Further education (often abbreviatedFE) in the United Kingdom and Ireland is additional education to that received atsecondary school that is distinct from thehigher education (HE) offered inuniversities and other academic institutions. It may be at any level in compulsory secondary education, from entry to higher level qualifications such as awards, certificates, diplomas and other vocational, competency-based qualifications (including those previously known asNVQ/SVQs) through awarding organisations includingCity and Guilds,Edexcel (BTEC) andOCR. FE colleges may also offer HE qualifications such asHNC,HND,foundation degree orPGCE. The colleges are also a large service provider forapprenticeships where most of the training takes place at the apprentices' workplace, supplemented with day release into college.
FE in the United Kingdom is usually a means to attain an intermediate, advanced or follow-up qualification necessary to progress into HE, or to begin a specific career path outside of university education. Further Education is offered to students aged over 16 at colleges of Further Education, through work-based learning, or adult and community learning institutions.
Provision for further education colleges was laid out in sections 41 to 47 of theEducation Act 1944; their role was to offer "full-time and part-time education" and "leisure-time occupation" for persons over compulsory school age.[1] In the 1960s,A-level students predominantly studied at school rather than colleges (often referred to as "techs" at that time). More types of colleges were introduced over the next decades, and by 1990 colleges took in almost half of A-level students.[2]
Colleges in England are corporate bodies under theFurther and Higher Education Act 1992, which removed further education colleges from local government control.[3] Types of college include:
Policies relating to colleges are primarily the responsibility of theDepartment for Education (DfE). Until July 2016, colleges were also covered by theDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS); on the abolition of BIS and formation of theDepartment for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), responsibility for FE colleges moved to DfE.[4] The regulatory body for sixth form colleges was already DfE prior to the 2016 changes.
Following the merger of theEducation Funding Agency and theSkills Funding Agency in 2017,[5] funding for colleges is provided through theEducation and Skills Funding Agency[6] for all further education students.In 2018/19, colleges' income totalled £6.5 billion, of which £5.1 billion (78%) was public funding. Most college funding follows the learner. Colleges must attract students, competing with each other and with other types of education and training provider. Colleges can borrow commercially, own assets, employ staff and enter into contracts, and they may make financial surpluses or deficits.[7]
The Technical and Further Education Act 2017 laid out a framework for aninsolvency regime for further education colleges known as "Education Administration". This is a form of corporateadministration adapted to the needs of further education, to be used "where a further education body is unable to pay its debts or is likely to become unable to pay its debts" and intended "to avoid or minimise disruption to the studies of the existing students of the further education body as a whole".[8] Education administrators were appointed to run Hadlow College and West Kent College in 2019.[9]
All colleges and FE providers are subject to inspection byOfsted, which monitors the quality of provision in publicly funded institutions in England. Membership organisations for providers include theAssociation of Colleges and theSixth Form Colleges' Association.
In 2020, the government allocated £200 million for repairs and upgrades of FE college buildings, subject to a degree of matched funding by the colleges,[10] and the Department for Education is allocating this to colleges via the Further Education Capital Transformation Fund (FECTF).[11] Sixteen colleges with sites in poor condition have been selected, and detailed proposals were invited for submission before October 2021, for projects which can be completed by December 2024.[11]
Further education in Northern Ireland is provided through seven multi-campus colleges.[12] Northern Ireland'sDepartment for Employment and Learning has the responsibility for providing FE in the province.[13]
Most secondary schools also provide a sixth form scheme whereby a student can choose to attend for two additional years to complete their AS and A-levels.
Scotland's further education colleges provide education for those young people who follow a vocational route after the end of compulsory education at age 16. They offer a wide range of vocational qualifications to young people and older adults, including vocational, competency-based qualifications (previously known asSVQs),Higher National Certificates andHigher National Diplomas. Frequently, the first two years ofhigher education – usually in the form of anHND – are taken in an FE college, followed by attendance at university.
Further education inWales is provided through:
Further education in Wales comes under the remit of theWelsh Assembly Government. Funding came fromEducation and Learning Wales from 2000 until 2006, when that organisation was merged with the Assembly.
Further education in theRepublic of Ireland is similar to that offered in the UK. Typical areas includeapprenticeships and other vocational qualifications in many disciplines, such as childcare, farming, retail, and tourism. The many types of further education awards are known asPost Leaving Certificates.
Further education has expanded immensely in recent years,[when?] helped by the institutions and their relationships with their communities.Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI), which was established in November 2012,[14] is the regulator for FE qualifications.
School types | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Byeducational stage |
| ||||||||||||||
| By funding / eligibility |
| ||||||||||||||
| By style / purpose |
| ||||||||||||||
| By location | |||||||||||||||
| By scope | |||||||||||||||
| Historical |
| ||||||||||||||
| Related topics | |||||||||||||||
