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| Galwegian Gaelic | |
|---|---|
| Gallovidian Gaelic Gallowegian Gaelic Galloway Gaelic Gaelic | |
| Gàidhlig | |
| Region | Galloway,Annandale,Nithsdale andCarrick, Scotland |
| Extinct | 1760, with the death ofMargaret McMurray[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin script (Scottish Gaelic orthography) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Galwegian Gaelic (also known asGallovidian Gaelic,Gallowegian Gaelic, orGalloway Gaelic) is an extinctdialect ofScottish Gaelic formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the people ofGalloway andCarrick until theearly modern period. Little (except numerous placenames) and a song collected inNorth Uist have survived, so that its exact relationship with other Scottish Gaelic dialects is uncertain.
Gaelicisation in Galloway and Carrick occurred at the expense ofNorthumbrian Old English andCumbric, aBrittonic Celtic dialect related toWelsh. Use ofOld Irish in Scotland can be traced in theRhins of Galloway from at least the fifth century. How it developed and spread is largely unknown. The Gaelicisation of the land was complete probably by the eleventh century, although some have suggested a date as early as the beginning of the ninth century. The main problem is that this folk-movement is unrecorded in historical sources, so it has to be reconstructed from things such asplace-names. According to the placename studies ofW. F. H. Nicolaisen, formerly of theUniversity of Edinburgh, the earliest layer is represented by compound placenames starting withSliabh "mountain" (often AnglicisedSlew- orSla(e-) andCarraig "rock" (Anglicised asCarrick). This would make the settlement roughly contemporary with what was thenDál Riata. TheGall-Ghàidheil (theNorse Gaels or "foreign Gaels"), who gave their name to the area, appear to have settled in the ninth and tenth centuries. Many of the leading settlers would have been of both Norse and Gaelic heritage, and it was the Gaelicisation of these Norse leaders which distinguished them from other Norse lords of northern Britain such as those inShetland, Orkney andCaithness.
It is quite possible that even as late as the twelfth century, Cumbric was still spoken inAnnandale and lowerStrathnith (where a man called Gille Cuithbrecht has the Gaelic nicknameBretnach [=Welshman]), but these areas seem to have been thoroughly Gaelicised by the end of that century.[2] A couple of legal terms also survive in medieval documents. The demise of Cumbric in the region is even harder to date than that of Gaelic.
The likely eastern limit reached by the language was theRiver Annan, for the reason that Gaelic placenames disappear quite rapidly beyond this boundary. In the north it was possibly cut off from other Scottish dialects in the 14th, if not the 13th century.
Gaelic-speakers in medieval Galloway, whomRichard of Hexham erroneously calledPicts, had a fearsome reputation. They were the barbarianspar excellence of the northern English chroniclers, said, amongst other things, to have ripped babies out of their mothers' wombs. It was reported byWalter of Guisborough in 1296 that during a raid onHexham Priory, the Galwegians underWilliam Wallace desecrated the shrine ofSt Andrew, cut off the head of the saint's statue, and threw relics into a fire.
Although Galloway was peripheral to Scotland until 1234, in the aftermath of the rebellion ofGille Ruadh and the dissolution of the Lordship, Galloway and allegiance of the Galwegian Gaels became critical. In many ways, theWars of Scottish Independence were also a dynastic civil war, with the Bruces the successors ofGilla Brigte mac Fergusa and the Balliols the successors of his brotherUchtred mac Fergusa.
Under the post-1234 Franco-Gaelic lordship were several powerful kin-groups, orclans, for instance, the MacLellans, the MacDowalls, andClan Kennedy of Carrick. It was probably through these groups that Galwegian society operated for the remainder of theMiddle Ages. Evidence for a clan system in the area can be found in medieval records –cineal ('kindred') appears in such terms askenelman ('kinsman'), andkenkynol ('chief[tain]', fromceann-cinneil 'head of the kindred');muinntir ('household') appears in the name Muntercasduff;clann ('children', less literally 'progeny', 'family') in names such as Clenafren, and Clanmacgowin. A number of local surnames have Gaelic origins, e.g. Landsburgh (originally McClambroch), MacClumpha, MacGuffock, Hannay, McKie, McNay, Kennedy, and MacCulloch. The placenamesBalmaclellan andBalmaghie may represent the site of chiefs' residences.
Evidence of a bardic class can be found in such placenames as Dervaird (Doire a' Bhaird) and Loch Recar (Loch an Reacaire).
Important information about local agriculture can be gleaned from placenames as well: shielings (àiridh) were in use e.g. Airies, Airieholland; manured infield from Talnotrie (talamh an otraigh) and Auchnotteroch.Gall-Ghàidheil agriculture is indicated in the use ofpeighinn and its subdivisions, e.g. Pinminnoch, Leffin Donald, Fardin;Daugh andquarterland (ceathramh) also appear, e.g. Doach, Kirriedarroch, Terraughty.
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It is thought that Galwegian Gaelic probably had more in common with theManx andUlster Irish than withScottish Gaelic as spoken in theHighlands. However, medieval Goidelic was a single language, spoken from Munster to Sutherland, with a universal educated standard and many regional dialects, which might have been mutually comprehensible. It is possible that the Gaelic dialect of theIsle of Arran parallels the Galwegian language most, but this is purely speculative.
Galwegian Gaelic may have borrowed certain words fromNorthumbrian Old English orOld Norse. The influence of the AnglianBishopric of Whithorn, with the NorseGall-Ghàidheil, could explain why the wordkirk (ONkirkja, cognate with OEcirice, 'church') is used in so many placenames with Celtic second elements and word order.Cirice /kirkja occurs in medieval Galwegian placenames where, in the rest of Scotland, one would expect Gaeliccille, 'church'. Examples include: Kirkcormac, Kirkmikbrick, Kirkinner, Kirkcolm,Kirkcowan, and Kirkmabrick, and many others. In these names, the first word is Germanic and the second Gaelic. The word order is typical of the Celtic languages, with the adjective following the noun, rather than the Germanic adjective preceding the noun (cf.Dùn Èideann versusEdin-burgh). It is possible that this was a feature of the dialect, but it is also possible that most of these are the product of later English semi-translations.
Early English influence would not be surprising given the popularity of English saints.Kirkcudbright, for example, means 'Church of [St] Cuthbert'.Closeburn, earlier Killeosberne (Cille + Osbern) is another. A plethora of personal names confirm the influence ofAnglo-Saxon culture. For example, the name Gille Cuithbrecht (also found in Manx as Giolla Cobraght) means 'devotee of [St] Cuthbert'. Another historical example isGille Aldan, the name of the first bishop of Galloway after the re-establishment of that see byKing Fergus.
An important source for the perception of Galwegian language is the poem known asThe Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy. The poem, written somewhere between 1504 and 1508, portrays an ideological, historical and cultural conflict betweenWilliam Dunbar (representingLothian, and Anglic Scotland) andWalter Kennedy (representing Carrick and Gaelic Scotland).[4] Dunbar ridicules Kennedy'sHeland ('Highland') accent andErische ('Irish', i.e. Gaelic) language, while Kennedy defends it, saying calling it "all trew Scottismennis leid" ('all true Scotsmen's language') and telling Dunbar "in Ingland sowld [should] be thy habitation".[5] The salient point is that, from a Lothian perspective, as late as the early sixteenth century, Carrick and Galloway still represented Gaelic Scotland, just as Lothian did Anglian Scotland. Although Kennedy's surviving works are written inMiddle Scots he may also have composed inScottish Gaelic. In theFlyting, for instance, Dunbar makes big play of Kennedy'sCarrick roots (albeit in the rankly insulting terms that are part of the genre) and strongly associates him withErschry, 'Irishry', which meant in other words the Gaelic andbardic tradition; the termIrish in Scotland (and often England) signified Gaelic generally:
Sic eloquence as thay in Erschry use, | Such eloquence as they in Irishry use |
Alexander Montgomerie (c. 1545 – c. 1610) was also a Gaelic speaker, and was termed the "Hielant Captain"; various Gaelic terms and phrases can be found in his works.
George Buchanan, himself a Gaelic speaker, writing in 1575, reported that Gaelic was still spoken in Galloway. In the middle of the century, 1563–1566, an anonymous English military investigator reported that the people of Carrick "for the most part specke Erishe".[6]
After this, there is much ambiguous and indirect evidence that the language was spoken, if only fragmentedly, into the eighteenth century.Margaret McMurray (died 1760) is one of the last speakers we know of by name, although there are some suggestions that linguistAlexander Murray (1775–1813) may have learnt it from his aged father, a local upland shepherd.[citation needed]
It is safe to say, though, that the Galwegian language died out somewhere between 1700 and 1800.[dubious –discuss] Nearby areas such as theIsle of Man, eastUlster (especiallyRathlin Island and theGlens of Antrim), andArran all had native Gaelic speakers into the 20th century.
Virtually no known records of Galwegian Gaelic exist. The only known text is a Galwegian song collected from aNorth Uistshennachie calledÒran Bagraidh which was collected by the oral historian Donald MacRury from his schoolmaster.[7] Although the song is broadly comprehensible, it contains many obscure words, shown in bold.
| Scottish Gaelic text | English (fairly literal translation) |
|---|---|
| Aobh cumar an eas dom, Aobh bealach nan slògh, Aobh bruthaichean Beinn Beithich, Aobh an gleann san robh tu òg. Trom dom maduinn aon-là, Trom dom maduinn a' chro, Nì robh èirig air an eislig Caisteal a' chro. | Pleasant is the confluence of the waterfalls to me, Pleasant the pass of the hosts, Pleasant the slopes of Beinn Bheithich, [?Benbeoch] Pleasant the glen in which you were young. Heavy for me the one-day morning, Heavy for me the morning of blood, Your ransom was not on the bier The castle of blood. |
| Nar ro geis anns a' chro, Nir bu geis anns a' chro, Fa tudeanma bidh muiddiamain, Lagaidh ceudan dìogailt linn. Buillebeada gom borr, Goille grad beart doid, Com gun cholainn sliochd na feannaig, Dìogailt rinn-deargbaradag slìom. | There was no enchantment in the blood, There never was an enchantment in the blood, ? you ? we will be ?, Hundreds shall be weakened by is. A stroke ?, ? quick to act, A headless body to the kindred of crows, The vengeance of the red points ? slippery. |
| Riam righfinnid air an Fianta, Ro-sà ràthan rìghtech tu, Riamruighean ràth na rìghinn, Rogaidroighean tu ar rìgh, Saindsearc sighi sorchaseiti, Caimbeart cruthach calma ceannt, Supach suanach solma socrach, Ceudnachclota cleusta clit. | Always a born leader of theFianna, A great man in the king's house are you, Always ? in the queen's house, A chief among the ? of the king, ? bright ? No crooked ways, a strong ?, ? calm, The first ?. |
| Toinnti muinntir na dubh-chos, Inn san draodhnich 's ruigh raoin, Sloinnti cinneil sliochd a' mhaduidh, Cingdi cairpech diaman saoidh, Bhite breacach Loch a' Bharr, Bhite fiadhach Carrsa Feàrn, Bhite brocach Gleann na Seamraig, Bhite fleaghtach an Dail Righ. | Wrapped up in the people of the black foot, In their thorny places and grazing, In the genealogy of the people of the wolf, ? warriors. They would be fishing inLochinvar, They would be deer-hunting inCarsphairn, They would be badger hunting in Glen Shamrock, They would be feasting inDalry. |
| Do bhi treilis donna dosrach, Air an ruadhadh sando dail, Greaghan congail tochadh sgola Seirbhti sin an deireadh gnas. Tarpa sluagh na gruaigi ciar, Na cneas deathar cairti glas Dosguin ciripti teasmailt brianta Sosguin foirprig teanmaidh bragh. | Long ringlets of brown hair, Shalle be reddened in the ?, ?, ? the end of ?. ? of the dark-brown host, Of the dark tanned complexions, ? ?. |
The song contains numerous examples of linguistic features associated with known Southern dialects (such asunlenitedtu "you" anddom "to me" (usuallythu anddhomh). The retention of the verbal particle in the last stanzado bhi is also highly unusual for a Scottish Gaelic dialect, as is the forminn san "in the" (usuallyanns an). The negativenì (usuallychan) is also a feature more commonly associated with Irish dialects, rather than Scottish Gaelic.
Although Galwegian Gaelic has left behind only one extant contribution toScottish Gaelic literature and has been extinct for over two centuries, the Gaelic heritage of Galloway continued to inspire modern writers, such as the lateWilliam Neill, a poet who wrote inScottish Gaelic andIrish,Lowland Scots, and English. Another example of the modern legacy is the "Gall-Gael Trust" founded by Colin MacLeod.
On 8 September 2018 a one-day conference 'Galloway: Gaelic's Lost Province' was held at the Catstrand in New Galloway.[8]
Efforts are also ongoing by the Dumfries and Galloway County Council to promote bothheritage language learning and theScottish Gaelic Renaissance in the region.[9]
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