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Foreign relations of Ghana

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Theforeign relations of Ghana are controlled by theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in theUnited Nations and many of its specialised agencies, theWorld Trade Organization, theNon-Aligned Movement, theOrganisation of African Unity (OAU), theAfrican Union (AU) and theEconomic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in internationalpeacekeeping activities under UN auspices inLebanon,Afghanistan,Rwanda, and theBalkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire inLiberia. Ghana is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court.

Guiding principles and objectives

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Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.[1]

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."[1]

Kwame Nkrumah and his family meeting Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser during the 1965OAU Summit in Accra.

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.[1]

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.[1]

Diplomatic missions of Ghana

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of theEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993–94.[1]

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.[1]

Diplomatic relations

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List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1 United Kingdom6 March 1957[2]
2 India6 March 1957[3]
3 Japan6 March 1957[4]
4 Philippines6 March 1957[5]
5 United States6 March 1957[6]
6 Germany24 June 1957[7]
7 LiberiaJune 1957[8]
8 France7 July 1957[9]
9 Canada30 October 1957[10]
10 IsraelOctober 1957[11]
11 Egypt7 November 1957[12]
12 Russia15 January 1958[13]
13 Australia21 February 1958[14]
14 Tunisia11 June 1958[15]
15 Pakistan1 September 1958[16]
16 Turkey30 October 1958[17]
17 Guinea1958[18]
18 Serbia10 January 1959[19]
19 Lebanon30 March 1959[20][21]
20 Ethiopia10 April 1959[22]
21 Netherlands9 May 1959[23]
22 Indonesia2 September 1959[24]
23 Sudan20 September 1959[25]
24 Belgium2 October 1959[26]
25 Cuba23 December 1959[27]
26 Poland31 December 1959[28]
27 Brazil2 March 1960[29]
28 Saudi Arabia1 April 1960[30]
29 Morocco3 June 1960[31]
30 Democratic Republic of the Congo1 July 1960[32]
31 China5 July 1960[33]
32  Switzerland19 July 1960[34]
33 Iraq1 October 1960[35]
34 Nigeria1 October 1960[36]
35 Mali14 October 1960[37]
36 Italy8 November 1960[38]
37 Libya1960[39]
38 Czech Republic18 January 1961[40]
39 Somalia25 February 1961[41]
40 HaitiFebruary 1961[42]
41 Sri Lanka6 March 1961[43]
42 Ivory Coast15 March 1961[44]
43 Argentina28 March 1961[45]
44 Senegal21 April 1961[46]
45 Sierra Leone27 April 1961[47]
46 Burkina Faso12 June 1961[48]
47 Hungary29 July 1961[49]
48 Afghanistan2 August 1961[50]
49 Mexico8 August 1961[51]
50 Bulgaria10 August 1961[52]
51 Romania10 August 1961[53]
52 Niger24 August 1961[54]
53 AlbaniaAugust 1961[55]
54 Denmark28 September 1961[56]
55 Chile6 October 1961[57]
56 Sweden27 April 1962[58]
57 Benin20 June 1962[59]
58 Togo21 January 1963[60]
59 Algeria2 May 1963[61]
60 Uganda1 August 1963[62]
61 Cameroon20 August 1963[63]
62 Kenya16 December 1963[64]
63 Republic of the Congo8 February 1964[65]
64 Trinidad and Tobago1 March 1964[66]
65 Malawi8 July 1964[67]
66 Burundi25 August 1964[68]
67 Zambia30 November 1964[69]
68 North Korea28 December 1964[70]
69 Venezuela16 March 1965[71]
70 Vietnam25 March 1965[72]
71 Norway19 May 1965[73]
72 Gambia28 May 1965[74]
73 Mongolia7 December 1965[75]
74 Tanzania20 December 1965[76]
75 Rwanda1965[77]
76 Lesotho24 November 1966[78]
77 Malaysia29 March 1967[79]
78 Central African Republic14 June 1967[80]
79 Chad23 July 1967[81]
80 Spain10 November 1967[82]
81 Jamaica15 November 1967[83]
82 Austria23 December 1967[84][85]
83 Luxembourg21 February 1968[86]
84 Equatorial Guinea4 June 1971[87]
85 Greece31 July 1973[88]
86 Malta27 February 1974[89]
87 Bangladesh19 July 1974[90]
88 Iran1974[91]
89 Kuwait1974[92]
90 Portugal27 May 1975[93]
91 Botswana28 October 1975[94]
— Holy See20 November 1975[95]
92 Suriname24 November 1975[96]
93 Angola8 October 1976[97]
94 Papua New Guinea22 August 1977[98]
95 Cape Verde4 October 1977[99]
96 Iceland11 October 1977[100]
97 South Korea14 November 1977[101]
98 Finland1 December 1977[102]
99 Bahrain9 April 1978[103]
100 Mozambique27 June 1978[104]
101 EswatiniJune 1978[105]
102 Guyana14 May 1979[106]
— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic24 August 1979[107]
103 Zimbabwe29 October 1980[108]
104 Qatar25 July 1981[109]
105 United Arab Emirates25 August 1981[110][111]
106 BelizeSeptember 1981[112]
107 Uruguay24 May 1982[113]
108 NicaraguaMarch 1983[114]
109 Grenada1983[115]
110 Thailand25 October 1985[116]
111 Peru23 June 1987[117]
112 Bolivia3 December 1987[118]
113 Colombia23 June 1988[117]
114 Seychelles10 October 1988[117]
— State of Palestine17 February 1989[119]
115 Panama24 February 1989[120]
116 Oman1 March 1989[121]
117 Cyprus5 May 1989[122]
118 Maldives10 August 1989[117]
119 Singapore11 October 1989[123]
120 Namibia21 March 1990[124]
121 Ireland1990[125]
122 Brunei10 December 1991[126]
123 Latvia3 January 1992[127]
124 Estonia5 February 1992[128]
125 Belarus5 May 1992[129]
126 Armenia29 May 1992[130]
127 Ukraine17 June 1992[131]
128 Kyrgyzstan26 June 1992[132]
129 Lithuania10 July 1992[133]
130 Kazakhstan14 August 1992[134]
131 Moldova28 August 1992[135]
132 Azerbaijan11 September 1992[136]
133 Turkmenistan17 September 1992[137]
134 Georgia4 December 1992[138]
135 Slovenia15 February 1993[139]
136 Croatia17 February 1993[140]
137 Saint Kitts and NevisJune 1993[141]
138 Slovakia1 October 1993[142]
139 Uzbekistan28 October 1993[143]
140 Tajikistan2 November 1993[144]
141 South Africa6 May 1994[145]
142 BarbadosAugust 1994[146]
143 Guatemala26 September 1994[147]
144 Myanmar13 January 1995[148]
145 Cambodia24 May 1995[149]
146 Yemen30 November 1995[150]
147 North Macedonia7 February 1996[151]
148 New Zealand23 June 1999[152]
149 Costa Rica11 July 2000[153]
150 Timor-Leste20 May 2002[154]
151 Eritrea26 August 2004[155]
152 Bahamas12 September 2005[156]
153 Ecuador10 May 2007[157]
154 Jordan5 June 2007[158]
155 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1 August 2008[159]
156 San Marino5 November 2008[160]
157 Andorra31 March 2011[161]
158 Honduras29 August 2011[162]
159 Djibouti12 March 2012[163]
160 Montenegro20 September 2012[117]
— Kosovo4 October 2012[164]
161 Fiji12 October 2012[165]
162 Bosnia and Herzegovina13 February 2013[117]
163 South Sudan15 September 2014[166]
164 Comoros5 July 2015[167]
165 Dominica18 January 2018[117]
166 Dominican Republic23 September 2019[117]
167   Nepal25 September 2019[117]
168 Monaco26 September 2019[117]
169 Laos27 September 2019[168]
170 Liechtenstein19 December 2019[117]
171 Samoa20 December 2019[117]
172 Antigua and BarbudaBefore March 2020[169]
173 Paraguay17 June 2021[170]
174 São Tomé and Príncipe13 June 2023[171]
175 El Salvador18 September 2023[172]
— Cook Islands8 November 2023[173]
176 Madagascar24 September 2024[174]
177 Saint Lucia24 September 2024[175]
178 GabonUnknown
179 Guinea-BissauUnknown[176]
180 MauritaniaUnknown
181 MauritiusUnknown
182 SyriaUnknown

Bilateral relations

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Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Burkina Faso12 June 1961SeeBurkina Faso–Ghana relations

With the coming to power ofThomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed,Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunctGhana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.[177]

  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inOuagadougou.
 Guinea1958
 Ivory Coast15 March 1961SeeIvory Coast–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.[44]

Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts ofsabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of grantingasylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve thetransportation andcommunication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.[179]

  • Ghana has an embassy inAbidjan.
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Accra.
 Kenya16 December 1963SeeGhana–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963.

  • Ghana has a high commission inNairobi.
  • Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
 Nigeria1 October 1960SeeGhana–Nigeria relations

Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960[180]

Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by GeneralSani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.[1]

  • Ghana has a high commission inAbuja and a consulate-general inLagos.
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
 South Africa6 May 1994SeeGhana–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[181]

High Commission of Ghana inPretoria
  • Ghana has a high commission inPretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
 Togo21 January 1963SeeGhana–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.[60]

The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, theLeague of Nations divided the German colony ofTogoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among theGold Coast,British Togoland, andFrench Togoland. After 1945, theUnited Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea thatKwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.[1][182] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such assmuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression.[179] The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital,Lomé, by day.[182]

  • Ghana has an embassy inLomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Brazil2 January 1961
President of GhanaJohn Kufuor withPresident of BrazilLula da Silva
  • Brazil has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inBrasília.
 Chile6 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[57]
  • Chile has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Colombia23 June 1988

SeeColombia–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988[183]

Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.[184]

  • Colombia has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Jamaica8 May 1968SeeGhana–Jamaica relations
  • Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Mexico8 August 1961SeeGhana–Mexico relations

Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961.[51] Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980.[185] Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.

 Peru23 June 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[188]

  • Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Accra.
 Suriname1 April 1977See:Ghana-Suriname relations
  • Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.[189]
 United States6 March 1957SeeGhana–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957[190]

The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Bangladesh19 July 1974SeeBangladesh–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.[191]

  • Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
 China5 July 1960SeeChina–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.[33]

Ghana's relations with thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966.

  • China has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inBeijing.
 India6 March 1957SeeGhana–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.[192]

  • Ghana has a high commission inNew Delhi.
  • India has a high commission in Accra.
 Israel6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994SeeGhana–Israel relations
  • Ghana has an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Accra.
 Malaysia5 December 1966SeeGhana–Malaysia relations
  • Ghana has a high commission inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
 Pakistan1958

Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.[193]

  • Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
 Turkey1958SeeGhana–Turkey relations

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Denmark28 September 1961SeeDenmark–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[56]

Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessingDanish Gold Coast.

  • Denmark has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inCopenhagen.
 France7 July 1957

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1957.

  • France has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inParis.
 Germany24 June 1957SeeGermany–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957.

  • Germany has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy inBerlin.
 Poland31 December 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959[28]
  • Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Russia14 January 1958SeeGhana–Russia relations
 Spain10 November 1967SeeGhana–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967[195]

  • Ghana has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Accra.
 United Kingdom6 March 1957SeeGhana–United Kingdom relations

Ghana establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957.

The UK governedGhana from 1821 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[197] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[198] anEconomic Partnership Agreement,[199] a High Level Prosperity Partnership,[200] and an Investment Agreement.[201]

Ghana and theCommonwealth of Nations

[edit]
Recipient of the 2008Chatham House Prize and10thPresident of GhanaJohn Kufuor withPrince Philip, the Husband of theHead of the Commonwealth and Queen of the United Kingdom,Elizabeth II.

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as aDominion, then as arepublic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgOwusu, Maxwell. "Guiding Principles and Objectives".A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor).Library of CongressFederal Research Division (November 1994).This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.[1]
  2. ^Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970).The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
  3. ^"Report 1956-57 Government of India Ministry of External Affairs". p. 30. Retrieved9 November 2023.
  4. ^"Countries & Regions".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved16 July 2023.
  5. ^"Today, we celebrate 60 years of formal diplomatic relations with Ghana!". 6 March 2017. Retrieved31 July 2023.
  6. ^"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ghana".Office of the Historian. Retrieved30 April 2023.
  7. ^"Ghana: Steckbrief".Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved10 May 2023.
  8. ^Liberia Today Volumes 5-7. Liberian Embassy in Washington. 1956. p. 7. Retrieved14 February 2024.
  9. ^"Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945"(PDF).Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved15 December 2023.
  10. ^Linwood, DeLong (January 2020)."A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved26 June 2023.
  11. ^Levey, Zach (April 2003)."The Rise and Decline of a Special Relationship: Israel and Ghana, 1957-1966".African Studies Review.46 (1): 158.doi:10.2307/1514985.JSTOR 1514985.S2CID 144903465.
  12. ^The Annual Register of World Events Volume 199. Longmans, Green and Company. 1957. p. 552.NOVEMBER ... 7 Ghana and Egypt established diplomatic relations at embassy level
  13. ^"Reception on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between Russia and Ghana".Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации. 29 January 2018. Retrieved11 April 2018.
  14. ^"Australian Representation Overseas".Current Notes on International Affairs.29 (2). Department of External Affairs: 128. February 1958. Retrieved3 November 2022.
  15. ^Awakening Africa - Volume 1. Bureau of African Affairs. 1962. p. 113.
  16. ^Pakistan Affairs Volumes 7-11. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1953–1958.
  17. ^@moigovgh (30 October 2018)."Oppong Nkrumah made the call at a reception in Accra to mark the 95th Anniversary of the Foundation of the republic of Turkey. The programme also coincided with the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ghana and Turkey" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  18. ^abGiant Stride Forward: Republic of Guinea, First Year of Freedom. The Embassy of Guinea to the United States. 1959. p. 18.
  19. ^Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 6–10. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1959. p. 41.
  20. ^Summary of the Yugoslav Press. The Service. 1959. p. 4.
  21. ^Lazar Focsaneanu."Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 /".persee.fr (in French). p. 921. Retrieved30 November 2023.
  22. ^W. Scott Thompson (1969).Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
  23. ^"AMSTERDAM van DAG tot DAG Feestelijke opening N.V. Fijnhouthandel".NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 8 May 1959. Retrieved7 January 2024.Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard heeft vanmorgen jn tegenwoordigheid van de Hoge Commissaris van Ghana, Z.E. Asafu Adjay...
  24. ^"Pertemuan Bilateral Presiden RI dengan Presiden Ghana di Hotel Mulia Nusa Dua, Kabupaten Badung, Provinsi Bali, 2 September 2024".Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. 2 September 2024. Archived fromthe original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved23 November 2024.
  25. ^Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1960. p. 36.
  26. ^Belgisch staatsblad Issues 275-326 (in French and Dutch). 1959. 1959. p. 8127.
  27. ^"Cuba aboga por consolidar las relaciones diplomáticas con Ghana".granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved30 April 2023.
  28. ^ab"Ghana".gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved23 April 2023.
  29. ^Síntese cronológica, 1960 (in Portuguese). Vol. I. 1960. p. 194.
  30. ^Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 66-70 - Page 4. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960.
  31. ^"Fonds Jacques Belin, Albums Maroc, série numérique 1941-1961"(PDF).archivesdiplomatiques.diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 231. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 November 2023. Retrieved24 March 2025.
  32. ^W. Scott Thompson (1969).Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
  33. ^ab"Introduction of China-Ghana Relations".Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Ghana. Retrieved9 November 2023.
  34. ^"No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe".dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved19 May 2023.
  35. ^Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 191-195. 1960. pp. B-6.
  36. ^Dei-Anang, Michael (1975).The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 A Personal Memoir. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 76.
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