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Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

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Baltic German astronomer and geodesist (1793–1864)

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Von Struve
Born(1793-04-15)15 April 1793
Died23 November 1864(1864-11-23) (aged 71)
NationalityBaltic German[2]
CitizenshipDanish,Russian[1]
Alma materImperial University of Dorpat
AwardsGold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1826)
Royal Medal (1827)
Scientific career
Fieldsastronomy,geodesy

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Russian:Василий Яковлевич Струве, trans.Vasily Yakovlevich Struve; 15 April 1793 – 23 November [O.S. 11 November] 1864) was aBaltic Germanastronomer andgeodesist. He is best known for studyingdouble stars and initiating a triangulation survey later namedStruve Geodetic Arc in his honor.

Life

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He was born to the aristocraticStruve family atAltona,Duchy of Holstein (then a part of theDenmark–Norway kingdoms), the son ofJacob Struve (1755–1841). To avoid military service during theFrench occupation of Holstein, his family moved to the Russian Empire,[3][4][5] equipped with Danish passports.[1]

In 1808 he entered theUniversity of Tartu (Dorpat), where he first studiedphilology, but soon turned his attention toastronomy. From 1813 to 1820, he taught at the university and collected data at theTartu Observatory, and in 1820 became a full professor and director of the observatory. His teachings have had a strong effect that is still felt at the university.[3][4][5]

Struve was occupied with research ondouble stars andgeodesy in Dorpat until 1839, when he founded and became director of the newPulkovo Observatory nearSt Petersburg. Among other honors, he won theGold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1826. He was elected aFellow of the Royal Society in March 1827 and was awarded theirRoyal Medal the same year.[6] Struve was elected a member of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1833, and a Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834.[7] In 1843 he formally adopted Russian nationality.[8] He retired in 1862 due to failing health.[3][4][5]

Theasteroid768 Struveana was named jointly in his honour and that ofOtto Wilhelm andKarl Hermann Struve and alunar crater was named for another 3 astronomers of theStruve family: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, Otto Wilhelm andOtto.[9]

Works

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Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

Struve's name is best known for his observations ofdouble stars, which he carried on for many years. Although double stars had been studied earlier byWilliam Herschel,John Herschel andSir James South, Struve outdid any previous efforts. While at Dorpat he obtained in 1824 a refracting telescope with an aperture of 23 cm (about 9 inches) made byJoseph von Fraunhofer, said to be a masterpiece of optical and mechanical quality.[10] With this telescope Struve discovered a very large number of double stars. In 1827 published his double star catalogueCatalogus novus stellarum duplicium.[5] Stars of his catalogue are sometimes indicated by the Greek letter sigma, Σ. Thus, 61 Cygni is also designated as Σ2758.

Since mostdouble stars are truebinary stars rather than mereoptical doubles (as William Herschel had been the first to discover), they orbit around their commonbarycenter and slowly change position over the years. Thus Struve made micrometric measurements of 2714 double stars from 1824 to 1837 and published these in his workStellarum duplicium et multiplicium mensurae micrometricae.[5]

Struve carefully measured the "constant ofaberration" in 1843. He was also the first to measure theparallax of the starVega, althoughFriedrich Bessel had been the first to measure the parallax of a star (61 Cygni).[5]

In an 1847 work,Etudes d'Astronomie Stellaire: Sur la voie lactee et sur la distance des etoiles fixes, Struve was one of the first astronomers to identify the effects ofinterstellar extinction (though he provided no mechanism to explain the effect). His estimate of the average rate of visual extinction, 1 mag per kpc, is remarkably close to modern estimates (0.7–1.0 mag per kpc).[5]

He was also interested ingeodetic surveying, and in 1831 publishedBeschreibung der Breitengradmessung in den Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. He initiated theStruve Geodetic Arc, a chain of survey triangulations stretching fromHammerfest in Norway to theBlack Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km, to establish theexact size and shape of theearth. UNESCO listed the chain on itsList of World Heritage Sites in Europe in 2005.[11]

In 1853, he was elected as a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[12]

Family

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Struve was the second of a dynasty of astronomers through five generations. He was the great-grandfather ofOtto Struve and the father ofOtto Wilhelm von Struve. He was also the grandfather ofHermann von Struve, who was Otto Struve's uncle.

In 1815 he married Emilie Wall (1796–1834) in Altona, who bore 12 children, 8 of whom survived early childhood. In addition toOtto Wilhelm von Struve, other children wereHeinrich Wilhelm von Struve (1822–1908), a prominent chemist, andBernhard Wilhelm von Struve [ru] (1827–1889), who served as a government official inSiberia and later as governor ofAstrakhan andPerm.[3][5]

After his first wife died, he remarried toJohanna Henriette Francisca Bartels (1807–1867), a daughter of the mathematicianMartin Bartels,[3] who bore him six more children. The most well-known wasKarl von Struve (1835–1907), who served successively as Russian ambassador to Japan, the United States, and theNetherlands.[3][5]

Bernhard's sonPyotr Struve (1870–1944) is probably the best known member of the family in Russia proper (his other descendants mainly resided inEstonia andLatvia, and subsequently inGermany). He was one of the first Russianmarxists and penned themanifesto of theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party upon its creation in 1898. Even before the party split intoBolsheviks andMensheviks, Struve left it for theConstitutional Democratic party, which promoted ideas of liberalism. He represented this party at all the pre-revolutionaryState Dumas. After theRussian Revolution, he published several striking articles on its causes and joined theWhite movement. He was one of the ministers in the governments ofPyotr Wrangel andDenikin. During the following three decades, Pyotr lived in Paris, while his children were prominent in theRussian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.[3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abA. H. Batten (1988).Resolute and undertaking characters: the lives of Wilhelm and Otto Struve. Dordrecht, Holland: Springer. p. 9.ISBN 978-90-277-2652-0.
  2. ^Erki Tammiksaar."Baltic German natural scientists in the science system of the Russian empire".Estonian Institute. Archived fromthe original on 31 March 2012.
  3. ^abcdefgV. K. Abalkinet al.Struve dynastyArchived 14 May 2011 at theWayback Machine (in Russian), St. Petersburg University
  4. ^abcFriedrich Georg Wilhelm StruveArchived 3 May 2010 at theWayback Machine
  5. ^abcdefghiA. H. Batten (1977). "The Struves of Pulkovo – A Family of Astronomers".Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.71: 345.Bibcode:1977JRASC..71..345B.
  6. ^"Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved22 October 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved15 September 2016.
  8. ^A. H. Batten (1988).Resolute and undertaking characters: the lives of Wilhelm and Otto Struve. Dordrecht, Holland: Springer. p. 135.ISBN 978-90-277-2652-0.
  9. ^Lutz D. Schmadel (2003).Dictionary of minor planet names. Springer. p. 73.ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
  10. ^Van De Kamp, Peter (1965)."The Struve Succession".Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.59: 106.Bibcode:1965JRASC..59..106V. Retrieved6 December 2023.
  11. ^Struve Geodetic Arc, UNESCO
  12. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved16 April 2021.

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toFriedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve.
Struve family tree
Jacob
(1755–1841)
Mathematician		Anton Sebastian
Carl
(1785–1838)
Philologist		Ernst
(1786–1822)		Gustav
(1788–1829)		Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm
(1793–1864)
Astronomer		Ludwig
(1795–1828)
Anatomist		Johann Christoph Gustav
(1763–1828)
Diplomat
Otto Wilhelm
(1819–1905)
Astronomer		Heinrich
(1822–1908)
Chemist		Berngard
(1827–1889)
Russian governor		Karl
(1835–1907)
Politician		Johann Ludwig
(1812–1898)		Gustav
(1805–1870)
Politician
Karl Hermann
(1854–1920)
Astronomer		Gustav Ludwig
(1858–1920)
Astronomer		Vasily Berngardovich
(1854–1912)
Mathematician		Peter Berngardovich
(1870–1944)
Revolutionary		Alexander
Berngardovich
Georg Hermann
(1886–1933)
Astronomer		Otto
(1897–1963)
Astronomer		Vasily Vasilevich
(1889–1965)
Historian		Gleb
(1898–1985)
Poet		Aleksey
(1899–1976)
Library founder
Wilfried
(1914–1992)
Astronomer		Nikita Alexeyevich
(1931–2016)
Author
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