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Foreign relations of Malawi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Malawi's former PresidentBakili Muluzi continued the pro-Westernforeign policy established by his predecessor,Hastings Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's closerelations with South Africa throughout theapartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed, and currently maintains, strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.

Bilateral donors

[edit]

Important bilateral donors include Canada, Denmark, Germany,Ireland,Iceland, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,Republic of China (Taiwan), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Multilateral donors include theWorld Bank, theInternational Monetary Fund, theEuropean Union, theAfrican Development Bank, and theUnited Nations organizations.

SADC

[edit]

Malawi assumed the chair of theSouthern African Development Community (SADC) in 2001. Muluzi took an active role in SADC on issues such as the global coalition against terrorism and land reform inZimbabwe.

ACP

[edit]

Malawi has been a member of theACP group since Lomé I and is also a party to theCotonou Agreement, the partnership agreement between theEuropean Community/European Union and 77 states from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Memberships in international organizations

[edit]

Malawi is a member of the following international organizations: theCommonwealth of Nations, theUnited Nations and some of its specialized and related agencies (i.e.UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNIDO), IMF,World Bank,Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA),World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),Berne Convention,Universal Copyright Convention,Organization of African Unity (OAU),Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,Lomé Convention,African Development Bank (AFDB),Southern African Development Community (SADC), theCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA),Non-Aligned Movement,G-77, and theWorld Health Organization (WHO).

Malawi is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered underArticle 98).

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Malawi maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1 United Kingdom6 July 1964[1]
2 France6 July 1964[2]
3 Germany6 July 1964[3]
4 United States6 July 1964[4]
5 Ghana8 July 1964[5]
6 Israel15 July 1964[6]
7 Ethiopia30 July 1964[7]
8 India19 October 1964[8]
9 Egypt25 November 1964[9]
10 Norway9 March 1965[10]
11 South Korea9 March 1965[11]
12 Portugal27 May 1965[8]
13 Kenya28 September 1965[12]
14 Austria2 December 1965[13]
15 Netherlands16 December 1965[14]
16 Pakistan1965[15]
17 Belgium28 January 1966[16]
— Holy See5 February 1966[17]
18 Denmark22 February 1966[18]
19 Sweden31 March 1966[19]
20  Switzerland19 May 1966[8]
21 Japan17 June 1966[8]
22 Italy20 September 1966[8]
23 Botswana1 July 1967[20]
24 South Africa10 September 1967[21]
25 Turkey4 August 1969[22]
26 Nigeria29 November 1969[23]
27 Greece30 April 1970[24]
28 Zambia15 September 1970[25]
29 Spain27 October 1972[26]
30 Canada12 February 1974[27]
31 Cameroon10 September 1974[28]
32 Lesotho4 September 1976[29]
33 Luxembourg28 October 1980[30]
34 Democratic Republic of the CongoNovember 1980[31][32]
35 Algeria19 June 1981[33]
36 Mozambique1 July 1981[34]
37 Zimbabwe17 July 1981[34]
38 Uganda1981[35]
39 North Korea25 June 1982[36]
40 Australia1 July 1983[37]
41 Tanzania16 May 1985[38]
42 Albania11 July 1985[39]
43 Romania15 July 1985[40]
44 Finland1 May 1986[34]
45 Thailand1 June 1987[41]
46 Namibia21 March 1990[42]
47 Brazil23 August 1990[43]
48 Chile30 November 1990[44]
49 Hungary26 December 1990[45]
50 Czech Republic20 March 1991[46]
51 Malaysia6 November 1991[47]
52 Poland10 July 1992[48]
53 Russia2 November 1993[34]
54 Angola9 November 1993[34]
55 Slovakia30 December 1993[49]
56 Bulgaria23 November 1994[34]
57 Kuwait19 June 1995[50]
58 Iran18 February 1996[51]
59 United Arab Emirates12 June 1996[52]
60 Cuba10 December 1997[53]
61 Serbia13 February 1998[54]
62 Turkmenistan20 February 1998[34]
63 Colombia30 March 1998[34]
64 Trinidad and Tobago21 April 1998[34]
65 Bahrain9 June 1998[34]
66 Iceland14 August 1998[55]
67 Singapore24 August 1998[34]
68 Latvia10 September 1998[34]
— State of Palestine23 October 1998[56]
69 Croatia13 November 1998[34]
70 Mexico10 December 1998[34]
71 Ukraine22 December 1998[34]
72 Libya1998[57]
73 Argentina11 March 1999[34]
74 Jordan23 June 1999[34]
75 Saudi Arabia15 August 1999[58]
76 North Macedonia27 September 1999[34]
77 Jamaica30 September 1999[59]
78 Sudan12 April 2000[60]
79 Cyprus22 June 2000[34]
80 Brunei11 October 2000[61]
81 Morocco31 January 2001[62]
82 Mauritius9 February 2001[34]
83 Philippines3 May 2001[34]
84 Seychelles22 May 2001[34]
85 Rwanda26 June 2001[63]
86 Belarus13 July 2001[34]
— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled)24 March 2002[64][65]
87 Ireland2002[66]
88 Azerbaijan21 May 2004[34]
89 Venezuela31 January 2007[67]
90 China28 December 2007[68]
91 Liberia26 February 2009[69]
92 Sri Lanka9 June 2011[70]
93 Fiji25 June 2011[71]
94 Estonia19 July 2011[72]
95 Cambodia20 July 2011[34]
96 Malta21 July 2011[73]
97 Slovenia21 July 2011[74]
98 Montenegro16 September 2011[34]
99 Georgia19 September 2011[34]
100 South Sudan26 September 2011[34]
101 Bosnia and Herzegovina18 October 2011[34]
102 Lithuania18 November 2011[75]
103 Mongolia21 December 2011[34]
104 Burkina Faso2011[76]
105 Armenia20 January 2012[34]
106 Myanmar30 January 2012[77]
107 Bangladesh15 March 2012[78]
108 Monaco31 July 2012[79]
109 Qatar26 September 2012[80]
110 New Zealand20 March 2013[81]
111 Indonesia29 September 2014[82]
112 Niger8 March 2016[83][84]
113 Sierra Leone8 March 2016[83][84]
114 Senegal9 March 2016[85]
— Kosovo20 July 2016[86]
115 Oman7 December 2016[34]
116 Tunisia3 May 2017[87]
117 Eritrea20 July 2017[88]
118 Lebanon18 October 2017[89]
119 Benin19 February 2019[90]
120 Gambia19 February 2019[91]
121 Kyrgyzstan22 September 2022[92]
122 Maldives24 September 2022[34]
123 Nicaragua25 September 2022[93]
124 Comoros7 October 2022[94]
125 Republic of the Congo18 October 2022[95]
126 Mauritania18 October 2022[96][97]
127   Nepal16 February 2023[34]
128 Mali2 August 2023[98]
129 Dominican Republic1 November 2023[34]
130 San Marino8 December 2023[34]
131 Iraq27 June 2024[99]
132 Vietnam23 September 2024[100]
133 Bahamas22 October 2024[101]
134 Chad26 November 2024[102]
135 BurundiUnknown
136 EswatiniUnknown
137 MadagascarUnknown

Bilateral Relations

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Australia1 July 1983
 Botswana1 July 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1967 when first High Commissioner of Botswana Mr. H. Mannathoko presented his credentials to President of Malawi.[20]

Both countries are full members of theSouthern African Development Community,Commonwealth of Nations and of theNon-Aligned Movement.

 Canada12 February 1974
 China28 December 2007

Hastings Banda recognized theRepublic of China (Taiwan) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the People's Republic of China.[1]Archived 29 January 2008 at theWayback Machine

Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China.[104] Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.[105]

 Greece30 April 1970
 India19 October 1964SeeIndia–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964 when has been accredited Acting High Commissioner of India to Malawi Mr. Dileep S. Kamtekar.[8]

 Iran5 April 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 1971.[107] But diplomatic relations were severed on 11 February 1979 and re-established on 18 February 1996.[51]
 Israel15 July 1964SeeIsrael–Malawi relations
 Mexico10 December 1998
  • Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[108]
  • Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[109]
 Mozambique1 July 1981SeeMalawi–Mozambique relations

Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees fromMozambique. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations.

 Philippines3 May 2001

Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines.

As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.[110]

 Poland10 July 1992SeeMalawi–Poland relations
 Qatar26 September 2012Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2012 when Ambassador of Malawi to Qatar (resident in Kuwait City) Mr. Yunis Abdul Karim has presented his credentials.[80]
 Rwanda26 June 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2001 when accredited first Ambassador of Rwanda to Malawi (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Zephyr Mutanguha[63]

In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees.

 South Africa10 September 1967SeeMalawi–South Africa relations

The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by dictatorHastings Banda, Malawi was the only African country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election ofNelson Mandela. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy"[111] From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant laborers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. Officially, this was because 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years, but many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of laborers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.[111]

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[112]

 South Korea9 March 1965

In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.[113]

 Turkey4 August 1969
  • Embassy ofMalawi in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[114]
  • Turkish Embassy inLusaka is accredited toMalawi.[114]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).[114]
 Ukraine22 December 1998SeeMalawi–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom6 July 1964[failed verification]SeeMalawi–United Kingdom relations

Malawi establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 July 1964.[8][failed verification]

The UK governedMalawi from 1893 until 1964, when Malawi gained full independence.

Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[117] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[118]

Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid,[119] citing concerns over governance and human rights.

 United States6 July 1964SeeMalawi–United States relations

The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi.

In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during theJuly protests.[120]

 Zimbabwe17 July 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1981 when has been appointed first High Commissioner of Malawi to Zimbabwe Mr. M. A. Banda and open High Commission of Malawi in Harare.[121]

Malawi and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Malawi became a full member of theCommonwealth of Nations on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.Queen Elizabeth II,Head of the Commonwealth, wasQueen of Malawi, represented by theGovernor-General of Malawi, until the country became arepublic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1966, when the thenPrime Minister of Malawi,Hastings Banda, declared himself the firstPresident of Malawi.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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