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Foreign relations of Iceland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

flagIceland portal

Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, theKingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with theKing of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined theLeague of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated withDenmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an embassy inCopenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940[1] when Denmark becameoccupied byNazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with theNordic states,the European Union and the United States.[2] Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946.[1] Iceland was a founding member of the World Bank in 1946 andNATO in 1949.[1] In terms of European integration, Iceland was a founding member of theOEEC (now OECD) in 1948 and theNordic Council in 1952, it joinedEFTA in 1970, was a founding member of the CSCE (now OSCE) in 1973 and theEEA in 1992 and joinedSchengen in 1996.[3]

From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland.[4] During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally."[2] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during theCold War.[2] As a consequence, the United States provided Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support.[2] Iceland hosted the historic 1986Reagan-Gorbachev summit inReykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

Fishing rights

[edit]

Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements overfishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-calledCod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km).[5][6] Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in theBarents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.

Whaling

[edit]

Certainenvironmentalists are concerned that Iceland left theInternational Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway,Greenland and theFaroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). TheIcelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006.[7] 25 states delivered a formaldiplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such asFinland andSweden.[8]

Recognition of post-Soviet states

[edit]

Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence ofLithuania,Latvia,Estonia, Georgia,Armenia andAzerbaijan from theUSSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognizeMontenegro's independence from its former union withSerbia.[9] Iceland was also the first country to recognizeCroatia, having done so on 19 December 1991.[10] Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state torecognisePalestine when it did so in 2011.[11] Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops inBosnia andKosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.[citation needed]

Membership in international organizations

[edit]

Iceland is a member of the following organisations:North Atlantic Treaty Organization;Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe;International Criminal Court;International Bank for Reconstruction and Development;International Development Association;International Finance Corporation;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development;European Economic Area;European Free Trade Association;Council of Europe;International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including theInternational Monetary Fund,World Trade Organization,Food and Agriculture Organization,International Atomic Energy Agency,International Civil Aviation Organization,International Labour Organization,International Maritime Organization,International Telecommunication Union,United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization,Universal Postal Union,World Health Organization,World Meteorological Organization and theInternational Whaling Commission.

Iceland was given the opportunity tojoin the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.[12] Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.[13]

In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.[14]

International disputes

[edit]

Rockall

[edit]
Main article:Rockall

Iceland has an ongoing dispute withDenmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to thecontinental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under theUN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).[15] Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim,[16] while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland.[17] Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.[citation needed]

Deposit insurance

[edit]
Main article:Icesave dispute

Following the collapse ofIcesave sparking the2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in2010 and2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.

European Union application

[edit]
Main articles:Iceland–European Union relations andEnlargement of the European Union
Iceland's reluctance to join the EU'sCommon Fisheries Policy is a major stumbling bloc to accession

Iceland has had a close relationship with theEuropean Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining theEuropean Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed afree trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined theEuropean Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to theEU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services andforeign direct investment. Iceland also participates in theSchengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.[18][19]

However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and theeuro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011.[20] After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland.[21] Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.[22]

In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.[23]

Agreed Minute

[edit]
Main article:Agreed Minute

The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, theU.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to sixinterceptors at theKeflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.

NATO allies since then conductair policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[24]
1 Denmark1 December 1918
2 United Kingdom8 May 1940
3 Sweden27 July 1940
4 Norway29 August 1940
5 United States1 July 1941
6 Russia4 October 1943
7 Italy15 August 1945
8 Belgium9 November 1945
9 France18 November 1945
10 Netherlands9 January 1946
11 Czech Republic27 February 1946
12 Poland14 November 1946
13 Canada6 June 1947
14  Switzerland15 July 1947
15 Finland15 August 1947
16 Portugal23 January 1948
17 Ireland11 March 1948
18 Iran15 March 1948
19 Spain20 September 1949
20 Israel10 August 1951[25]
21 Argentina21 April 1952[26]
22 Brazil28 April 1952[27]
23 Germany10 July 1952
24 Serbia27 February 1953
25 Hungary17 July 1955
26 Cuba26 January 1956[28]
27 Romania18 May 1956
28 Japan8 December 1956
29 Turkey25 November 1957
30 Greece6 June 1958
31 Luxembourg30 July 1962
32 South Korea10 October 1962
33 Chile6 November 1963
34 Bulgaria19 November 1963
35 Mexico24 March 1964
36 Austria20 July 1964
37 Peru14 November 1967
38 Egypt20 May 1968
39 Ethiopia20 May 1968
40 Niger26 January 1970
41 Tunisia14 May 1970
42 Nigeria3 November 1970
43 China14 December 1971
44 India11 May 1972
45 Lebanon28 March 1973
46 North Korea27 July 1973
47 Vietnam5 August 1973
48 Kenya30 October 1973
49 Mongolia4 June 1974
50 Bahamas18 March 1975
51 Thailand18 June 1975
52 Albania9 April 1976
– Holy See12 October 1976
53 Pakistan7 December 1976[29]
54 Cape Verde20 July 1977
55 Ghana11 October 1977[30]
56 Tanzania17 November 1977[31]
57 Iraq20 April 1978[31]
58 Bangladesh23 November 1978[31]
59 Bahrain20 May 1978
60 San Marino29 September 1978
61 Barbados9 April 1979
62 Cyprus4 September 1979
63 Venezuela15 January 1981
64   Nepal25 May 1981
65 Colombia15 September 1981
66 Saudi Arabia15 January 1982
67 Nicaragua16 December 1982
68 Grenada14 January 1983
69 Algeria17 May 1983
70 Indonesia13 June 1983
71 Yemen20 July 1983
72 Lesotho24 August 1983
73 Australia12 February 1984
74 Somalia20 March 1985
75 Morocco24 September 1985
76 Angola2 November 1988[30]
77 New Zealand21 October 1988
78 Maldives30 January 1990
79 Botswana5 April 1990[30]
80 Seychelles8 November 1990
81 Jordan5 December 1990[32]
82 Namibia10 December 1990
83 Uruguay18 June 1991
84 Estonia26 August 1991
85 Latvia26 August 1991
86 Lithuania26 August 1991
87 Slovenia24 February 1992
88 Oman26 February 1992
89 Ukraine30 March 1992
90 Liechtenstein26 June 1992[31]
91 Croatia30 June 1992
92 Georgia21 September 1992
93 Slovakia1 January 1993[33]
94 Marshall Islands25 January 1993
95 Guatemala5 August 1993
96 Eswatini3 December 1993
97 North Macedonia29 December 1993
98 South Africa31 May 1994
99 Moldova1 June 1994
100 Andorra3 August 1995
101 Kuwait26 April 1996
102 Bosnia and Herzegovina8 May 1996
103 Costa Rica10 January 1997
104 Turkmenistan13 February 1997
105 Mozambique5 March 1997
106 Armenia15 May 1997
107 Uzbekistan25 September 1997
108 Azerbaijan27 February 1998
109 Malta3 July 1998
110 Malawi14 August 1998
111 Sri Lanka23 December 1998
112 Philippines24 February 1999
113 Singapore4 May 1999
114 Panama4 June 1999
115 Malaysia4 April 2000[34]
116 Jamaica24 May 2000
117 El Salvador25 October 2000
118 Kyrgyzstan2 April 2001[35]
119 Belarus25 May 2001
120 Burkina Faso23 October 2001
121 Qatar24 January 2002
122 Sudan13 June 2003
123 Cambodia19 June 2003
124 Dominican Republic23 June 2003
125 United Arab Emirates17 September 2003
126 Timor-Leste4 December 2003
127 Ecuador11 December 2003
128 Mauritius15 December 2003
129 Nauru17 February 2004
130 Antigua and Barbuda11 March 2004
131 Libya15 March 2004
132 Afghanistan17 March 2004
133 Paraguay17 March 2004
134 Senegal7 April 2004
135 Chad14 April 2004
136 Saint Kitts and Nevis5 May 2004
137 Syria6 May 2004
138 Gambia11 May 2004
139 Rwanda12 May 2004
140 Guinea14 May 2004
141 Kazakhstan14 May 2004
142 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 May 2004
143 Uganda22 June 2004[36][37]
144 Dominica29 June 2004
145 Belize7 July 2004
146 Mali23 July 2004
147 Zambia23 July 2004
148 Papua New Guinea12 August 2004
149 Laos2 September 2004
150 Equatorial Guinea10 September 2004
151 Honduras15 September 2004
152 Bolivia17 September 2004
153 Guinea-Bissau24 September 2004
154 Federated States of Micronesia27 September 2004
155 Vanuatu27 September 2004
156 Eritrea6 October 2004
157 Mauritania6 October 2004
158 Palau6 October 2004
159 Samoa15 October 2004
160 Comoros29 October 2004
161 Suriname9 November 2004
162 Togo19 November 2004
163 Republic of the Congo15 December 2004
164 Benin23 February 2005
165 Guyana10 March 2005
166 Gabon27 May 2005
167 Djibouti19 July 2005
168 Tuvalu26 July 2005
169 Kiribati15 September 2005
170 Ivory Coast14 October 2005
171 Haiti18 November 2005
172 Tajikistan14 February 2006
173 Brunei27 April 2006
174 Saint Lucia7 May 2006
175 Madagascar21 September 2006
176 Montenegro26 September 2006
177 Sierra Leone13 November 2006
178 Liberia28 November 2006
179 Burundi14 December 2006
180 Democratic Republic of the Congo23 February 2007[38]
181 Solomon Islands20 April 2007
182 Cameroon19 September 2007
183 São Tomé and Príncipe24 September 2007
184 Tonga14 December 2007
185 Fiji8 February 2008
186 South Sudan29 September 2011
– Kosovo14 November 2011
– State of Palestine15 December 2011
187 Myanmar19 December 2012
188 Trinidad and Tobago8 May 2013
189 Monaco5 May 2014
– Cook Islands13 October 2017

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.[13]

Africa

[edit]
  No formal diplomatic relations
CountryDiplomatic Relations EstablishedNotes
 Burkina Faso2001
 Kenya2001
 Malawi1989
 Mauritania2004
 Sierra Leone2006
 Uganda2004

Americas

[edit]
CountryDiplomatic Relations EstablishedNotes
 Canada1947SeeCanada–Iceland relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Reykjavík.[45]
  • Iceland has an embassy inOttawa and a consulate-general inWinnipeg.[46]
 Dominica2004
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004.[47]
  • Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York City, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.[48]
 Mexico24 March 1964SeeIceland–Mexico relations
  • Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates inCampeche City and inMexico City.[49]
  • Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[50]
 Paraguay2004
  • Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy inWashington, United States.[51]
  • Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[52]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 May 2004
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2004.[53]
  • Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.[54]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis2004

Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.[54]

 United States1 July 1941SeeIceland–United States relations

Iceland and the U.S. areNATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland.

  • Iceland has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City.[49]
  • United States has an embassy in Reykjavík.[55]

Asia

[edit]
  No formal diplomatic relations
CountryDiplomatic Relations EstablishedNotes
 China1971SeeChina–Iceland relations
  • In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland.
  • In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China.
  • In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland).
  • In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China.[56]
  • Iceland has an honorary consulate inHong Kong. The honorary consulate is also accredited toMacao.[57]
 India1972SeeIceland–India relations
  • India has an embassy in Reykjavík.
  • Iceland has an embassy in New Delhi and two consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.
 Iran1948
  • Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo.[58]
  • Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.[59]
 IsraelMay 1948SeeIceland–Israel relations
 Japan8 December 1956SeeIceland–Japan relations
 Pakistan1976

Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.[63]

 Palestine2011SeeIceland–Palestine relations

On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders. Iceland was the first (and, until 2024, only) Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.[64]

 Philippines24 February 1999

Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates inReykjavík[65] andMakati,Metro Manila,[66] respectively.

 South Korea10 October 1962[67]SeeIceland–South Korea relations
  • The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962.
  • The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.
 Turkey1957SeeIceland–Turkey relations
  • Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey.[68]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.

Europe

[edit]
CountryDiplomatic Relations EstablishedNotes
 Albania1976
 Austria1928
 Belgium1945
  • Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy inOslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[71]
  • Iceland has an embassy inBrussels.[72]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Cyprus1979
  • Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy inCopenhagen, Denmark.[73]
  • Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy inStockholm, Sweden.[74]
 Czech Republic1993-01-01SeeCzech Republic–Iceland relations
  • The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
  • Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy inVienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate inPrague.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Denmark1918SeeDenmark–Iceland relations

Iceland was a part of theKingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and aseparate kingdom in apersonal union with Denmark until 1944, whenIceland declared independence.

 Finland1947SeeFinland–Iceland relations
 France1945SeeFrance–Iceland relations
  • France has an embassy in Reykjavík.[79]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Paris.[80]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Germany1952SeeGermany–Iceland relations
 Greece1958SeeGreece–Iceland relations
  • Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy inOslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy inOslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate inAthens.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Hungary1955

Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy inOslo, Norway.[83]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Ireland11 March 1948SeeIceland–Ireland relations
  • Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate inDublin.[84]
  • Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy inCopenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate inGarðabær.[85]
  • Both countries are full members ofCouncil of Europe.
 Italy1945
 Latvia1991-08-22SeeIceland–Latvia relations
  • Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991.
  • Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy inHelsinki (Finland).
  • Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy inOslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Lithuania1991-08-05
 Netherlands1946
 North Macedonia1993
 Norway1940SeeIceland–Norway relations
  • Iceland has an embassy inOslo.[97]
  • Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík.[98]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 PolandJanuary 1946SeeIceland–Poland relations
  • Iceland has an embassy inWarsaw.[99]
  • Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[100]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Russia1943SeeIceland–Russia relations
  • Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.[101]
  • Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.[102]
  • Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two.[103] Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.[104]
  • On August 1, 2023, Iceland suspended its embassy operations in Moscow.[105]
 Serbia2000
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.[106]
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[107]
 Spain1949SeeIceland–Spain relations
  • Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
 Sweden1940SeeIceland–Sweden relations
  • The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks.[108]
  • Iceland has an embassy inStockholm.[109]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.[110]
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe andNATO.
  Switzerland1947
  • Iceland has an embassy inGeneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations).
  • Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík
  • Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association.
  • See also:Swisses in Iceland andIcelandics in Switzerland
 Ukraine1992SeeIceland–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom1940SeeIceland–United Kingdom relations

Iceland establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940.[24]

The UK occupiedIceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.[115]

The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over theRockall Bank.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[116]Council of Europe,Joint Expeditionary Force,NATO,OECD,OSCE, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have afree trade agreement.[117]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryDiplomatic Relations EstablishedNotes
 New Zealand1988
  • Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates inAuckland andNelson.[118]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abc"80th anniversary of the Icelandic Foreign Service".government.is.Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved9 April 2020.
  2. ^abcdIngimundarson, Valur (2011).The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945-2006. Republic of Letters.ISBN 9789089790699.
  3. ^History of the Schengen Agreement - Schengen Visa Information
  4. ^Petursson, Gustav; Winger, Gregory (24 February 2016)."Return to Keflavik Station".Foreign Affairs.ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved24 December 2018.
  5. ^GuÐmundsson, GuÐmundur J. (1 June 2006). "The Cod and the Cold War".Scandinavian Journal of History.31 (2):97–118.doi:10.1080/03468750600604184.ISSN 0346-8755.S2CID 143956818.
  6. ^Steinsson, Sverrir (22 March 2016). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis".European Security.25 (2):256–275.doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376.ISSN 0966-2839.S2CID 155242560.
  7. ^"Iceland resumes commercial whaling". Greenpeace International. Archived fromthe original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved17 October 2006.
  8. ^"Iceland rapped over whale hunting". BBC. 1 November 2006. Retrieved2 November 2006.
  9. ^"Vlada Crne Gore".gov.me.
  10. ^"Važniji datumi iz povijesti saborovanja". Hrvatski Sabor. Archived fromthe original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved23 April 2008.
  11. ^"Iceland recognises Palestinian state".The Guardian. Associated Press. 30 November 2011.ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved1 May 2016.
  12. ^Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2016).Fyrstu forsetarnir.
  13. ^abThorhallsson, Baldur, ed. (2018)."Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs". Routledge. pp. 108–113.
  14. ^Woods, Ngaire; Lombardi, Domenico (2006). "Uneven patterns of governance: how developing countries are represented in the IMF".Review of International Political Economy.13 (3):480–515.doi:10.1080/09692290600769351.ISSN 0969-2290.S2CID 154895221.
  15. ^Ross, John (27 September 2007)."Why a barren rock in the Atlantic is the focus of an international battle of wills".The Scotsman. Retrieved27 September 2007.
  16. ^Regulation 196/1985.(in Icelandic)
  17. ^Source:Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
  18. ^Iceland, European Commission
  19. ^Iceland, EEAS
  20. ^Timeline of events – Iceland's application for membership of the EUArchived 3 September 2011 at theWayback Machine, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
  21. ^National Referendum – Iceland's application for membership of the EUArchived 4 September 2011 at theWayback Machine, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
  22. ^"Iceland: EU membership depends on fishery 'superpowers'". 27 June 2011. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  23. ^"Iceland drops EU membership bid: 'interests better served outside' union".The Guardian. AFP. 12 March 2015.
  24. ^ab"Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".Government of Iceland.Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved7 June 2024.
  25. ^Israel Digest, A Bi-weekly Summary of News from Israel · Volume 2. Israel Office of Information (New York, N.Y.). 1951. p. 5.
  26. ^Memoria (in Spanish). Argentina Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1952. p. 210.
  27. ^Anais da Câmara dos Deputados (12) (in Portuguese). Brazil, Congresso Nacional. Câmara dos Deputados. 1952. p. 206.
  28. ^"Memoria anual 2015"(PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. p. 21. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  29. ^Diplomatic Corps and Consular, Trade, and Other Foreign Representatives in Pakistan. 1981. p. 32.
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Further reading

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External links

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