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Foreign relations of Guyana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Constitution
flagGuyana portal

After independence in 1966,Guyana sought an influential role in international affairs, particularly amongdeveloping countries and non-aligned nations. It served twice on theUN Security Council (1975–76 and 1982–83). Former Vice President, Deputy Prime Minister, and Attorney GeneralMohamed Shahabuddeen served a 9-year term on theInternational Court of Justice (1987–1996). In June 2023, Guyana was elected as a non-permanent member to the UN Security Council. The country will serve on the council for a period of two years, beginning in January 2024.

Guyana has diplomatic relations with a wide range of nations, and these are managed primarily through itsMinistry of Foreign Affairs. TheEuropean Union (EU), theInter-American Development Bank (IDB), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), theWorld Health Organization (WHO), and theOrganization of American States (OAS) have offices inGeorgetown.

Regional relations

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Guyana strongly supports the concept of regional integration. It played an important role in the founding of theCaribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), but its historic status as the organization's poorest member limited its ability to exert leadership in regional activities. Since discovering and developing its offshore oil and gas reserves, Guyana has been reclassified by the World Bank as a high-income country. Guyana has sought to keep foreign policy in close alignment with the consensus of CARICOM members, especially in voting in the UN, OAS, and other international organizations. In 2022, Guyana joined theRegional Security System. The2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis has compelled Guyana to expand defense and security relations with a variety of countries, namely Brazil, the United States, India, and the United Kingdom.

International disputes

[edit]

All of the area west of the Essequibo River has at one point been under dispute, namely by Venezuela and Brazil.[1] In 1899, the government in Caracas reluctantly accepted the Venezuelan-Guyanese border but later revived its claim to the Essequibo in 1962.[2] Suriname has an ongoing dispute with Guyana and this pertains to the area east of the Upper Courantyne.[3]


Currently, two neighbours have longstanding territorial disputes with Guyana. Since the 19th century, Venezuela has claimed the majority or all of Guyana situated west of theEssequibo River – 62% of Guyana's territory. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to receive recommendations from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. Diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative continue. In December 2023, presidentNicolás Maduro called for a publicreferendum which resulted in the government of Venezuela officially claiming ownership of the Essequibo, claim that resulted in the2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis.[4][5]

NeighbouringSuriname also claims the territory east of Guyana's New River, a largely uninhabited area of some 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) in southeast Guyana. Guyana and Suriname also disputed their offshoremaritime boundaries. This dispute flared up in June 2000 in response to an effort by a Canadian company to drill for oil under a Guyanese concession. Guyana regards its legal title to all of its territory as sound. However, the dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by theUnited Nations Convention on Law of the Sea and a ruling in favor of Guyana was announced in September 2007.[6][7][8]

Crime

[edit]
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In 1993, Guyana ratified the 1988 Vienna Convention on illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and cooperates with US law enforcement agencies on counter-narcotics efforts. Guyana is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered underArticle 98).

Guyana has been considered atransshipment point fornarcotics from South America, primarily Venezuela, to Europe and the United States and producer ofcannabis.

Relations by country

[edit]

List of countries which Guyana has diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[9][10]
1 Saint Kitts and NevisUnknown[11]
2 Canada26 May 1966
3 India26 May 1966
4 Trinidad and Tobago26 May 1966
5 United Kingdom26 May 1966
6 United States15 August 1966
7 Germany2 September 1966
8 Venezuela25 November 1966
9 Barbados30 November 1966
10 Italy12 April 1967
11 France22 June 1967
12 Pakistan10 November 1967
13 Brazil18 December 1968
14 Japan11 June 1969
15 Jamaica20 June 1969[12]
16 South Korea2 October 1969
17 Netherlands15 May 1970
18 Guinea8 June 1970
19 Uganda21 July 1970
20 Haiti6 October 1970
21 Ethiopia13 October 1970
22 Dominican Republic19 October 1970
23 Russia17 December 1970
24 Colombia18 December 1970
25 Tanzania28 December 1970
26 KenyaDecember 1970
27 Zambia11 February 1971
28 Belgium10 June 1971
29 Peru17 July 1971
30 Chile22 July 1971
31 Egypt10 September 1971
32 Cyprus11 February 1972
33 Bangladesh24 March 1972
34 Poland10 June 1972
35 China27 June 1972
36 Libya9 August 1972
37 Argentina6 October 1972
38 Cuba8 December 1972
39 Mexico1 March 1973
40 Panama16 March 1973
41 Austria3 April 1973
42 Turkey2 May 1973
43 Australia14 May 1973
44 Syria19 June 1973
45 Romania20 June 1973
46 Bahamas10 July 1973
47 Cambodia5 September 1973
48 Costa Rica17 April 1974
49 North Korea18 May 1974
50 Ecuador2 July 1974
51 Sri Lanka14 July 1974
52 New Zealand1 September 1974
53 Iraq22 September 1974
54 Sierra Leone25 October 1974
55 Liberia11 November 1974
56 Vietnam19 April 1975
57 Hungary10 June 1975
58 Sweden16 June 1975
59 Mozambique21 August 1975
60 Botswana28 October 1975
61 Suriname25 November 1975
62 Malta12 March 1976
63 Czech Republic17 May 1976[13]
64 Malaysia26 April 1976
65 Nigeria2 August 1976
66 Algeria20 September 1976
67 Bulgaria25 March 1977
68  Switzerland24 May 1977
69 Angola24 July 1977
70 Dominica3 November 1978
71 Portugal5 December 1978
72 Saint Lucia22 February 1979
73 Finland2 April 1979
74 Ghana14 May 1979
75 Greece14 May 1979
76 Niger25 June 1979
77 Norway2 August 1979
78 Lesotho25 August 1979
79 Spain12 October 1979
80 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 October 1979
81 Denmark16 November 1979
82 Mongolia15 December 1979
83 GrenadaFebruary 1980
84 Yemen14 June 1980
85 Zimbabwe19 June 1980
86 Antigua and Barbuda3 February 1981
87 Nicaragua23 November 1981
88 Albania1 May 1985
89 Uruguay3 June 1985
90 Iran6 September 1986
91 Bolivia12 March 1987
92 Burkina Faso23 September 1987
93 Thailand17 December 1987
94 Brunei20 June 1990
95 Israel9 March 1992
96 Guatemala1 May 1992
97 El Salvador1 May 1992
98 Mauritius1 December 1992
99 HondurasDecember 1992[14]
100 Slovakia1 January 1993
101 Eswatini26 February 1993
102 Seychelles28 April 1993
103 Maldives13 April 1994
104 Paraguay14 April 1994
105   Nepal22 June 1994
106 South Africa4 November 1994
107 Namibia13 November 1994
108 United Arab Emirates6 February 1995
109 Lebanon2 March 1995
110 Kuwait17 August 1995
111 Azerbaijan1 September 1995
112 Oman17 January 1996
113 Qatar23 August 1996
114 Solomon Islands26 November 1996
115 Estonia19 April 1997
 Holy See9 June 1997
116 Turkmenistan11 June 1997
117 Bahrain19 November 1997
118 Jordan19 August 1998
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta19 May 1999
119 Indonesia27 August 1999
120 Ireland2 February 2000
121 Belarus20 February 2000
122 Ukraine15 November 2001
123 Singapore19 September 2002
124 North Macedonia22 September 2003
125 Armenia24 October 2003[15]
126 Iceland10 March 2005
127 Latvia16 March 2005
128 Croatia25 September 2006
129 Slovenia20 April 2007
130 Philippines25 September 2008
131 Luxembourg17 June 2009
132 Gambia24 September 2009
133 Senegal10 November 2009
134 Montenegro21 September 2011
135 Lithuania25 January 2012
136 Saudi Arabia22 February 2012
137 Georgia23 April 2012
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic28 September 2012[16][17]
138 Tuvalu28 September 2012
139 Morocco14 December 2012
140 Kazakhstan15 January 2013[18]
 State of Palestine21 February 2013
141 Bosnia and Herzegovina9 May 2013[19]
 Kosovo13 June 2013
142 Moldova12 September 2013
143 Fiji8 December 2014
144 Kyrgyzstan23 September 2016[19]
145 San Marino17 February 2019[20]
146 Rwanda24 August 2022[19]
147 Tajikistan19 September 2022[21]
148 Uzbekistan10 October 2022[22]
149 Cape Verde4 April 2023[19]
150 Belize24 June 2024[23]
151 Benin9 July 2024[19]
152 Serbia22 September 2024[19]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Botswana1975
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1975.[24]
  • Guyana is covered through the Botswana Mission in New York City.[25]
  • Both countries are full members ofCommonwealth of Nations.
 Namibia1994
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1994.[24]
  • Both countries are full members ofCommonwealth of Nations.
  • Guyana is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Guyana from its Permanent Mission to theUnited Nations inNew York City.
 South Africa4 November 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1994.[26]
  • South Africa is represented in Guyana through its High Commission inKingston, Jamaica.[26]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Argentina6 October 1972
 BarbadosSeeBarbados–Guyana relations

The relations between Guyana and Barbados had its genesis to a time when both Guyana (thenBritish Guiana) and Barbados were bothBritish colonies. Shortly afterGreat Britain secured British Guiana from the Dutch, waves of migrants were encouraged to move and settle in Guyana. Barbados was one such location where large numbers of migrants came from. Through time Barbados and Guyana have both supported each other. With the move towards independence in the region Guyana was seen as the breadbasket of the wider Caribbean which led to yet more waves of Barbadians seeking to move to Guyana for better opportunities.

Relations have been rocky, during the 1990s, immigration became contentious for Guyanese persons to Barbados. Such terms as the "Guyanese bench" in the immigration area of the BarbadosSir Grantley Adams International Airport have tested both states at times. The two nations continue their cooperation through the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and work towards building and maintaining good relations between their nationals. Both nations also attempt to maintain open communications at high levels of both Governments.

More recently the Guyanese Government has extended an offer to Barbadians.[28][29] The Guyanese government has offered to put in place an economically favourable regime towards any Barbadians that wish to relocate to Guyana and contribute towards that nation's goals in agricultural investment.[30] The announcement was made in the final days of theOwen Arthur administration by MP memberMia Mottley.

In the early 1990s thePrime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago,Patrick Manning pitched an initiative for Barbados, Guyana andTrinidad and Tobago to enter into some form of political union or political association. This initiative was short lived and didn't proceed following theDemocratic Labour Party's defeat during the1994 elections.

 BrazilSeeBrazil–Guyana relations

Brazil–Guyana relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to Guyana in the form of war fare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's newSouth-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen South Americanintegration.

During a state visit by Brazilian PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva to Georgetown on 2 March 2007, the governments of Guyana and Brazil signed several cooperation agreements and announced plans to boost trade between the two countries.

 Canada

Canada started relations with Guyana in 1964[31] with the construction of the Commission of Canada in Georgetown. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission. There is a Guyanese High Commission inOttawa and a Guyanese Consulate inToronto.

Canada and Guyana have strong ties through theCommonwealth of Nations. There is an estimated 200,000 Guyanese living in Canada. TheRoyal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, andhuman smuggling.

Guyana's largest import from Canada is machinery (CAD $13 mil), and export is precious metals (CAD$482 mil).[32] Food exports generally cater to Canada's Guyanese diaspora population.[33]

 Dominica3 November 1978

Dominica and Guyana have established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1978.[34]

 Mexico1 March 1973SeeGuyana–Mexico relations
  • Guyana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[36]
  • Mexico has an embassy inGeorgetown.[37]
 Suriname25 November 1975SeeGuyana–Suriname relations
 Trinidad and Tobago26 May 1966SeeGuyana-Trinidad and Tobago relations

Guyana andTrinidad and Tobago have had historically close ties due to their shared culture, history, dominion under theBritish empire, demographics and religion. Both Countries have a substantial population ofHindus from indentured servitude from India along with a large African population fromAfrica. Both countries are a part of theCommonwealth of Nations andCARICOM. Trinidad was the largest forgiver of debt in the 1990s Paris Club Agreement to Guyana, forgiving Hundred of Millions of Debt. A substantial number of Guyanese people live in Trinidad and Tobago. In recent years, relations between the two countries warmed with Guyana establishing its First Diplomatic Mission in Port of Spain in 2017. In 2018, they signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Energy Cooperation.

 United StatesSeeGuyana–United States relations

U.S. policy toward The Co-operative Republic of Guyana seeks to develop robust, sustainable democratic institutions, laws, and political practices; support economic growth and development; and promote stability and security. During the last years of his administration, PresidentHoyte sought to improve relations with the United States as part of a decision to move his country toward genuine political nonalignment. Relations also were improved by Hoyte's efforts to respect human rights, invite international observers for the 1992 elections, and reform electoral laws. The United States also welcomed the Hoyte government's economic reform and efforts, which stimulated investment and growth. The 1992 democratic elections and Guyana's reaffirmation of sound economic policies and respect for human rights have placed U.S.-Guyanese relations on an excellent footing. Under successive PPP governments, the United States and Guyana continued to improve relations. PresidentCheddi Jagan was committed to democracy, adopted more free market policies, and pursued sustainable development for Guyana's environment.

  • Guyana has an embassy in Washington, DC and a consulate-general in New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Georgetown.[38]
 Uruguay1985
 VenezuelaSeeGuyana–Venezuela relations

Venezuela claimed more than half of the territory of the British colony of Guyana at the time of theLatin American wars of independence, a dispute that was settled by arbitration in 1899. In 1962 Venezuela declared that it would no longer abide by the arbitration decision, which ceded mineral-rich territory in theOrinoco basin to Guyana. The area is called "Guayana Esequiba" by Venezuela. A border commission was set up in 1966 with representatives from Guyana, Venezuela and Great Britain, but failed to reach agreement. Venezuela vetoed Guyana's bid to become a member of theOrganization of American States (OAS) in 1967. In 1969 Venezuela backed an abortive uprising in the disputed area.

Under intense diplomatic pressure, Venezuela agreed in 1970 to a 12-year moratorium on the dispute with the Protocol ofPort-of-Spain. In 1981, Venezuela refused to renew the protocol. However, with changes to the governments of both countries relations improved, to the extent that in 1990 Venezuela sponsored Guyana's bid for OAS membership in 1990.[39][40]

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 China

Bilateral relations are good and progress on the economic side.[41] In 2022 exports from Guyana to China reached sum $1 billion.[42] Currently Chinese state owned companies are working to construct the largest bridge in Guyana which will span the Demerara River.[43] Trade between the two nations has grown significantly, rising from $180 million in 2013 to $1.4 billion in 2024.[44] However, China recently expressed displeasure withGuyanese President Irfaan Ali’s stance duringU.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s visit, reaffirming its commitment to China-Guyana friendship.[44]

 IndiaSeeGuyana–India relations

Relations between India and Guyana ever since the independence of Guyana in May 1966 have been cordial.[45] The cordiality in the relation remains unaffected with changes in governments either in India or in Guyana. Late Shrimati Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, visited Guyana in 1968, late Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, the then Vice President of India visited Guyana in 1988 and Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the then Vice President of India came on a state visit to Guyana in 2006.[45]

The cooperation between the two countries in sharing developmental experience is mainly routed through Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation (ITEC) under which forty scholarships are granted every year in various courses. Besides, some experts are also deputed to Guyana from time to time on request in specified areas of activity. Several other scholarships are also available to Guyanese to pursue long-term courses, to get acquainted with India and to learn Hindi language in India.

India has offered credit facilities to Guyana for use in mutually accepted designated fields, agriculture and information technology, being two of these. Indian companies have also expressed interest in bio fuel, energy, minerals and pharmaceuticals. Total trade turn over remains low, though the trend is positive.

Indian Cultural Centre in Georgetown was established in 1972 with the objective of strengthening cultural relations and mutual understanding between India and Guyana and their peoples. The Centre runs regular classes in Yoga and Dance (Kathak). The centre has a well equipped Auditorium where cultural events are organised on a regular basis. The teachers and students of ICC participate in events by the local community on various occasions round the year. The centre has a library with books/publications on history, literature, art, culture, mythology and works of eminent scholars and authors.

An important cultural connection between India and Guyana is cricket. With the advent of theIndian Premier League, many Guyanese players were contracted to play in India.[45]

 Qatar
  • Guyana has an embassy inDoha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Georgetown.
 South KoreaJune 13, 1968

The Republic of Guyana and The Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations on 1968-06-13.[46]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Croatia25 February 2003
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 2003.[47]
  • Croatia is represented in Guyana through its Permanent Mission in New York City.[48]
 Cyprus11 May 2011
 Denmark16 November 1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1979.[24]
  • Denmark is represented in Guyana, through its embassy in Brasília.[51]
  • Guyana is represented in Denmark, through its embassy in Brussels.
 Finland1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1979.[24]
  • Guyana is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Finland also has an honorary consulate general inGeorgetown.
 France1967
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1967.[24]
  • France is represented in Guyana through its embassy inParamaribo, Suriname.[52]
  • France has an honorary consulate in Guyana.[53]
  • Both countries have passed a number of bilateral treaties.[54]
 Germany1966See:Germany–Guyana relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[55]
  • Germany is represented in Guyana through its embassy inPort of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.[56]
 Georgia23 April 2012
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 2012.[57]
  • Bilateral political consultations between the Foreign Agencies cooperation is ongoing between both countries in political, legal, cultural, trade and economic relations. Cooperation concerning the academic exchanges is successfully implemented.[57]
 Greece14 May 1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1979.[24]
  • Greece is represented in Guyana by its embassy inCaracas, Venezuela.[58]
  • Greece has provided Guyana with development aid in the past.[58]
 Netherlands15 May 1970
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[59]
  • Netherlands is represented in Guyana by its embassy inParamaribo, Suriname
  • Suriname is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy inBrussels, Belgium
 Russia17 December 1970SeeGuyana–Russia relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1970.
  • Guyana is represented in Russia by its High Commission inLondon, United Kingdom.
  • Russia is represented in Guyana by its embassy in Georgetown, Guyana.
 Serbia5 November 1968
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1968.[60]
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C.[61]
 United Kingdom26 May 1966SeeForeign relations of the United Kingdom

Guyana establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on the 26 May 1966.[62]

The UK governedGuyana from 1803 to 1966, when Guyana achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[64] theCommonwealth, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[65] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[66]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Australia

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]

[69]

  1. ^"What to Know About Venezuela's Move to Claim Guyana Region". Time. 6 December 2023. Retrieved8 April 2025.
  2. ^"Guyana–Venezuela Territorial Dispute". Security Council Report. 1 April 2024. Retrieved8 April 2025.
  3. ^"Understanding the Guyana and Suriname Border Dispute". Global Indian Network. 4 September 2024. Retrieved8 April 2025.
  4. ^"Venezuelans approve a referendum to claim sovereignty over a swathe of neighboring Guyana".ABC News. Retrieved6 December 2023.
  5. ^"Tensions rise as Venezuelans vote on disputed territory in neighbouring Guyana".The Guardian. Associated Press. 3 December 2023.ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved6 December 2023.
  6. ^"Welcome to guyanachronicle.com". Archived fromthe original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved9 July 2007.
  7. ^Guyana to experience ‘massive' oil exploration this year
  8. ^Business: News in the Caribbean – Caribbean360.comArchived 29 September 2007 at theWayback Machine
  9. ^ab"Diplomatic relations". Archived fromthe original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  10. ^"Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved16 July 2016.
  11. ^"ST. KITTS AND NEVIS' PRIME MINISTER CONGRATULATES GUYANA ON ITS 52nd ANNIVERSARY OF INDEPENDENCE". 28 May 2018. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  12. ^"Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved16 April 2021.
  13. ^Petruf, Pavol.Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  14. ^Belize Today. Government Information Service. 1992. p. 7.
  15. ^"Guyana".MFA of Armenia. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  16. ^"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open mission here".Guyana Times. 26 July 2012. Archived fromthe original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved8 August 2012.
  17. ^"Lehbib Breika presents credentials as SADR ambassador to Guyana".Sahara Press Service. 12 December 2013. Archived fromthe original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved12 December 2013.
  18. ^"Guyana and Kazakhstan establish diplomatic relations". 15 January 2013. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  19. ^abcdef"Diplomatic relations between Guyana and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  20. ^"Guyana establishes diplomatic ties with San Marino".Guyana Chronicle. 17 February 2019. Retrieved21 April 2021.
  21. ^"Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Hugh Hilton Todd, earlier today signed a joint communique". 19 September 2022. Retrieved19 September 2022.
  22. ^"Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with Cooperative Republic of Guyana". 11 October 2022. Retrieved11 October 2022.
  23. ^"Belize Establishes Diplomatic Relations with Guyana, Opens High Commission". 25 June 2024. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  24. ^abcdefgh"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved16 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^"Bilateral Relations: G".www.mofaic.gov.bw. Archived fromthe original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved13 January 2022.
  26. ^ab"South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  27. ^"Embajada en Guyana" (in Spanish). Eguya.cancilleria.gov.ar. Retrieved23 September 2022.
  28. ^"The Nation Newspaper | the Guyana land offer to Barbados". Archived fromthe original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved14 December 2010.
  29. ^"The Nation Newspaper | Guyana land lease offer 'ridiculous'". Archived fromthe original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved14 December 2010.
  30. ^"The Nation Newspaper | Guyana low cost land". Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved14 December 2010.
  31. ^Canada, Global Affairs (4 November 2008)."Canada - Guyana Relations".GAC. Retrieved5 January 2021.
  32. ^Canada, Global Affairs (4 November 2008)."Fact Sheet".www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Retrieved14 February 2021.
  33. ^"Guyana's exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years".Stabroek News. 31 October 2008. Retrieved14 February 2021.
  34. ^"Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 March 2016.
  35. ^Guyana's Diplomatic & Consular Representatives
  36. ^"Non-resident ambassador of Guyana presents letter of accreditation to the President of Mexico (in Spanish)". Archived fromthe original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved3 December 2014.
  37. ^Embassy of Mexico in Georgetown (in English and Spanish)
  38. ^"Embassy of the United States in Georgetown". Archived fromthe original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved21 November 2014.
  39. ^"Relations with Venezuela". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved9 June 2009.
  40. ^"The Trail of Diplomacy". Guyana News and Information. Retrieved9 June 2009.
  41. ^China ministry of foreign affairs
  42. ^China-Guyana trade near one billion US dollars so far this year
  43. ^David Papannah (26 May 2022)."New bridge over Demerara closer".Stabroek News. Retrieved4 January 2023.
  44. ^ab"China displeased with Guyana, US talks".www.surinametimes.com. Retrieved31 March 2025.
  45. ^abcIndian High Commission GuyanaArchived 15 August 2013 at theWayback Machine
  46. ^"Search | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea".
  47. ^Ministry of foreign affairs of Croatia
  48. ^Ministry of foreign affairs of Croatia
  49. ^"Cyprus Foreign ministry"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  50. ^Cyprus Foreign ministry
  51. ^"Danish Consulate in Guyana". Danish embassy in Brasilia, Brazil. Archived fromthe original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved28 February 2011.
  52. ^"Embassy of France in Paramaribo". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  53. ^"Ambassade de France au Suriname et au Guyana".
  54. ^French ministry of foreign affairs (in French)
  55. ^German Ministry of foreign affairs
  56. ^Germany's embassy in Port of Spain
  57. ^ab"Ministry of foreign affairs of Georgia". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  58. ^abGreek Ministry of foreign affairs
  59. ^"Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Retrieved24 June 2024.
  60. ^"Ministry of foreign affairs of Serbia". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  61. ^"Ministry of foreign affairs of Serbia". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved18 November 2016.
  62. ^ab"Diplomatic Relations".Guyana High Commission UK.Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved2 June 2024.
  63. ^"British High Commission Georgetown".GOV.UK.Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved2 June 2024.
  64. ^Politi, James (19 September 2023)."US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact".Financial Times.Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved19 January 2024.
  65. ^Partington, Richard (22 March 2019)."UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved11 December 2023.
  66. ^"Guyana - United Kingdom BIT (1989)".UN Trade and Development.Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved2 June 2024.
  67. ^Australia's High Commission in Port of Spain
  68. ^Australia's Department of foreign affairs and trade
  69. ^"Guyana to join the UN Security Council as new non-permanent member | United Nations in Guyana".guyana.un.org. Retrieved13 June 2023.
Americas
Coat of arms of Guyana
Asia
Europe
Former
Foreign relations of theCaribbean
West
Indies
Antilles
Greater
Antilles
Hispaniola
Lesser
Antilles
Leeward
Islands
Saint Martin^
Virgin Islands
Southern
Caribbean
Leeward
Antilles
ABC islands
Windward
Islands
Lucayan
Archipelago
Caribbean
Sea
Caribbean
continental
zone
Central America
South America
Wider
groupings
may include:
Yucatán Peninsula
The Guianas
N.B.: Territories initalics are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies.

^These three form theSSS islands that with the ABC islands comprise theDutch Caribbean, of which*theBES islands are not directKingdom constituents but subsumed with the country of theNetherlands.

Physiographically, thesecontinental islands are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically.

ǂDisputed territories administered byGuyana.~Disputed territories administered byColombia.

#Bermuda is an isolatedNorth Atlanticoceanic island, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with theNorthern American region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.
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