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Aparliamentary leader is a political title or a descriptive term used in various countries to designate the person leading aparliamentary group orcaucus in alegislative body, whether it be a national or sub-national legislature. They are their party's most seniormember of parliament (MP) in mostparliamentary democracies.
Aparty leader may be the same person as the parliamentary leader, or the roles may be separated.
In many countries, the position ofleader of a political party (that is, the organisational leader) and leader of a parliamentary group are separate positions, and while they are often held by the same person,[1] this is not always or automatically the case. If the party leader is a member of the government, holds a different political office outside the parliamentary body in question, or no political office at all, the position of parliamentary leader is frequently held by a different person.[2]
In English, the leader may be referred to as a "parliamentary chairman", "group leader",[3] "floor leader", "caucus leader" or simply "parliamentary leader", among other names.
InAustralian andNew Zealand politics, the party figure commonly described as "leader" is usually an MP responsible for managing the party's business within parliament. Party constitutions will typically distinguish between the parliamentary leader and the organisational leader (who typically is outside of parliament), with the latter often termed a "federal president" or "party president".[1][4] The two roles are organisationally distinct even if close cooperation is expected.[1]
A parliamentary leader is chosen inCanadian politics to lead theircaucus in a legislative body, whether it be theHouse of Commons or a provincial legislature.[5] They serve as interim legislative leaders, when a party leader either has no seat in the legislative body, during a transition period preceding, or following a leadership contest.
Each of the sevenpolitical groups of the European Parliament has its own group leader. The groups within the European Parliament are often very broad, so the position of the group leader is a unifying one—they may help to consolidate MEPs with similar outlooks ahead of important votes.[3] The groups are organisationally separate from aEuropean political party, and multiple parties often ally as a single group, thus the distinction between a party and a parliamentary leader is usually strict.[6]
In German politics, leaders of the major parties have often been heads of government of the various states rather than members of the national parliament.[2] Hence, the position of parliamentary leader in thefederal parliament (Germany also has 16 state parliaments) is often occupied by a different person. The parliamentary leader has the supreme responsibility for coordinating the work of the MPs representing his or her party. Even when the party leader is a member of the national parliament, the parliamentary leader can be a different person. For instance,Friedrich Merz was parliamentary leader whileAngela Merkel was party leader for some years while theCDU was in opposition.[7] If the party leader is thechancellor or a member of the government, another person always is the parliamentary leader.[citation needed]
In both houses of theDutch parliament, parliamentary leaders are formally elected by their peers in the parliamentary group.
In theHouse of Representatives, leaders of opposition parties are also their parties' parliamentary leader. Leaders of coalition parties might choose to enter the cabinet, serving asprime minister if their party is the largest in the coalition or otherwise asdeputy prime minister. Otherwise they remain parliamentary leaders.
InBritish politics, the leader of a party is typically the same person as the parliamentary leader. The leader may not fully control the party bureaucracy.[8] The leader may be chosen bymembers of parliament (MPs) from among their number, or elected by the wider party membership at aparty conference, but once elected must retain the support of the parliamentary party.[8] Similarly, the position ofprime minister may be given to the parliamentary leader (the party leader, in the case of the two major parties) of the largest political party inparliament, with the expectation they will be able secure and retain theconfidence of a majority of MPs.[9][10]
Some smaller parties have parliamentary leaders in thenational parliament (in Westminster) who are separate from the party leaders—the party leader may hold office in adevolved (sub-national) parliament or assembly.[11][12] The party leader of theScottish nationalistSNP isJohn Swinney, who serves asfirst minister of Scotland, and does not sit at Westminster. The parliamentary group of the SNP at the Westminster parliament is led by SNP MPStephen Flynn.
Thelegislatures of mostPalauanstates have a floor leader (equivalent to a parliamentary leader). So does theSenate andHouse of Delegates.
In the Philippines, each body of the bicameralCongress has a majority floor leader and a minority floor leader. For theSenate, there is themajority floor leader of the Senate and theminority floor leader of the Senate. For theHouse of Representatives there is themajority floor leader of the House and theminority floor leader of the House. Officeholders do not represent political parties but rather political groupings within each body.
In theUnited States Senate, they are elected by their respective party conferences to serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for their parties and to manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. By custom, thepresiding officer (officially theVice President, in their role as President of the Senate, or thePresident pro tempore, who is usually the mostsenior U.S. senator in the majority party and typically serves in the Vice President's absence) gives the floor leaders priority in obtaining recognition to speak on thefloor of the Senate.
In the Senate's two-party system, the floor leaders are the spokespeople from both major parties, elected by their parties. They also serve essentially as executives of their parties within the Senate. The floor leaders are referred to as theSenate majority leader, who belongs to the party with the most senators, and theSenate minority leader, who belongs to the other major party.
Similar positions exist in theUnited States House of Representatives, except that the role ofHouse Majority Leader normally goes to the second-highest member of the leadership of the majority party, because it traditionally elects its party leader to the position ofSpeaker. In contrastHouse Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the "loyal opposition," and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker.
Similar positions exist for state legislatures as for both houses of Congress. In addition, "governor's floor leaders" or "administration floor leaders" may be selected by the governor in both houses of several states' legislatures to guide and advocate for the governor's legislative agenda. Historically, Governor's floor leaders have been selected in Georgia, Louisiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama and California. "Mayor's floor leaders" have also been historically appointed in the city councils of Chicago,[13] Baltimore,[14] and Houston.[15]