scholarMichael D. C. Drout comments that Tolkien's accounts of Eldamar "give us a good idea of his conceptions of absolutebeauty".[7] He notes that these resemble the paradise described in theMiddle English poemPearl.[7]
| Tolkien | Catholicism | Pearl,Dante'sParadiso |
|---|---|---|
| "that which is beyond Elvenhome and will ever be"[T 18] | Heaven | Celestial Paradise, "beyond" |
| Undying lands of Aman, Elvenhome in Valinor | Purgatory | Earthly Paradise, Garden of Eden |
| Middle-earth | Earth | Earth |
The Tolkien scholarTom Shippey adds that in 1927 Tolkien wrote a poem,The Nameless Land, in the complex stanza-form ofPearl. It spoke of a land further away than paradise, and more beautiful than the IrishTír na nÓg, the deathless otherworld.[6] Kelly and Livingston similarly draw onPearl, noting that it states that "fair as was the hither shore, far lovelier was the further land"[8] where the Dreamer could not pass. So, they write, each stage looks like paradise, until the traveller realises that beyond it lies something even more paradisiacal, glimpsed and beyond description. The Earthly Paradise can be described; Aman, the Undying Lands, can thus be compared to theGarden of Eden, the paradise that the Bible says once existed upon Earth before theFall of Man. The Celestial Paradise of Tolkien's "Leaf by Niggle" lies "beyond (or above)", as it does, they note, inDante'sParadiso.[8]Matthew Dickerson notes that Valinor resembles theGarden of Eden in having two trees.[9]
The scholar of English literatureMarjorie Burns writes that one of the female Vala, Varda (Elbereth to the Elves) is sung to by the Elf-queen of Middle-earthGaladriel. Burns notes that Varda "sits far off in Valinor on Oiolossë",[11] looking from her mountain-peak tower in Aman towards Middle-earth and theDark Tower ofSauron inMordor: she notesTimothy O'Neill's view that the white benevolent feminine symbol opposes the evil masculine symbol. Further, Burns suggests, Galadriel is an Elf from Valinor "in the Blessed Realm",[11] bringing Varda's influence with her to Middle-earth. This is seen in the phial of light that she gives toFrodo, and thatSam uses to defeat the evil giant spiderShelob: Sam invokes Elbereth when he uses the phial. Burns comments that Sam's request to the "Lady" sounds distinctlyCatholic, and that the "female principle, embodied in Varda of Valinor and Galadriel of Middle-earth, most clearly represents the charitable Christian heart."[11]
The scholar of literature Richard Z. Gallant comments that while Tolkienmade use of pagan Germanic heroism in his legendarium, and admired itsNorthern courage, he disliked its emphasis on "overmastering pride". This created a conflict in his writing. The pride of the Elves in Valinor resulted in a fall, analogous to the biblicalfall of man. Tolkien described this by saying "The first fruit of their fall was in Paradise [Valinor], the slaying of Elves by Elves"; Gallant interprets this as an allusion to the fruit of the biblicaltree of the knowledge of good and evil and the resulting exit from the Garden of Eden.[T 19][12] The leading prideful elf is Fëanor, whose actions, Gallant writes, set off the whole dark narrative of strife among the Elves described inThe Silmarillion; the Elves fight and leave Valinor for Middle-earth.[12]
The passage at the start of theOld English poemBeowulf aboutScyld Scefing contains a cryptic mention ofþā ("those") who have sent Scyld as a baby in a boat, presumably from across the sea, and to whom Scyld's body is returned in aship funeral, the vessel sailing by itself. Shippey suggests that Tolkien may have seen in this both an implication of a Valar-like group who behave much like gods, and a glimmer of hisOld Straight Road, the way across the sea to Valinor forever closed to mortal Men by the remaking of the world after Númenor's attack on Valinor.[13]
Phillip Joe Fitzsimmons comparesThe Silmarillion's faraway Valinor, forbidden to Men and lost to the Elves, though it constantly calls to them to return, to Tolkien's fellow-Inkling,Owen Barfield's "lost home". Barfield writes of the loss of "an Edenic relationship with nature", part of his theory that man's purpose is to serve as "the Earth's self-consciousness".[14] Barfield argued that rationalism creates individualism, "unhappy isolation ... [and] the loss of a mutual relationship with nature."[14] Further, Barfield believed that ancient civilisations, as recorded in their languages, had a connection to and inner experience of nature, so that the modern situation represents a loss of that state of grace. Fitzsimmons states that the lost home motif recurs throughout Tolkien's writings. He does not suggest that Barfield influenced Tolkien, but that the ideas of the two men grew from "the same time, place, and even social circle".[14]
Kelly and Livingston state that while Aman could be home to Elves as well as Valar, the same was not true of mortal Men. The "prideful"[8] Men of Númenor, imagining they could acquire immortality by capturing the physical lands of Aman, were punished by the destruction of their own island, which is engulfed by the sea, and the permanent removal of Aman "from the circles of the world".[8] Kelly and Livingston note the similarity to theancient Greek myth ofAtlantis, the greatest human civilisation lost beneath the sea; and the resemblance to the biblical tale of theTower of Babel, thehubristic and "sacrilegious" attempt by mortal men to climb up into God's realm.[8]
The scholar of English literaturePaul H. Kocher writes that the Undying Lands of the Uttermost West including Eldamar and Valinor, is "so far outside our experience that Tolkien can only ask us to take it completely on faith."[15] Kocher comments that these lands have an integral place both geographically and spiritually in Middle-earth, and that their closest literary equivalents are theimrama Celtic tales from the early Middle Ages. Theimrama tales describe how Irish adventurers such asSaint Brendan sailed the seas looking for the "Land of Promise". He notes that it is certain that Tolkien knew these stories, since in 1955 he wrote a poem, entitledImram, about Brendan's voyage.[15][6]
