In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophetDaniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26,9:21–27). The archangel also appears in theBook of Enoch and other ancientJewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangelMichael, Gabriel is described as theguardian angel of thepeople ofIsrael, defending it against the angels of the other peoples.
Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent byGod to various prophets, includingMuhammad.[9] The first five verses of theAl-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first versesrevealed by Gabriel toMuhammad.[9]
The name Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל,Gaḇrīʾēl) is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noungever (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man", andʾĒl, meaning "God". This would make the translation of the archangel's name "man of God".[10][11][12]
Proclus of Constantinople, in his famous Homily 1, stated that the meaning of Gabriel's name prefigured that Jesus, whose birth wasannounced by Gabriel, would be both man and God.[13]
After theJews' exile to Babylon in the 6th century BCE, Jewish beliefs underwent a significant transformation. Exposure toZoroastrianism, with its intricate angelology and the concept of a cosmic struggle between good and evil, likely influenced this evolution. The striking similarities between "holy immortal" (Amesha Spentas)Vohu Manah (or "good mind") and Gabriel's role as a messenger suggest a potential connection. This exposure to Zoroastrian angelology during the exile period may have played a part in shaping Gabriel's prominent role as a divine messenger in Judaism.[14]
In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophetDaniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26,9:21–27). Later, inDaniel's final vision, an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help from prince Michael in battle against the prince of Persia (Daniel 10:13, 21) and also Michael's role in times to come (Daniel 12:1). These are the first instances of a named angel in the Bible. Gabriel's main function in Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions.
Gabriel, (Hebrew:גַּבְרִיאֵל,romanized: Gaḇrīʾēl) is interpreted byTalmudicrabbis to be the "man in linen" mentioned in theBook of Daniel and theBook of Ezekiel. Talmudic Judaism understands the angel in the Book of Ezekiel, who was sent to destroyJerusalem, to be Gabriel. According to theJewish Encyclopedia, Gabriel takes the form of a man, and stands at the left hand of God.[15]Shimon ben Lakish (Syria Palaestina, 3rd century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9).[16] Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending this people against the angels of the other nations.[17]
InKabbalah, Gabriel is identified with thesefira ofYesod. Gabriel also has a prominent role as one of God's archangels in the Kabbalah literature. There, Gabriel is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.[15]
According toJewish mythology, in theGarden of Eden there is atree of life or the "tree of souls"[18] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into theGuf, the treasury of souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand.
Gabriel's first appearance in theNew Testament concerns the annunciation of the birth ofJohn the Baptist. John's fatherZachariah, a priest of the course of Abia, (Luke 1:5–7) was childless because his wifeElisabeth was barren. An angel appears to Zacharias while he is ministering in the Temple to announce the birth of his son. When Zachariah questions the angel, the angel gives his name as Gabriel:
10 And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. 11 And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense. 12 And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. 13 But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. 14 And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. 15 For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. 16 And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. 17 And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. 18 And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. 19 And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew thee these glad tidings. 20 And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season.
After completing his required week[20] of ministry, Zacharias returns to his home and his wife Elizabeth conceives. After she has completed five months of her pregnancy (Luke 1:21–25), Gabriel appears again, now to Mary, to announce the birth of Jesus:
26 And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, 27 To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. 28 And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. 29 And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. 30 And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. 31 And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. 32 He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: 33 And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. 34 Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? 35 And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. 36 And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. 37 For with God nothing shall be impossible. 38 And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her.
Gabriel only appears by name in those two passages in Luke. In the first passage the angel identified himself as Gabriel, but in the second it is Luke who identified him as Gabriel. The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael the Archangel (inJude 1:9) andAbaddon (inRevelation 9:11). Believers are expressly warned not to worship angels in two New Testament passages:Colossians 2:18–19 andRevelation 19:10.[22]
Gabriel is not called an archangel in thecanonical Bible. However, theintertestamental period (roughly 200 BC – 50 AD) produced a wealth ofliterature, much of it having anapocalyptic orientation. The names and ranks of angels and devils were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. This was the period when Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel.
In1 Enoch 9:1–3, Gabriel, along with Michael,Uriel, andSuriel, "saw much blood being shed upon the earth" (9:1) and heard the souls of men cry, "Bring our cause before the Most High" (9:3). In 1 Enoch 10:1, the reply came from "the Most High, the Holy and Great One" who sent forth agents, including Gabriel—
And the Lord said to Gabriel: "Proceed against the bastards and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle: for length of days shall they not have."
Gabriel is the fifth of the five angels who keep watch: "Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim". (1 Enoch 20:7)When Enoch asked who the four figures were that he had seen:
And he said to me: 'This first is Michael, the merciful and long-suffering: and the second, who is set over all the diseases and all the wounds of the children of men, is Raphael: and the third, who is set over all the powers, is Gabriel: and the fourth, who is set over the repentance unto hope of those who inherit eternal life, is named Phanuel.' And these are the four angels of the Lord of Spirits and the four voices I heard in those days.
In a famous early work, the "four homilies on theMissus Est,Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."[24]
The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856[25] has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). WriterElizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".[26]
One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, isFlos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ... by theSpanish writerAlonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.[27] Another source published in Ireland in 1886 theIrish Ecclesiastical Record also mentions 18 March.[28]
The feast of Saint Gabriel was included byPope Benedict XV in theGeneral Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on 24 March.[29] In 1969, the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels Ss. Michael and Raphael.[30] TheChurch of England has also adopted the 29 September date, known asMichaelmas.
26 March is the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in theAnnunciation (eavetaking of the Annunciation)
13 July is also known as the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates all the appearances and miracles attributed to Gabriel throughout history. The feast was first established onMount Athos when, in the 9th century, during the reign ofEmperorBasil II and Empress Constantina Porphyrogenitus and whileNicholas Chrysoverges wasPatriarch of Constantinople, the Archangel appeared in a cell[31] nearKaryes, where he wrote with his finger on a stone tablet the hymn to theTheotokos, "It is truly meet ...".[32]
TheEthiopian Church celebrates his feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" inKulubi and Wonkshet on that day.[37]
In theLutheran Churches, Gabriel is celebrated on the Feast of the Archangels on 29 September.[6]
Additionally, Gabriel is thepatron saint of messengers, those who work for broadcasting and telecommunications such as radio and television, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors.[3]
A familiarimage of Gabriel has him blowing a trumpet blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25–29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8–11); or simply "a trumpet will sound" (I Corinthians 15:52).[38] Likewise the early ChristianChurch Fathers do not mention Gabriel as atrumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.[39]The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the Hymn of the Armenian Saint Nerses Shnorhali, "for Protection in the Night":[40]
The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.
In 1455, inArmenian art, there is an illustration in anArmenian manuscript showing Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.[41]
Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat Chief of the Angelic guards (IV.545f) ... He ended, and the Son gave signal high To the bright minister that watch'd, he blew His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps When God descended, and perhaps once more To sound at general doom. (XI.72ff).
It is unclear how the Armenian conception inspired Milton and the spirituals, though they presumably have a common source.[38]
Inthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints theology, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophetNoah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.[44][45]
A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) visitingMuhammad
Gabriel (Arabic:جِبْرِيل,romanized: Jibrīl; alsoArabic:جبرائيل,romanized: Jibrāʾīl orJabrāʾīl, derived from theHebrew:גַּבְרִיאֵל,romanized: Gaḇrīʾēl)[9][46][47][48] in many places in Qur'an, is revered as one of the primaryarchangels and as the Angel of Revelation inIslam.[9][46][47] He is primarily mentioned in the verses2:97,2:98 and66:4 of theQuran. However, the Quranic text doesn't refer to him as an angel.[46] In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in2:97 and66:4, as well as in2:98, where he is mentioned along with the archangelMichael.[9]
Tafsir (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates thatMuhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.[47] As theHebrew Bible portrays Gabriel as a celestial messenger sent toDaniel,[49] and in theNew Testament toMary, mother of Jesus,[50] andZechariah,[51] Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, includingAdam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime afterthe Fall, too.[52] He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".[53] In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.[54]
Muslims believe that Gabriel was mainly tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to theprophets and messengers, asAsbab al-Nuzul or revelation[55] when Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures revelation, and Muhammad told the Jews it is revealed by Gabriel who is tasked to it.[56]
Muslims also revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the first revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informedZechariah of theNativity of John the Baptist, as well asMary about the futurenativity of Jesus;[57][58] and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informedAbraham of the birth ofIsaac (51:24–30).[59] Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in theHadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.[9]
Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishmentfrom God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire city ofSodom with a tip of his wing.[60] According to a Hadith narrated byAbu Dharr al-Ghifari, which is compiled byal-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has the ability to regulate feeling or perception in humans, particularly happiness or sadness.[61]
Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against anifrit during theNight Journey.[62][63] Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during theBattle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,[64]Michael,Raphael,[65][N 3][N 4] and thousands ofbest angels from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance ofZubayr ibn al-Awwam, aCompanions of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.[N 5][70] This is deemed as Zubayr personal honor according to Islamic belief.[71][72][N 6] Meanwhile,Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in hishistoriography works of Quran and Hadith revelation inProphetic biography, thatSa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during theBattle of Uhud, that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril andMikail in disguise.[74]
Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack theJewish tribe ofBanu Qurayza.[46][75] Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during theBattle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.[76]
OtherIslamic texts and someApocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.[46][77] Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of theHoly Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.[citation needed] However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in theFirst Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating theNephilim.[46]
Yazidis consider Gabriel one of theSeven Mysteries, the heptad to which God entrusted the world, and sometimes identified with the archangelMelek Taus.[78]
Angels are described as pure spirits.[79][80] The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.[81] Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".[82] Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to befemale orandrogynous.[83][84]
Baltimore's (Maryland) "Little Italy" neighborhood has for over 80 years hosted an annual "end of summer" St. Gabriel Festival that features a procession with a statue of the saint carried through the streets.[85][86]
In the apocalyptic supernatural action filmLegion (2010),Kevin Durand plays the role of Archangel Gabriel, the leader of the angel army, and the main antagonist. The story was continued in the TV seriesDominion.
In the analog horror seriesThe Mandela Catalogue, Gabriel is portrayed as the main antagonist, seemingly being the Antichrist or Satan disguised as Gabriel, that manipulates the shepherds to be their saviour instead of Jesus in the first episode, Overthrone. This leads to the events of the series having hostile organisms called Alternates.
2005: Spanishrole-playing gameAnima: Beyond Fantasy, Gabriel is, as the humans know, one of the seven "Beryls" (godlike beings of light), and is identified with the archangel of the same name. She has associated with love, friendship, arts, and peace.
In the 2011 video gameEl Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses.
Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooterUltrakill, and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character.
InThe Binding of Isaac (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces in order to fight Mega Satan.
InIn Death: Unchained, a virtual reality rougelike archery game, God has abandoned the Heaven and Gabriel has lost his sanity. He is a boss of the Paradise Lost area.
Baal-e-Jibril (Published in 1935) is a Urdu philosophical poetry book written by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Jibril-wa-Iblis (Gabriel and Lucifer) is one of its poem, a conversation between Gabriel and Lucifer.
The Hebrew poem "Elifelet [he]" byNathan Alterman, put to music and often heard on theIsraeli Radio, tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.[87][88]
InAugust Wilson'sFences (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the Archangel Gabriel. He carries around a trumpet on him always, and strives to chase away the "hellhounds". In the last scene of the play, he calls forSaint Peter to open the gates.
In the Japaneselight novel seriesNo Game No Life (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books.
In the Japanese light novelHigh School DxD, Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great Seraph whom are the highest rankingSeraph alongside Michael, Uriel, and Raphael. In the novel, Gabriel is depicted as a female angel with immense angelic beauty, and is given the titles of "The Strongest Woman in Heaven" and "The Most Beautiful Woman in Heaven".
In the Japanese light novel seriesDate A Live, Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including March, which enhances the targets physical abilities, and Solo, which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others.
In the 1997 song "My Own Prison" byCreed, Gabriel is mentioned as deciphering the visions to the song's main character.
"Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" was performed by Polishblack metal bandBehemoth.
The 1996 garage/house song "Gabriel" byRoy Davis Jr. (featuring vocals from Peven Everett) is about the archangel Gabriel. In the chorus, Everett can be heard singing "Gabriel play" in reference to Gabriel's trumpet. A trumpet is also heard in the song right after this line is sung.
Daniel 8:15 describes Gabriel as appearing in the "likeness of man" and inDaniel 9:21 he is referred to as "the man Gabriel". David Everson observes that "such anthropomorphic descriptions of an angel are consistent with previous .. .descriptions of angels", as inGenesis 19:5.[16]
Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of scenes of theAnnunciation. In 2008 a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York'sMetropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.[89]
In chronological order (to see each item, follow the link in the footnote):[90]
The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.[91]
Supernatural (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed byRichard Speight Jr., is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting withother angels, including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer.
Dominion (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed byCarl Beukes, is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the Archangel Michael and annihilate humanity.
Now Apocalypse (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed byTyler Posey, is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse.
^Found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.[66] The complete narration fromAl-Hakim al-Nishapuri were: "Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty …"Ibn al Mulqin [id], Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith that he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.[67] However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr[65]
^According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower ofArmageddon trumpet, and one of archangels who bear theThrone of God on their back.[68]
^According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel in Hadith narrated by Muhammad.[69]
^According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad has found an angel whom he though as Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, which the angel, in Zubayr appearance, simply replied, "I am not Zubayr". Thus, according to Hadith expert this another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.[73]
^abcdefghGuiley, Rosemary (2004).Encyclopedia of Angels (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Facts on File, Incorporated. p. 140.ISBN9780816050239.OCLC718132289. Retrieved15 November 2013.He is the patron saint to telecommunication workers, radio broadcasters, messengers, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors.
^For example,Book of Common Prayer 1662, Calendar (29 September) "S. Michael and all Angels", page xxix; or propers, page 227, "Saint Michael and All Angels".
^Aranda Perez, Gonzalo."Gabriel, Archangel".The Claremont Colleges Digital Library. The Coptic Encyclopedia, volume 4. Retrieved22 April 2024.
^THE Dedication (Jesus' birth) "The priests serve 4 weeks per year: 1 week twice a year in courses, and the two week-long feasts, unleavened bread and tabernacles. Pentecost is a one-day observance, which would have come before Zacharias' (the 8th) course began, or at the latest, the 1st day of his course, which was from 12 thru 18 Sivan, or noon on the 19th, if Josephus is correct that courses changed at noon on the sabbaths." Josephus Antiquities b.7 ch.14 s.7 "eight days, from sabbath to sabbath". Josephus against Apion b.2 sect.8 "mid-day"
^Velimirovic, Bishop Nikolai (1985). "13 July: The Holy Archangel Gabriel".Prologue from Ochrid. Birmingham, UK: Lazarica Press.ISBN978-0-948298-05-9. Archived fromthe original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved31 July 2007.
^"Calendar".St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church. 11 January 2012. Retrieved9 July 2022.
^Nega Mezlekia,Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266.ISBN0-312-28914-6.
^abcS. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet",Journal of Bible and Religion9:3:159–161 (August 1941)JSTOR1456405.
^In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimesMichael. In Islamic tradition, it isIsrafil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in theQur'an.
^The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song,The Eyes of Texas (1903):"The eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn." Likewise inMarc Connelly's play based on negro spirituals,The Green Pastures (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.
^Romney, Joseph B."Noah, The Great Preacher of Righteousness".The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved22 September 2019.the Prophet Joseph Smith said: "Noah, who is Gabriel, … stands next in authority to Adam in the Priesthood;
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā'(Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) - Story of Zakariyyā (Zechariah) (2nd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of ʻĪsá (Jesus) (2nd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of Ismāʻīl (Ishmael) (2nd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Ahmad Bahgat (2007). Ayu, Sudjilah (ed.).Nabi-Nabi Allah Kisah Para Nabi dan Rasul Allah dalam Al-Qur'an [Prophets of Allah Stories of the Prophets and Messengers of Allah in the Qur'an] (Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History) (in Indonesian and Arabic). Translated by Muhtadi Kadi; Musthofa Sukawi. Qisthi Press. p. 137.ISBN9789791303101. Retrieved3 March 2022.
^Al-Suyuti (2021). Muhammad as Said Basyuni, Abu Hajir; Yasir, Muhammad (eds.).Misteri Alam Malaikat (Religion / Islam / General) (in Indonesian). Translated by Mishabul Munir. Pustaka al-Kautsar. p. 20.ISBN9789795929512. Retrieved6 February 2022.Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book ofaz-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn Shihab (1/92)
^al-Yahsubi, Al-Qadi Iyad (2013).الشفا بتعريف حقوق المصطفى (ص) [عربي/انكليزي] ترجمة(Ash-Shifa: Healing Through Defining the Rights of Prophet Muhammad [may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him]) (2nd ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah.ISBN978-2-745-16073-7.
^abHakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)".Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved14 December 2021.[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."
^al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.".al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn. Islamweb: Islamweb. Retrieved13 December 2021.4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi , on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub , who reported Abu Huwayrith , that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him
^Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin."كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي" [kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii].Islamweb. Retrieved14 December 2021.
^Hakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)" [Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2)].Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved14 December 2021.Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba'dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-'Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-'Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).
^Bin Al-Hassan & Al-Dimashqi (2012, p. 622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban).
^Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (2021). Nayra, Abu (ed.).Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab [Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab](ebook) (Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference) (in Indonesian). Translated by Abu Ahsan. Hikam Pustaka. pp. 78–79.ISBN9786233114158. Retrieved12 March 2022.
^Burge, Stephen. 2015.Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge.ISBN978-1-136-50473-0 p. 204.
^Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft5. Jahrgang 1997 diagonal-Verlag Ursula Spuler-StegemannDer Engel Pfau zum Selbstvertändnis der Yezidi, p. 14 (in German)
^Longhurst, Dr., Christopher Evan (1 January 1970),"The Science of Angelology in the Modern World: The Revival of Angels in Contemporary Culture",The Catholic Response, September/October 2012, vol. IX, No. 2, Academia.edu, pp. 32–36,ISSN1553-0221
^Godwin, Malcolm (1990).Angels An Endangered Species. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 43.ISBN0671706500.OCLC21227232. Retrieved13 November 2013.But Gabri-el is unique amongst an otherwise male or androgynous host, for it is almost certain that this great Archangel is the only female in the higher echelons.
Bin Al-Hassan, Abi Al-Qasim Ali;Al-Dimashqi, Ibn Asaker (2012).تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 [History of the city of Damascus]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية.
Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006).Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Jewish Publication Society.ISBN978-0-8276-0797-2.
Bunson, Matthew (1996).Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks.ISBN0-517-88537-9.
Cruz, Joan C. (1999).Angels and Devils. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books & Publishers.ISBN0-89555-638-3.
Kreeft, Peter J. (1995).Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them?. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.ISBN978-0-89870-550-8.
Lewis, James R.; Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (2008).Angels A to Z (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. pp. 156–15.ISBN978-1-578592-12-8.
Ronner, John (1993).Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More!. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Mamre Press.ISBN978-0-932945-40-2.
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