| Forfexopterus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Second specimen ofForfexopterus (SDUST V1003) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | †Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | †Pterodactyloidea |
| Family: | †Ctenochasmatidae |
| Genus: | †Forfexopterus Jiang et al.,2016 |
| Species: | †F. jeholensis |
| Binomial name | |
| †Forfexopterus jeholensis Jiang et al., 2016 | |
Forfexopterus (meaning "scissor wings") is a genus ofctenochasmatidpterosaur from the Early CretaceousJiufotang Formation inChina. It contains a single species,F. jeholensis, named from a mostly complete skeleton by Shunxing Jiang and colleagues in 2016. A second specimen, consisting of a wing, was described in 2020. While the first specimen is larger, it shows signs of being less mature than the second specimen, indicating that the developmental trajectories ofForfexopterus were variable. Like other ctenochasmatids,Forfexopterus had a long, low skull filled with many slender teeth; unlike other members of the group, however, it did not have a spatula-shaped snout tip or crests, and its teeth were more curved. A single characteristic distinguishesForfexopterus from all other members of the wider groupArchaeopterodactyloidea: of the fourphalanx bones in its wing finger, the first was shorter than the second but longer than the third.
Theholotype specimen ofForfexopterus was discovered by a local farmer, who had partially damaged this specimen while attempting to remove the encasing rock; the specimen was later restored. The specimen, which has the number HM (Hami Museum) V20, represents a single individual, and consists of a mostly complete skeleton including the skull but missing most of the vertebral column.[1] It was discovered in rocks belonging to theJiufotang Formation, dating to approximately 120 million years ago (theAptian age), in the Xiaotaizi locality near Lamadong Town,Jianchang County,Liaoning, China.[2][3] It was described in 2016 by Shunxing Jiang and colleagues.[1]
In 2020, the second specimen SDUST (Shandong University of Science and Technology) V1003 was described by Chang-Fu Zhou and colleagues; it consists of an articulated right wing. It came from the Xiaoyaogou site, which is 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) southeast of Xiaotaizi. While all of the preserved bones have been exposed, the long fourthmetacarpal of the wing is broken in two places, and parts of the second and third digits are missing. Like the holotype, it was damaged during excavation, with some anatomical details of theulna,radius,carpals, and pteroid (a wing bone exclusively found in pterosaurs) being indiscernable.[3] In 2022, the third specimen SDUST V1007 was described by Zhou and colleagues. It consists of the tip of the lower law, and was found at the Dayaogou site in Jianchang County.[4]
The generic nameForfexopterus is derived from Latinforfex ("scissors") and Greekpterus ("wings"), and refers to the scissor-like shape of the jaws; the specific namejeholensis refers to theJehol region.[1]
Forfexopterus would have been large for anarchaeopterodactyloid pterosaur. In 2016, Jiang and colleagues estimated the wingspan of HM V20 at 3 metres (9.8 ft);[1] in 2020, Zhou and colleagues revised this to 2.37 metres (7 ft 9 in) by doubling the length of the wing. A similar methodology yielded 1.78 metres (5 ft 10 in) for SDUST V1003. Despite being the larger specimen, HM V20 was only a subadult, while the smaller SDUST V1003 was an adult.[3] The former has unfused bones that are typically fused in adult pterosaurs: theatlas andaxis, the first twoneck vertebrae; thescapula andcoracoid in the shoulder; theepiphysis (lower end) of thehumerus to its shaft; and the attachment of the extensor tendon to the firstphalanx bone of the wing finger,[1] whereas these are all fused in the latter. This discrepancy is suggestive of developmental variation in the genus, and may be both connected to and independent ofsexual dimorphism as in other pterosaurs such asPteranodon;[5] however, insufficient fossil evidence exists to assess this.[3]
The skull was low and long, measuring 51 centimetres (20 in) in length. The tip of the upper jaw was not expanded into a spatulate shape, unlikeGnathosaurus,Huanhepterus, andPlataleorhynchus.[6] UnlikeFeilongus andMoganopterus, it appears that no crest was present on either jaw. Both jaws were filled by slender, smooth-surfaced teeth that pointed outwards like otherctenochasmatids, with an estimated 30 and 28 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. However, the teeth ofForfexopterus were more curved than other ctenochasmatids, and they were also less dense than contemporary ctenochasmatids (with a tooth density of 2.2 per centimetre (5.6/in) in the lower jaw). The teeth were restricted to the front third of the jaw, before the nasoantorbital fenestra that housed the nostrils, which was similar toHuanhepterus,Cathayopterus, andGegepterus. These characteristics are part of a unique combination of features that distinguishesForfexopterus. WhilePterofiltrus had a similar number of teeth, they occupied more of the jaws.[1] The tip of the lower jaw had a short midline projection at the front, which is also seen inPangupterus andLiaodactylus; a similar process is known as theodontoid process in theIstiodactylidae, but unlike in istiodactylids the process ofForfexopterus was probably too short to have had a cutting function.[4]
In the neck, the axis (second neck vertebra) was short and had a lowneural spine on top, likeMoganopterus. However, the fifth neck vertebra was less elongated thanMoganopterus orHuanhepterus and was closer to the typical condition of other archaeopterodactyloids (being 4.7 times as long as it was wide).Ribs are associated with the fifth neck vertebra as inBeipiaopterus andGegepterus, but the sixth and seventh lack them. Unlike theBoreopteridae, these vertebrae had relatively low neural spines as well.[1]
In the shoulder girdle, a number of characteristics contributed to a unique combination of features: a pointed projection on thesternum known as the cristospine was long; the location where the coracoids attached to the sternum, located on either side of a midline ridge on the cristospine, was further forward on the right side than the left; and the coracoid bears a weakly-developed flange (also known inBeipiaopterus,Gegepterus, andElanodactylus, although also variably present in theAzhdarchoidea[3]). HM V20 in particular was the first archaeopterodactyloid specimen that preserved the articulation of the sternum with the coracoid. LikeBeipiaopterus,Elanodactylus, andZhenyuanopterus, the scapula was longer than the coracoid. UnlikeGegepterus, the back of the sternum was curved inForfexopterus.[1]
In the arm, the humerus had a well-developed deltopectoral crest that was only a quarter of the shaft's length likeBeipiaopterus andZhenyuanopterus. At the bottom of the crest, HM V20 had an opening (pneumatic foramen), also seen inElanodactylus andBoreopterus, but the condition in SDUST V1003 is unclear. Unlike contemporary archaeopterodactyloids, the ulna was proportionally long compared to the humerus (being 63% longer in HM V20 and 48% longer in SDUST V1003). The ulna was slightly thicker than the radius, likeBeipiaopterus andHuanhepterus, while it was up to twice as thick in other archaeopterodactyloids. For the slender, pointed pteroid, the ratio of its length was similar to the Boreopteridae (46.7% in HM V20, 47.3% in SDUST V1003).Forfexopterus is unique among archaeopterodactyloids in that the first phalanx bone of its wing finger was shorter than the second but longer than the third;Elanodactylus was similar, except the first was shorter than the third. The first three wing phalanges were straight, while the fourth phalanx was curved with an expanded (not pointed) end likeElanopterus andGegepterus. All three of the free digits were tipped with large, curved claws bearing prominent tubercles for muscle attachment, with the first digit being shortest and the third being longest.[1][3]
As inElanodactylus andHuanhepterus, the head of the femur had a constricted neck and a flat articulating surface. Like most other archaeopterodactyloids, the tibia was longer than the femur. Relative toBeipiaopterus andGegepterus, the fibula was short compared to the tibia at 40% of its length, but the thirdmetatarsal bone was similar at 37.1% of its length. Compared to the hand, the claws on the five toes ofForfexopterus were relatively small.[1] Some authors have suggested that the foot structure ofForfexopterus and otherfilter feeding ctenochasmatids—with long metatarsals and small digits—may have been an adaptation to improve the ability to wade in water.[7]
Jiang and colleagues determined thatForfexopterus was a member of the Archaeopterodactyloidea, on account of the long fourth (wing) metacarpal and the reduced fifth metatarsal in the foot. They tentatively assigned it to the Ctenochasmatidae based on the long snout, the presence of more than 100 teeth, the third metatarsal of the foot being longer than a third of the tibia, and the presence of projections called exapophyses on the vertebrae.[1] This attribution was followed by Zhou and colleagues,[3] as well as other authors in their assessments of ctenochasmatid specimens.[8] In 2023, Jiang and colleagues noted proportional similarities betweenForfexopterus,Elanodactylus,Eosipterus, and their new taxonCratonopterus, which they used to affirm its position within the Ctenochasmatidae.[9] Pêgas (2024) includedForfexopterus in aphylogenetic analysis of the Pterosauria and found support for similar relationships, withForfexopterus andElanodactylus assister taxa within theCtenochasmatoidea. These results are displayed in thecladogram below:[10]
The teeth of theForfexopterus lower jaw specimen SDUST V1007 showed signs ofabrasion near the tip of the crown, with the teeth having wear facets on the outer (labial), inner (lingual), or both surfaces. The facets on the outer surfaces tended to be relatively low-angled, and were only present on more heavily-worn teeth. By contrast, the facets on the inner surfaces were higher-angled and were present on most of the teeth, implying that this type of tooth abrasion began earlier in life. Such wear facets arise from regular contact (occlusion) between teeth in the upper and lower jaws. However, this contact only results in facets on the outer surfaces of the lower teeth and on the inner surfaces of the upper teeth.[4]
In 2022, Zhou and colleagues suggested that the unique wear pattern of SDUST V1007 was related to the pattern of tooth replacement inForfexopterus. This specimen preserves nine replacement teeth on the lower jaw, which were sharp and pointed. They grew on the insides of the functional teeth to about a third of their length. If a similar pattern of tooth replacement existed in the upper jaw, this would suggest that the wear facets on the inner surfaces of the lower teeth were made by the older functional tooth, while the wear facets on the outer surfaces of the lower teeth were made by their replacement teeth. Zhou and colleagues indicated that this pattern could only occur when the teeth pointed outwards horizontally, as was the case inForfexopterus and other ctenochasmatids.[4]
Ctenochasmatid teeth vary in shape and arrangement, from the needle-like, closely-packed teeth ofPterodaustro andCtenochasma (adapted for eatingplanktonic prey) to the wider-spaced teeth ofGnathosaurus andPlataleorhynchus arranged in spoonbills (adapted for eating larger prey). Biomechanical research indicates that these specialized forms had very weak bite forces.[11] Compared to these forms,Forfexopterus,Feilongus, andMoganopterus had short tooth rows and widely-spaced teeth, but also lacked spoonbill-shaped snouts. Combined with the wear facets ofForfexopterus, Zhou and colleagues suggested that this was indicative of a relatively active feeding strategy.[4]
The Jiufotang Formation in the Lamadong area consists of lake deposits,[12] with at least SDUST V1003 having been discovered in such deposits. In particular, fish similar toJinanichthys andfreshwater snails similar toGalba were found on the same slab as SDUST V1003.[3] Other pterosaurs from these deposits include the ctenochasmatidMoganopterus,[1] thelonchodectidIkrandraco,[13] and theanurognathidVesperopterylus.[14] Pterosaurs known from other deposits of the Jiufotang Formation include the ctenochasmatidsFeilongus,Gladocephaloideus, andPangupterus;[3][4] theanhangueriansGuidraco,Liaoningopterus, andLinlongopterus;[15] thechaoyangopteridsChaoyangopterus,Eoazhdarcho,Jidapterus, andShenzhoupterus;[16] the istiodactylidsIstiodactylus,Liaoxipterus,Lingyuanopterus,Nurhachius, and possiblyHongshanopterus;[17][18] and thetapejaridSinopterus,[19] for a total of 23 pterosaur species from the formation as of 2016.[17][20]
Other animals known from the same beds asForfexopterus include theornithuromorph birdsMengciusornis andZhongjianornis; theenantiornithine birdsFortunguavis andBohaiornis; the turtlesLiaochelys andPerochelys; the lizardYabeinosaurus; thechoristoderanPhilydrosaurus; the mammalLiaoconodon, and thecynodontFossiomanus.[13]
