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Foreign relations of Tuvalu

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From 1916 to 1975,Tuvalu was part of theGilbert and Ellice Islands colony of the United Kingdom. Areferendum was held in 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, the separate British colonies ofKiribati and Tuvalu were formed. Tuvalu became fully independent as asovereign state within theCommonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the189th member of the United Nations.

Tuvalu is a very smallisland country of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). In terms of physical land size, Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than theVatican City—0.44 km2;Monaco—1.95 km2 andNauru—21 km2. it is the third-least populated independent country in the world, with a population of 10,507 (2017 Census).[1] Because of the small size of theeconomy of Tuvalu, its foreign relations are limited to its most important partners. Tuvalu maintains close relations with Fiji, New Zealand, Australia (which has maintained aHigh Commission in Tuvalu since 2018), Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and theEuropean Union.

As a small Pacific Island nation, a major concern is the effect ofclimate change on theatolls. Tuvalu is adeveloping country and works with other island states, which tend to share similarsustainable development challenges, such as thePacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS).

Tuvalu participates in the work ofthe Pacific Community (SPC) and is a member of thePacific Islands Forum, theCommonwealth of Nations and theUnited Nations. It has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000.

International organisational participation

[edit]

Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

On 1 September 2000,Tuvalu became a full member of theCommonwealth of Nations. Since its independence in 1978, Tuvalu had been aspecial member,[2] but without having any voting rights in the organisation that brings together 54 countries that are mostly former colonies of the United Kingdom. Tuvalu's admission as a full member was approved by the members of the Commonwealth unanimously earlier in the year.

Membership of the United Nations

[edit]
Main article:Tuvalu and the United Nations

Tuvalu became the189th member of theUnited Nations on 17 September 2000.[3][4]

AmbassadorTapugao Falefou took up his appointment as thepermanent representative of Tuvalu to the United Nations on 13 February 2023.[5] He was also appointed as the Ambassador to the United States of America.[6]

Tuvalu notablyplayed an active role in the2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference inCopenhagen, attracting media and public attention with a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emission cuts, including on developing nations. Following Tuvaluan delegate Ian Fry's "tear-jerking [speech] that prompted wild applause among the crowded Copenhagen conference floor",The Australian's political editor commented that Tuvalu was "no longer small fry on the world stage".[7]

The United Nations designates Tuvalu as aleast developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks.[8] Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation.[9][10] In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation fromleast developed country (LDC) status to aDeveloping country to 2015. Prime MinisterEnele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations'sNational Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance forclimate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs".[11] Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister,Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of theEnvironmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).[12][13]

Regional organisational relations

[edit]

Tuvalu is a full member of thePacific Islands Forum, theSouth Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, theSouth Pacific Tourism Organisation, theSecretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and thePacific Community.

Tuvalu participates in the operations of thePacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA)[14] and theWestern and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC).[15] The Tuvaluan government, theUS government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), entered into force in 1988. The current SPTT agreement expires on 14 June 2013.[16] Tuvalu is one of the eight signatories of the Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest (Nauru Agreement) which collectively controls 25–30% of the world's tuna supply and approximately 60% of the western and central Pacific tuna supply[1]. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty and Nauru Agreement) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months.[17][18]

In 1993, Tuvalu became a member of theAsian Development Bank. Tuvalu endorsed theTreaty of Rarotonga joining itself to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty in 1985.

In 2004, Tuvalu provided police officers to theRegional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Tuvaluan Police officers served as part of RAMSI's Participating Police Force (PPF).

In November 2011, Tuvalu was one of the eight founding members ofPolynesian Leaders Group, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment.[19][20] Tuvalu participates in theAlliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under theMajuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu committed to implement power generation of100% renewable energy, which was proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered as part of the commitment to increase the use ofrenewable energy in Tuvalu.[21]

On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined thePacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).[22] In June 2017, Tuvalu signed thePacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER).[23][24]

International organisations

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In addition to its membership in the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations, outside the region, Tuvalu is a member or participant of theACP (Lomé Convention), theAlliance of Small Island States,Asian Development Bank,Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), theFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO), theG-77, theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development, theInternational Civil Aviation Organization, theInternational Development Association, theInternational Finance Corporation, theIMF, theInternational Maritime Organization, theInternational Olympic Committee, theITU and theUniversal Postal Union. While Tuvalu is not currently a member of theInternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, it has observer status with admission and recognition still pending.

In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and theEuropean Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of theAid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to theCotonou Agreement with theEuropean Union (which succeeded theLomé Convention).[25] On 31 May 2017 the first enhanced High Level Political Dialogue between Tuvalu and the European Union under the Cotonou Agreement was held in Funafuti.[26]

Tuvalu is also a member of the following organisations:[27]

ACP,ADB,AOSIS,Commonwealth of Nations,FAO,IBRD (also known as the World Bank),ICAO,IDA,IFRCS (observer),ILO,IMF,IMO,IOC,ITU,OPCW,PIF,Sparteca,SPC,UN,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UPU,WHO,World Meteorological Organization.

Tuvalu became a member of theAsian Development Bank in 1993,[28] and became a member of theWorld Bank in 2010.[29]

Tuvalu is notable for its absence of membership in several major international organisations. For example, it is one of only four UN members that do not belong to the Specialized Agencies. Tuvalu is one of only 13 UN members that are not members of theInternational Finance Corporation and is one of only 16 UN members that are neither amember nor an observer of theWorld Trade Organization. Finally, as with many other nations in Oceania, Tuvalu is not a member ofInterpol or of theInternational Hydrographic Organization.

Relations with other nations

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Consulates and honorary consulates

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Tuvalu has only five diplomatic missions abroad: a High Commission inSuva,Fiji, (opened in 1976), its office at theUnited Nations (opened in 2001), an embassy in the Republic of China (opened in March 2013), a High Commission inWellington,New Zealand (opened in February 2015).[30][31] and an embassy to theUnited Arab Emirates inAbu Dhabi (opened in April 2022).[32]

Tuvalu maintains honorary consulates inAustralia,Germany,Japan,New Zealand, thePhilippines,Singapore,South Korea,Switzerland, theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom.

The Republic of China (Taiwan) has a resident embassy in Tuvalu.France maintains anhonorary consulate in Tuvalu. In 2018Australia upgraded its representation in Tuvalu from a representative office ofAusAid to aHigh Commission.[33] All three of these are located in Funafuti.In 2021 Tuvalu appointed Ambassador Shivshankar Nair GCEG as its Envoy to The Commonwealth to lead the campaign of Sir Italeli Iakoba, the former Governor General to become the SG of the Commonwealth.Subsequently, Ambassador Nair was appointed Special Envoy in charge of Oceans and Climate change

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Tuvalu maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1 NauruUnknown
2 Fiji1977[34]
3 Australia30 November 1977[35]
4 Canada1 October 1978[36]
5 New Zealand1 October 1978[37]
6 United KingdomOctober 1978[38]
7 South Korea15 November 1978[39]
8 Kiribati1978[40]
9 Japan30 April 1979[41]
10 United States10 May 1979[42]
11 France14 May 1979[43]
12 Germany26 June 1979[44]
13 Turkey19 July 1979[45]
14 ItalyJuly 1979[46]
— Republic of China19 September 1979[47]
15 Papua New GuineaJanuary 1980[48]
16 Chile30 July 1980[49]
17 Solomon Islands1 October 1980[50]
18 BelgiumBefore 1981[51]
19 NetherlandsBefore 1981[51]
20 Malaysia5 April 1983[52]
21 Bangladesh29 August 1983[53]
22 IsraelJuly 1984[54]
23 Greece1984[55]
24 India13 August 1986[56]
25 Federated States of Micronesia3 March 1988[57]
26 Samoa1988[58]
27 Marshall Islands14 September 1990[59]
28 Spain4 May 1995[60]
29 IrelandSeptember 2000[61]
30 Singapore8 December 2001[62]
31 Philippines23 September 2002[63]
32 Iceland26 July 2005[62]
33 Czech Republic28 July 2005[62]
34 Thailand29 August 2005[64]
35  Switzerland4 November 2005[46]
36 Malta20 January 2006[62]
37 Slovakia30 January 2006[62]
38 Maldives14 March 2006[62]
39 Austria23 March 2006[62]
40 Cuba26 April 2006[62]
41 Brazil12 May 2006[62]
42 Romania12 May 2006[62]
43 Mexico27 September 2006[62]
44 Iran2008[65]
45 Finland6 March 2009[62]
46 Portugal26 May 2009[66]
47 Azerbaijan9 September 2009[62]
48 Luxembourg16 September 2009[62]
49 Slovenia23 September 2009[46]
50 United Arab Emirates29 March 2010[62]
51 Norway7 May 2010[46]
52 Egypt23 December 2010[67]
53 Seychelles20 December 2010[67]
54 Georgia4 February 2011[62]
55 Montenegro4 May 2011[62]
56 Bulgaria18 May 2011[62]
57 Guatemala20 May 2011[68]
58 Morocco23 May 2011[62]
59 Estonia25 May 2011[62]
60 Albania1 June 2011[62]
61 Bosnia and Herzegovina1 June 2011[62]
62 Paraguay2 June 2011[69]
63 Hungary3 June 2011[46]
64 Cambodia28 June 2011[62]
65 North Macedonia29 June 2011[62]
66 Latvia7 July 2011[62]
67 Nicaragua3 August 2011[62]
68 Tajikistan1 September 2011[62]
69 Uruguay9 September 2011[62]
70 Kyrgyzstan14 September 2011[62]
71 Ecuador19 September 2011[62]
72 Russia25 October 2011[70]
73 Mongolia5 December 2011[62]
74 Armenia16 March 2012[71]
75 Qatar9 March 2012[62]
76 Peru29 March 2012[62]
77 Colombia3 April 2012[62]
78 Comoros5 April 2012[62]
79 Republic of Congo27 April 2012[62]
80 Moldova17 May 2012[62]
81 Monaco29 May 2012[62]
82 Liechtenstein1 June 2012[46]
83 Algeria6 June 2012[62]
84 El Salvador8 June 2012[69]
85 Dominican Republic13 June 2012[62]
86 Mauritania13 June 2012[72]
87 Dominica26 July 2012[62]
88 Gambia26 July 2012[62]
89 Kazakhstan27 July 2012[62]
90 Sweden24 August 2012[46]
91 Liberia28 August 2012[67]
92 Timor-Leste8 September 2012[73]
93 Belarus12 September 2012[74]
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19 September 2012[62]
95 Ukraine27 September 2012[75]
96 Guyana28 September 2012[76]
97 Indonesia1 October 2012[77]
98 Haiti7 November 2012[69]
99 Andorra9 November 2012[62]
100 Kuwait29 November 2012[62]
101   Nepal11 December 2012[62]
102 Burkina Faso15 February 2013[62]
103 San Marino19 March 2013[46]
104 Senegal1 July 2013[62]
105 Cyprus2 July 2013[62]
— Cook IslandsAugust 2013[78]
106 Saudi Arabia26 March 2015[62]
107 Poland4 May 2015[79]
— Kosovo2016[46]
108 Argentina15 May 2018[62]
109 Lithuania7 June 2018[80]
110 Serbia4 April 2019[62]
111 Croatia2 November 2020[62]
112 Venezuela4 August 2021[62]
113 Saint Kitts and Nevis4 April 2022[81]
114 Bahamas23 June 2022[69]
115 Gabon24 June 2022[67]
— Niue11 July 2022[40]
116 Vanuatu12 July 2022[40]
117 Palau15 July 2022[40]
118 Saint Lucia14 December 2022[62]
119 LebanonUnknown[65]
120 MauritiusUnknown[67]
121 PakistanUnknown[65]
122 TongaUnknown[40]
123 Trinidad and TobagoUnknown[69]

Bilateral relations

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CountryFormal relations began onNotes
 Australia1 October 1978SeeAustralia–Tuvalu relations

Australia has strong ties with Tuvalu and was one of the three founding donating countries to theTuvalu Trust Fund and continues as a major donor of aid and technical assistance to Tuvalu.[82] The official currency of Tuvalu from 1966 to 1976 was theAustralian dollar, which strengthens the economic bonds between the two countries in particular. Since 1976, Tuvalu began issuing its own coinage (seeTuvaluan dollar) but the country continues to use Australian banknotes as official currency, and the value of the Tuvaluan currency is directly tied to the Australian dollar. In this regard, the Tuvaluan dollar is similar to theFaroese króna's relationship to theDanish krone as the Tuvaluan dollar is not an independent currency but has been assigned anISO 4217 currency code, although it is treated as equivalent to the Australian dollar.

Tuvaluans can participate in the AustralianPacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.[83]

In the 2018 Federal budget, Australia allocated funding to establish a High Commission in Tuvalu,[33] which was established in Tuvalu Road, Vaiaku, Funafuti.[84]

On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union, abilateral diplomatic relationship with Australia, under which Australia will increase its contribution to theTuvalu Trust Fund and to theTuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (TCAP).[85][86][87] Australia will also provide an pathway for citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia, to enable climate-related mobility for Tuvaluans.[86]

 Cuba26 April 2006SeeCuba–Tuvalu relations

In September 2008, Prime MinisterApisai Ielemia attended thefirst Cuba-Pacific Islands ministerial meeting inHavana. He was, along withI-Kiribati PresidentAnote Tong, one of the first two Pacific leaders to visitCuba. The meeting aimed at "strengthening cooperation" between Cuba andPacific Island countries, notably in coping with the effects of climate change – an issue of critical importance to Tuvalu.[88] At the meeting the Cuban Government agreed to provide qualified medical doctors to work in Tuvalu and to provide medical education to Tuvaluan students.

In 2008 the Government of Tuvalu sent ten Tuvaluan students to study medicine in Cuba and ten more were sent in 2010.[89] The first Cuban doctor arrived in Tuvalu in October 2008 with two additional doctors arriving in February 2009. In 2011 there were four Cuban doctors working at thePrincess Margaret Hospital.[90]

 European Union

TheEuropean Union provides a significant amount of aid and technical assistance to Tuvalu;[91] Aid programs for water supply and improvements to waste treatment and other environmental issues were announced in 2009.[92] In March 2014 the European Union provided finance to the Government of Tuvalu for the supply and installation of battery-backed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for the outer islands. The 191kWp project extends the implementation ofrenewable energy in Tuvalu and will provide the islands with 24 hours-a-day electricity. Tuvalu will be able to reduce consumption of fuel used to produce electricity by 120,000 litres of diesel per year, amounting to reduction in spending on diesel of about AU$200,000.[93]

 Fiji1 October 1978[94]SeeFiji–Tuvalu relations

Relations with Fiji are important as it is by far Tuvalu's largest source of imports. In 2010, Fiji was the source of 46.1% of all imports to Tuvalu. Additionally, relations with Fiji are of particular importance to Tuvalu as all regularly scheduled commercial flights to and from Tuvalu are through Fiji. At present, the only airline flying into the country isFiji Airways (formerly known as Air Pacific). Additionally, regular commercial boat service to Tuvalu is primarily through Fiji. The majority of nations that recognize Tuvalu accredit their embassies in Fiji to serve Tuvalu. This makes Fiji an important diplomatic centre for Tuvalu.

His Excellency The President RatuEpeli Nailatikau of Fiji visited Tuvalu in February 2014. He described Tuvalu is being a valued partner in the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF) and spoke of Fiji and Tuvalu as having a joint interest in working within the Pacific Small Island Developing States forum to push the rest of the world to take decisive action on climate change.[95]

In October 2014 the prime ministers of Fiji and Tuvalu signed the Fiji-Tuvalu Maritime Boundary Treaty, which establishes the extent of the national areas of jurisdiction between Fiji and Tuvalu as recognized in international law under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.[96]

 France

ThroughFrench Polynesia, France shares a sea border with Tuvalu, and Tuvalu maintains very strong relations withFrance, cooperating in France's environmental efforts and maintaining close ties with French positions in votes in the United Nations.[97]

The French Pacific Funds for Cultural, Social and Economic Development has funded projects in Tuvalu. The largest of these projects (at €50,000) was a major study on renewable energy in 2005. Other projects to date have included the construction of La Pérouse School (1992),air navigation training (1996), the electrification of the Amatuku Maritime School (1996) and a project to increase food production on Nanumaga (1998).[98]

The Franco-Tuvalan environmental protectionnon-governmental organisation Alofa Tuvalu has operated in Tuvalu since 2009, primarily with French funding. Alofa Tuvalu's stated purpose is to conduct an "extensive study and documentation project aimed at reinforcing Tuvalu's capacities to survey, monitor and manage its marine resources, along with increasing its local and scientific knowledge of them."[99]

 Georgia31 March 2014

In 2011, the government of Prime MinisterWilly Telavi recognisedAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia, which had broken away fromGeorgia and which Georgia viewed as remaining part of its sovereign territory.[100] However, the government of Prime MinisterEnele Sopoaga retracted the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 31 March 2014 when Tuvalu's Foreign MinisterTaukelina Finikaso signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations with Georgia. Tuvalu's Foreign Minister said that his country supports Georgia's territorial integrity in its international recognized borders.[101][102] Taukelina Finikaso is also reported as saying that re-establishing diplomatic relations with Georgia was an important step towards strengthening ties with the European Union, which he described as a traditional friend of Tuvalu.[103]

 Germany26 June 1979

Germany and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1979.[104] TheGerman Embassy in Wellington, New Zealand, is responsible for Tuvalu.A Tuvaluan Government delegation, headed by the country's then Finance MinisterBikenibeu Paeniu, visited Germany in January 2005, the first such visit in many years. At the invitation of Federal Chancellor Merkel, Tuvalu's then Prime MinisterApisai Ielemia travelled to Berlin and Potsdam in late 2009 in the run-up to theCopenhagen Conference. In November 2017 Tuvalu's current Prime MinisterEnele Sopoaga led a delegation to theUnited Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 23) in Bonn, where he also hosted a workshop.[105]

 India
1986SeeIndia–Tuvalu relations

Diplomatic relations between the two countries received a boost when the High Commission ofIndia in Suva, Fiji which had been closed in May 1990, was re-opened in March 1999.[106] Bilateral relations intensified after the initiation of theForum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) by theNarendra Modi government in 2014.[107] A Tuvaluan delegation led by Governor-General SirIakoba Italeli attended the first FIPIC Summit hosted in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.[108][107]

 Indonesia3 October 2012

Indonesia and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 3 October 2012. In 2019, Indonesia provided police training forTuvalu Police Force from 22 to 24 July 2019.[109]

 Italy

Italy's diplomatic relations with Tuvalu are handled by the Italian embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.[110]

 Japan30 April 1979
Manu Folau offVaitupu Harbour

Japan and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations in 1979. Japan is a significant aid provider in the form of grants and technical cooperation,[111] including donating the 50-meter vessel, theManu Folau. In 2015 theNivaga III was donated by the government of Japan, which ship has capacity for 380 passengers and also freight.[112]

In 2011 Government of Japan provided three new desalination units and parts to repair the existing seawater desalination units through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) following the severe water shortages caused by the2011 Tuvalu drought.[113] Japan had provided desalination units in 1999 and 2006.[114] In response to the 2011 drought, Japan has funded the purchase of a solar-powered 100 m³/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m³/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program.[115]

 KiribatiMarch 1984

On 29 August 2012 an 'Agreement between Tuvalu andKiribati concerning their Maritime Boundary', was signed by their respective leaders that determined the boundary as being seaward ofNanumea andNiutao in Tuvalu on the one hand andTabiteuea,Tamana andArorae inKiribati on the other hand, along thegeodesics connecting the points of latitude and longitude set out in the agreement.[116]

 Kuwait29 November 2012

Kuwait established diplomatic relations with Tuvalu on 29 November 2012.[117] In May 2015 Kuwait donated US$200,000 (approx. AUD$260,000) in financial support for the recovery activities in respect toCyclone Pam.[118]

 Kyrgyzstan14 September 2011

Kyrgyzstan and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2011.[119]

 Mexico27 September 2006

Mexico and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2006.[120] Mexico is accredited to Tuvalu from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand. Tuvalu does not have an accreditation to Mexico.

 New Zealand1 October 1978

New Zealand has strong ties with Tuvalu and was one of the three founding donating countries to theTuvalu Trust Fund and continues as a major donor of aid and technical assistance to Tuvalu. The government of New Zealand responded to the fresh-water crisis caused by the2011 Tuvalu drought by supplying temporary desalination plants and personnel to repair existing desalination plants.[121][122]

In 2015 a New Zealand aid programme will extend the implementation ofrenewable energy in Tuvalu. This project will result in the supply and installation of battery-backed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems that are to be located onVaitupu,Nanumanga,Niutao andNanumea, with the first hybrid system being built on Vaitupu in early 2015.[123][124][125]

New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under thePacific Access Category, as announced in 2001.[126] The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criterion is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer.[127] Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under theRecognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands.[128]

In 2015 Tuvalu appointedSamuelu Laloniu as Tuvalu's firsthigh commissioner, to be resident in Wellington after previously representing Tuvalu in the consulate office in Auckland.[129]

On 3 March 2019, NZ Foreign Affairs MinisterWinston Peters and Prime MinisterEnele Sopoaga signed theNew Zealand-Tuvalu Statement of Partnership, which committed the governments of New Zealand and Tuvalu to work together on climate change, workforce development and regional security.[130]

 Poland4 May 2015

On 29 May 2015 a joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations was signed by HEAunese Simati thePermanent Representative of Tuvalu to the United Nations and Permanent Representative ofPoland to the UN, Mr Boguslaw Winid.[131] Poland's diplomatic relations with Tuvalu are handled by the Polish Embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.[132]

 South Korea15 November 1978SeeTuvalu–South Korea relations

Tuvalu maintains very strong relations withSouth Korea through the South Korean Embassy inFiji. The government of South Korea funded the shipment of 60,000 bottles of water from Fiji to Tuvalu as a first response to the water shortage caused by the2011 Tuvalu drought.[133] Relations withNorth Korea is unknown.

 Spain4 May 1995Spain has maintained diplomatic relations with Tuvalu since May 4 of 1995. Bilateral relations both politically and commercially between the two countries are scarce, mainly framed within the framework of EU cooperation with Tuvalu through the programs of the Development Funds and the Economic Partnership Agreement. The country is under the jurisdiction of the Spanish Embassy in Canberra, and consular affairs are addressed from the Spanish Consulate General in Sydney.[134]
 Sweden24 August 2012

Sweden's diplomatic relations with Tuvalu are handled by the Swedish Embassy in Canberra, Australia.[135]

  Switzerland6 November 2005

Switzerland's diplomatic relations with Tuvalu are handled by the Swiss Embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.[136]

 Taiwan19 September 1979

Tuvalu is one of the few nations that continue to have strong diplomatic relations with theRepublic of China and supports ROC's bid to join the United Nations. In turn, the ROC maintains the only resident embassy in Tuvalu and has a large assistance program in the islands with "several mobile medical missions".[137] Taiwan funded the construction of Tuvalu's largest building, a three-story administrative building.[138] In 2019, Taiwan aid provided a contribution of $7.06 million to Tuvalu's budget.[139]

In 2006, Taiwan expressed concern over reports that thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) was attempting to draw Tuvalu away from the Republic of China. Taiwan consequently made efforts to further strengthen its diplomatic relations with Tuvalu.[140] In 2019 TuvaluKausea Natano, the prime minister, reaffirmed Tuvalu's commitment to its relationship with Taiwan.[141]

On 14 March 2013, a Tuvaluan embassy was opened in Taipei.[142][143]

 Turkey19 July 1979

Turkey and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1979.[144] Turkish ambassador inWellington toNew Zealand is also accredited toTuvalu.[144] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.[144]

 United Arab Emirates29 March 2010

TheUnited Arab Emirates and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 29 March 2010.[145][146]

In April 2022, Tuvalu opened an embassy to the United Arab Emirates in Abu Dhabi.[32]

 United Kingdom

Tuvalu has no diplomatic representation in the United Kingdom, but Tuvalu is represented by an honorary consulate atTuvalu House inLondon.

The United Kingdom has shown a continuing interest in the welfare of Tuvalu and was (along with New Zealand and Australia) one of the three founding donating countries to theTuvalu Trust Fund.

Flag of Tuvalu, design re-instated April 1997

While Tuvalu's relations withBritain are peaceful, they have been somewhat troubled since independence in 1978. Tuvaluan-British tensions date back to the colonial era when Tuvalu was part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. The Gilbertese wereMicronesian and are inKiribati, while the Tuvaluans were largelyPolynesian. In 1975, the Tuvaluans demanded separation from Gilbert Islands and also sought independence from the Britain.

Tuvalu's fourth prime minister, SirKamuta Latasi, officially had the BritishUnion Jack removed from the Tuvualan flag in January 1996 (seeFlag of Tuvalu). Prime Minister Kamuta Latasi subsequently lost office following a vote of no confidence. Supporters of Latasi held that this measure symbolically distanced Tuvalu from the colonial period. This change, however, proved to be short-lived, since Latasi's successor (Bikenibeu Paeniu) re-introduced the original design of 9-star flag that included the Union Jack.

As a result of a motion in the parliament, a constitutional review was undertaken to determine if Tuvalu should become a republic or remain a monarchy. The2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum resolved to retainQueen Elizabeth II as the head of state.

 United States10 May 1979SeeTuvalu–United States relations

Tuvalu-United States relations were confirmed with the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1979, which was ratified by theU.S. Senate in 1983, under which the United States renounced prior territorial claims to four Tuvaluan islands (Funafuti,Nukufetau,Nukulaelae andNiulakita) under theGuano Islands Act of 1856.[147]

The Tuvaluan government, theUS government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT). That agreement entered into force in 1988.[148] Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer-term deal will be negotiated.[149] The treaty is an extension of theNauru Agreement.[150]

TheUnited States ambassador toFiji oversees diplomatic relations with Tuvalu. While the relationship is generally positive, disagreements between the two countries over climate change have caused some strain.

Foreign policy issues

[edit]

Support to the right of self-determination

[edit]

In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council,Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of Tuvalu and some other Pacific nations raising human rights violations in theWestern New Guinea, which has been occupied byIndonesia since 1963,[151] and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report.[152][153] Indonesia rejected Vanuatu's allegations.[153] More than 100,000 Papuans have died during a 50-yearPapua conflict.[154] In September 2017, at the72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of Tuvalu, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands once again raised human rights abuses in Indonesian-occupied West Papua.[155]

Recognition of Palestine

[edit]

On 10 September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly passed a Palestinian resolution to allow its flag to fly in front of theUnited Nations headquarters inNew York. The vote was passed with 119 votes in support, 8 opposing, and 45 abstentions. Tuvalu was one of the eight opposing votes.[156] Palestine had previously been granted UN "non-member observer state" status in 2012.

External links

[edit]

See also

[edit]


References

[edit]
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