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| Four Symbols | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Clockwise from top left: Black Tortoise of the North, Azure Dragon of the East, Vermilion Bird of the South and White Tiger of the West | |||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Chinese | 四象 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Four Images | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Tứ tượng | ||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 四象 | ||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||
| Hangul | 사상 | ||||||||||||
| Hanja | 四象 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||||||||
| Kanji | 四象 | ||||||||||||
| Hiragana | ししょう | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Four Gods | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 四神 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Tứ Thánh Thú | ||||||
| Chữ Hán | 四聖獣 | ||||||
| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 사신 | ||||||
| Hanja | 四神 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||
| Kanji | 四神 | ||||||
| Hiragana | しじん | ||||||
| |||||||
TheFour Symbols aremythological creatures appearing among theChinese constellations along theecliptic, and viewed as the guardians of the fourcardinal directions. These four creatures are also referred to by a variety of other names, including "Four Guardians", "Four Gods", and "Four Auspicious Beasts". They are theAzure Dragon of the East, theVermilion Bird of the South, theWhite Tiger of the West, and theBlack Tortoise (also called "Black Warrior") of the North. Each of the creatures is most closely associated with a cardinal direction and acolor, but also additionally represents other aspects, including a season of the year, an emotion, virtue, and one of the Chinese "five elements" (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). Each has been given its own individual traits, origin story and a reason for being. Symbolically, and as part of spiritual and religious belief and meaning, these creatures have been culturally important across countries in theSinosphere.
Depictions of mythological creatures clearly ancestral to the modern set of four creatures have been found throughout China. Currently, the oldest known depiction was found in 1987 in a tomb inXishuipo inPuyang, Henan, which has been dated to approximately 5300 BC. In the tomb, labeled M45, immediately adjacent to the remains of the main occupant to the east and west were found mosaics made of clam shells and bones forming images closely resembling the Azure Dragon and White Tiger, respectively.[1]
The modern standard configuration was settled much later, with variations appearing throughout Chinese history. For example, theRong Cheng Shi manuscript recovered in 1994, which dates to theWarring States period (c. 453–221 BCE), gives five directions rather than four and places the animals differently. According to that document,Yu the Great gave directional banners to his people, marked with the following insignia: the north with abird, the south with a snake, the east with the sun, the west with the moon, and the center with abear.[2] TheChinese classicBook of Rites mentions the Vermillion Bird, Black Tortoise (Dark Warrior), Azure Dragon, and White Tiger as heraldic animals onwar flags;[3] they were the names ofasterisms associated with the four cardinal directions: South, North, East, and West, respectively.[4]
InTaoism, the Four Symbols have been assigned human identities and names. TheAzure Dragon is named Meng Zhang (孟章), theVermilion Bird is called Ling Guang (陵光), theWhite Tiger Jian Bing (監兵), and theBlack Tortoise Zhi Ming (執明). Its Japanese equivalent, in corresponding order:Seiryū (east),Suzaku (south),Byakko (west),Genbu (North).
The colours associated with the four creatures can be said to match the colours of soil in the corresponding areas of China: the bluish-grey water-logged soils of the east, the reddish iron-rich soils of the south, the whitish saline soils of the western deserts, the black organic-rich soils of the north, and the yellow soils from the centralloess plateau.[5]
The chapter繫辭上;Xì Cí shàng; 'The Great Treatise I' in theI Ching (易經; 'Classics of Changes') describes the origins of the Four Symbols thus:[6][7]
易有太極，
是生兩儀，
兩儀生四象，
四象生八卦，Yì yǒu tài jí ，
shì shēng liǎngyí ，
liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng ，
sìxiàng shēng bāguà ，
These mythological creatures have also been syncretized into theFive Phases system (Wuxing). The Azure Dragon of the East represents Wood, the Vermilion Bird of the South represents Fire, the White Tiger of the West represents Metal, and the Black Tortoise (or Black Warrior) of the North represents Water. In this system, the fifth principle Earth is represented by theYellow Dragon of the Center.[8]
| Four Auspicious Beasts | Five directions | Five seasons | Times of day[9] | Five colors | Wuxing | Four Symbols | Yao | Five Gods[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azure Dragon | East | Spring | Dawn | Blue-green | Wood | Young yang | ⚍ | Goumang (句芒) / Chong (重) |
| Vermilion Bird | South | Summer | Midday | Red | Fire | Old yang | ⚌ | Zhurong (祝融) / Li (犁) |
| White Tiger | West | Autumn | Dusk | White | Metal | Young yin | ⚎ | Rushou (蓐收) / Gai (該) |
| Black Turtle-Snake | North | Winter | Midnight | Black | Water | Old yin | ⚏ | Xuanming (玄冥) / Xiu & Xi (修 & 熙) |
| Yellow Dragon orQilin | Central | Midsummer | Yellow | Earth | Houtu (后土) / Goulong (句龍) |
The Four Symbols are represented in an inspired line of skins for characters of the first-person-shooterOverwatch. In the game's 2018 Chinese New Year (Year of the Dog) event, playable characters Zarya, Mercy, Pharah, and Genji received cosmetic skins based on the Black Tortoise (Xuanwu), the Vermillion Bird (Zhuque), the Azure Dragon (Qinglong), and the White Tiger (Baihu), respectively.
In theNintendo DS gamePokémon Black and White,Tornadus, Thundurus, and Landorus have forms that are inspired by the Vermillion Bird, the Azure Dragon, and the White Tiger respectively. Later,Pokémon Legends: Arceus completed the set withEnamorus, which is inspired by the Black Tortoise.
In theWebtoonThe God of High School, Daewi Han's "Secret Art of the Four Guardian Gods" technique consists of four stances named after the Four Symbols: The Fist of the Black Turtle, the Kick of The Red Phoenix, the Dance of The White Tiger, and the Wave of the Blue Dragon.
In theMMORPGFinal Fantasy XIV Online, bySquare Enix, the expansionStormblood features a quest-line and trial series inspired by The Four Symbols called "The Four Lords". The Four Lords all bear a resemblance to each of the Four Symbols along with their Japanese names: Genbu (Black Tortise), Byakko (White Tiger), Suzaku (Vermilion Bird), and Seiryu (Azure Dragon).
