Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Glutaredoxin 5 , also known asGLRX5 , is aprotein which in humans is encoded by theGLRX5 gene located onchromosome 14 .[ 5] mitochondrial protein, which is evolutionarilyconserved . It is involved in the biogenesis ofiron- sulfur clusters , which are required for normaliron homeostasis . Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessivepyridoxine-refractory sideroblastic anemia .[ 6]
The GLRX5 gene contains 2exons and encodes for a protein that is 13 kDa in size. The protein is highly expressed inerythroid cells .[ 7] Crystal structure of the GLRX5 protein reveals that the protein likely exists as a tetramer with twoFe-S clusters buried in the interior.[ 8]
GLRX5 is amitochondrial protein, found in mitochondrial matrix and it is conserved evolutionarily and plays a role in the formation ofiron-sulfur clusters , which function to maintainiron homeostasis within the mitochondria and in the cell. GLRX5 is required for the steps inhaem synthesis that involves mitochondrial enzymes,[ 9] hematopoiesis . GLRX5 activity is required for normal regulation of hemoglobin synthesis by the iron-sulfur proteinACO1 . The function of GLRX5 is highly conserved evolutionarily.[ 10]
Clinical significance [ edit ] Mutations in the GLRX5 gene have been associated withsideroblastic anemia ,[ 11] glycine encephalopathy (also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia,NKH ).[ 12] [ 10] [ 7]
^a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000182512 –Ensembl , May 2017^a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021102 –Ensembl , May 2017^ "Human PubMed Reference:" .National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" .National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ Wingert RA, Galloway JL, Barut B, Foott H, Fraenkel P, Axe JL, Weber GJ, Dooley K, Davidson AJ, Schmid B, Schmidt B, Paw BH, Shaw GC, Kingsley P, Palis J, Schubert H, Chen O, Kaplan J, Zon LI (Aug 2005). "Deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 reveals Fe-S clusters are required for vertebrate haem synthesis".Nature .436 (7053):1035– 39.Bibcode :2005Natur.436.1035W .doi :10.1038/nature03887 .PMID 16110529 .S2CID 4333813 . ^ "GLRX5 glutaredoxin 5 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI" .www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved2016-10-26 .^a b Ye H, Jeong SY, Ghosh MC, Kovtunovych G, Silvestri L, Ortillo D, Uchida N, Tisdale J, Camaschella C, Rouault TA (2010)."Glutaredoxin 5 deficiency causes sideroblastic anemia by specifically impairing heme biosynthesis and depleting cytosolic iron in human erythroblasts" .J. Clin. Invest .120 (5):1749– 61.doi :10.1172/JCI40372 .PMC 2860907 PMID 20364084 . ^ Johansson C, Roos AK, Montano SJ, Sengupta R, Filippakopoulos P, Guo K, von Delft F, Holmgren A, Oppermann U, Kavanagh KL (2011)."The crystal structure of human GLRX5: iron-sulfur cluster co-ordination, tetrameric assembly and monomer activity" .Biochem. J .433 (2):303– 11.doi :10.1042/BJ20101286 .hdl :10616/41576 PMID 21029046 . ^ Wingert RA, Galloway JL, Barut B, Foott H, Fraenkel P, Axe JL, Weber GJ, Dooley K, Davidson AJ, Schmid B, Schmidt B, Paw BH, Shaw GC, Kingsley P, Palis J, Schubert H, Chen O, Kaplan J, Zon LI (2005). "Deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 reveals Fe-S clusters are required for vertebrate haem synthesis".Nature .436 (7053):1035– 39.Bibcode :2005Natur.436.1035W .doi :10.1038/nature03887 .PMID 16110529 .S2CID 4333813 . ^a b Camaschella C, Campanella A, De Falco L, Boschetto L, Merlini R, Silvestri L, Levi S, Iolascon A (2007)."The human counterpart of zebrafish shiraz shows sideroblastic-like microcytic anemia and iron overload" .Blood .110 (4):1353– 8.doi :10.1182/blood-2007-02-072520 PMID 17485548 . ^ Camaschella C (Oct 2008). "Recent advances in the understanding of inherited sideroblastic anaemia".British Journal of Haematology .143 (1):27– 38.doi :10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07290.x .PMID 18637800 .S2CID 11780617 . ^ Baker PR, Friederich MW, Swanson MA, Shaikh T, Bhattacharya K, Scharer GH, Aicher J, Creadon-Swindell G, Geiger E, MacLean KN, Lee WT, Deshpande C, Freckmann ML, Shih LY, Wasserstein M, Rasmussen MB, Lund AM, Procopis P, Cameron JM, Robinson BH, Brown GK, Brown RM, Compton AG, Dieckmann CL, Collard R, Coughlin CR, Spector E, Wempe MF, Van Hove JL (Feb 2014)."Variant non ketotic hyperglycinemia is caused by mutations in LIAS, BOLA3 and the novel gene GLRX5" .Brain .137 (Pt 2):366– 79.doi :10.1093/brain/awt328 .PMC 3914472 PMID 24334290 . Davis DA, Newcomb FM, Starke DW, Ott DE, Mieyal JJ, Yarchoan R (Oct 1997)."Thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) is detected within HIV-1 and can regulate the activity of glutathionylated HIV-1 protease in vitro" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .272 (41):25935– 40.doi :10.1074/jbc.272.41.25935 PMID 9325327 . Camaschella C, Campanella A, De Falco L, Boschetto L, Merlini R, Silvestri L, Levi S, Iolascon A (Aug 2007)."The human counterpart of zebrafish shiraz shows sideroblastic-like microcytic anemia and iron overload" .Blood .110 (4):1353– 8.doi :10.1182/blood-2007-02-072520 PMID 17485548 . Bergmann AK, Campagna DR, McLoughlin EM, Agarwal S, Fleming MD, Bottomley SS, Neufeld EJ (Feb 2010)."Systematic molecular genetic analysis of congenital sideroblastic anemia: evidence for genetic heterogeneity and identification of novel mutations" .Pediatric Blood & Cancer .54 (2):273– 8.doi :10.1002/pbc.22244 .PMC 2843911 PMID 19731322 .
