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Theforeign relations of Ethiopia refers to overall diplomatic relationship of Ethiopia. TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs oversees foreign relations and diplomatic missions of the country.
Ethiopia is one of few early African countries admitted to the League of Nations, becoming a member on 28 September 1923, and was one of the founding members of the United Nations. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia had maintained its full sovereignty over European colonial power and fought the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895–96. However, the League did not protect in accord with the envisaged "collective security" of the country, resulted Italy's occupation of Ethiopia for 5 years (1936–1941).
From 1950s, Ethiopia participated to UN peacekeeping missions such as in Korean War and Congo Crisis. Virtually, Ethiopia maintains diplomatic relations to most countries, and is non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
Punt (2500 BCE – 980 BCE) was predominantly a trading centre dominated byAncient Egypt toHorn of Africa. Trading commodities includes exports of Egypt; one of the most essential wasincense, which was mainly used for religious rituals forembalming corpse. Other wereivory,spices,hides and exotic animals that convey route to coast of Ethiopia, thus Ethiopia has been an integral part of Punt. Egyptian expedition to southeastern African region was generally commenced in the second millennium BC, after stabilizing relations with kingdoms of today'sSudan, theKush,Napata andMeroë.[1]
Some theorists hypothesized Ancient South Arabian people migratedout of Africa to the straitBab-el-Mandeb when its sea level decreased to current status. When their civilization came to appear from 4th millennium BC, onwardMesopotamia and thePersian Gulf, adaptation of Semitic language was from end ofMediterranean, though they used Canaanite alphabet developed from Syria or Palestine during second millennium BC. Apparently, these languages similarity compared to Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, even though lacked scholarly consensus. By 500 BC, it was widely spoken such as theGe'ez language.[2]
Writing system throughinscription on stone often detailed historical rival kingdoms in the region, most notability the Saba, Qataban, Himyar,Hadhramaut,Ma'in and others. In 1959, American archeologists collected numerous artifacts and body of inscriptions in the area, belonging toprimary sources. The inscription not only detailed about South Arabia, but also the earlyEthiopian history associated with Kingdom of Aksum and its rulers.[3]
TheKingdom of Aksum has been a great power in classic Africa; once it has been referenced by Persian prophetMani in the 3rd century and Greco-Roman trading guidePeriplus of the Erythraean Sea in first century. Axum maintained well-defined foreign relations with powerful realms in the era. According to Stuart Munro-Hay witness, the Aksumite had several account of ambassadors that had delegation with neighboring powers. Occasionally, Aksumite contact with foreign powers also attested by archaeological or scarce finds.[4]
Aksumite relations with pre-Roman Egypt was ostensibly uncertain. However, it was considered that Aksumite contact were also existed during the fall ofPtolemaic dynasty withCleopatra death in 30 BC. Few artifacts were uncovered from Egypt such as cippus of Horus given to Bruce, and illustrated by him, and a few amulet figurines of blue faience[4] or cornaline[4] found at various sites of Ethiopia. Other include the double-uraeus, perhaps brought fromMeroë.[4]
Another discoveries are an inscription ofPtolemy III copied by Kosmas atAdulis and ankh'-sign engraved on one of the stelae. During KingEzana's reign, he expedited to the Nile afterMeroë was entirely sacked. After its successorNoba emerged, it behaved badly to consign Aksumite ambassadors punished with military expedition. An aggressive mistreatment was objected by tribes such as theMangurto, theBarya, and theKhasa by asking support, either regarded Aksum would an aide of Noba or possibly a suzerain. Ezana's expedition also attacked Kasu, the remnants of Meroitic state. Nuba, Kasu, and Beja were integral to Ezana's kingdom. Meroitic artifacts have been found in Ethiopian locationAddi Galamo (Atse Dera) such as bronze bowls, which was brought from Roman Egypt. It was possibly made up of diorite thumb-ring found by the BIEA expedition at Aksum, and corna line amulet of Harpocrates with typical double-uraeus of the Meroites.[4]
Saba,Himyar and Hadhramawit kingdom commonly known as South Arabian states—had special relations with Ethiopia. Culturally, linguistically, and socially, Aksumite civilization completely inspired by those overseas. While Aksumite intervention to states generally uncertain, it was viable to have a military expedition beginning in 3rd century. During the period ofGDRT andAdhebah reign, (’DBH), Aksumite commenced a military treaty with Saba and then with Hadhramawit in the first half of third century.[4]
During Adhebah period, Shamir called Himyar prince Dhu-Raydan sent military aid from Aksum. Later, Aksumite king adopted nominally "king of Saba and Himyar", asserting suzerainty. Foreign contact also continued during the fifth and early sixth centuries between the two sides of Red Sea. Byzantine scholarProcopius told the voyage of crossing Red Sea for five days and nights and that "the harbor of the Homeritae from which they are accustomed to putting to sea is called Boulikas", presumably somewhere near Mukha, and " at the end of the sail across the sea they always put in at the harbor of the Adulitae" at the reign of King Kaleb.[4]
Arabian titles were experienced in South Arabia during Kaleb's reign; after his viceroy deposed by Jewish Himyar king Yusuf Asar, Yemen was no longer requisite to Aksum. The event led Aksumite to decline its dominion. An inscription dated to 543 AD mentioned that the new king named Abraha dealing with the restoration of great dam at Marib, and mentioned embassies from various foreign countries such as Aksum, Rome, Persia and various Arab groups. Procopius noted that Abreha was subordinated by Kaleb, a period which unbeknownst to Abreha regaining the kingdom reputations and he received little damage.[4]
Foreign relations in the Middle Ages have impacted by an interaction with Iberian countries—Spain andPortugal—especially the latter had considerable power on internal affairs. Portuguese influence spanned from 1500 to 1672, they had an interest of spreadingJesuit order from 1556 to 1632. According to their narrative effluence, the Portuguese authors underscored their involvement to Ethiopia, but overturned to smoothly decay. Portuguese authors works notablyFrancisco Álvares,Miguel de Castanhoso, andPedro Páez survived to this day.[5]Prester John, a fabulous Christian king, spurred the Portuguese to pursue Ethiopia whose kingdom they equates withGarden of Eden. According to the legend, he was born about 1460 and last seen in 1526. There is also speculation about his age where he lived for fifteen or twenty seven years beyond 1526.
Pero da Covilhã profoundly marched overland into the Ethiopian Highlands about the end of 1492 or beginning of 1493, characterized by conquest and superiority. He sent an information to Lisbon a few years later that contributed Vasco da Gama mobilisation to African southern cap into the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese navy almost dominated the coastline ofEastern Hemisphere.[6]
In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since the Aksumite era.AtseDawit I first made contact with theRepublic of Venice by requesting for religious artifacts and craftsmen. A letter fromHenry IV of England to the Ethiopian Emperor survives.[7] In 1428,Yeshaq I sent two emissaries toAlfonso V of Aragon, who sent his own emissaries that failed to complete the return trip home to Aragon.[8]
The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal underDawit II (Lebna Dengel), who had just inherited the throne from his father.[9] In 1487, King John II of Portugal sent two emissaries to the Orient, Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva; Afonso would die on this mission.[10] By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire was in a 13 year long war with neighboring Muslim states, and a Portuguese expedition force was sent fromGoa,India to aid the Ethiopian Army due to an ongoingrivalry with the Ottoman Empire, who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.[11][12]
Since 16th century, Roman Catholicism and the Jesuits increasingly influenced on state power. Besides, theOromo migrations had vital role in the northern Ethiopia. Among other Jesuit, Spanish Jesuit Pedro Paez had favorable relations to the Emperors of Ethiopia likeZa Dengel andSusenyos I, the latter promulgated that Roman Catholicism state administrative to the Empire in 1622 on behalf ofOrthodox Tewahedo Church, resulted in grave conflict for the years.
The reign of EmperorFasilides in 1632 arranged this status by restoring Orthodox Tewahedo state leadership and expelled Jesuits from his land. After founding Gondar in 1636, Ethiopia then prospered again with the beginning of "Gondarine period" characterized as relatively peaceful governance. However, fewFranciscan andCapuchin friars said to be lived during the 18th century such as Franciscan Giuseppe Maria di Gerusalemme, Remedius Prutky (who left credible records to the city).
Architecture of this period was slightly influenced by the remnant Jesuits, but also the presence of Arab, Indians (brought by the Jesuits) as well as Turkish in Ottoman occupiednorthern area had involvement. One of the example is castles inFasil Ghebbi.
EmperorTewodros II reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection ofQueen Victoria and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with theBritish Empire. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide atMagdala in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.[13] Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; EmperorYohannes IV faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage ofSuez Canal to Massawa, and opening road betweenAddi Quala and Gundet used to penetrate theEthiopian Empire. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistantJohn Kirkham, he "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German travellerGerhard Rohlfs asserted that he wanted to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries atMonkulu. British travellerAugustus B. Wylde supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".[14]
Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist atKeren, the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly atAdwa. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived toShewa over several years.[14]
Ethiopia had strong diplomatic relations under EmperorMenelik II withBritain,France andItaly, the latter pursued hegemony to Ethiopian Empire after establishingcolony in Eritrea (1882). The British and French rival with Italy due to insecurity with their respective protectorate in East Africa. However, both feared the process of Menelik's Expansions. In 1891, the British policy makers sent a circular note to the other world powers concerning the large portion of Nile Valley belonged to Ethiopia, "the activities and the pretension of theNegus were practically enough in themselves to bring the British to the support of Italian policy in East Africa."[15]
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On 2 May 1889, theTreaty of Wuchale was signed between Ethiopia and Italy with respective bilingual version. The treaty was signed after the Italian occupation of Eritrea and aimed to create friendship with both countries. The Amharic and Italian language, however confused by Article 17 in which Menelik denounced in 1893, resulting Italy's threatening over the status of newly formed boundary.
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In 1895, theFirst Italo-Ethiopian War began, ending with Italy's defeat atBattle of Adwa by Ethiopian troops who were assisted logistically by Menelik. By early 1900, European agencies opened legation in Addis Ababa and had huge impact on investment in the country's infrastructure (schools, banks, road, railway etc.).
DuringHaile Selassie coronation in 1930, emissaries from the United States, Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were also presented. Since then, he led the forefront diplomatic relations of Ethiopia with world powers.[16]
In 1930s, Ethiopia faced Italian renewed imperialist design. Together with the failure of the League of Nations envision of Ethiopia's "collective security", Italy invaded Ethiopia again in October 1935, culminating in theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War. In May 1936, Mussolini declared Ethiopia as part ofItalian East Africa by merging withEritrea andSomaliland. Haile Selassie fled to England'sFairfield House, Bath, and delivered an address that made him a worldwide figure, and the 1935TimeMan of the Year.
On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and Commonwealth forces in Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and British Somaliland. In January 1941, the British army together withArbegnoch ("the Patriots") andGideon Force occupied Ethiopia. On 5 May, Haile Selassie with auspice of Ethiopian Free Forces entered Addis Ababa and reclaimed his throne while the war continued until November. After their defeat, the Italian began guerrilla offensive in Ethiopia that lasted until theArmistice between Italy and Allied armed forces in September 1943.
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On 31 January 1942, the British and Ethiopia signedAnglo-Ethiopian Agreement which Britain recognized Ethiopian sovereignty, except military occupation of Ogaden with their colony in Somaliland and the former Italian colony of Somaliland, creating a single polity. Ethiopians discontent about the privilege of military administration of some south-eastern region until formal agreement signed on 19 December 1944 that ended British advantage in the Ethiopian regions. The Italian Republic signed peace treaty on 10 February 1947 that recognized Ethiopia's sovereignty with agreement to pay $25,000,000 in reparations.[17]
In 1952, Eritrea federated with Ethiopia with majority vote in the United Nations and this attitude declined by 1961, culminating in theEritrean War of Independence since armed forces formed such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).
Oppositions against Haile Selassie came to existence with students began marching through 1960s and early 1970s, chanting "land for tiller" and embracing several Marxist–Leninist theme.[18] Haile Selassie deposed on 12 September 1974 by officers ofEthiopian Army led byAman Andom named Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army. The committee renamed itself Provisional Military Administrative Council known as theDerg after abolishing the Ethiopian Empire in March 1975.
The Derg aligned itself withSoviet bloc—had similar Marxist Leninist policy on Ethiopia. The Derg suffered from internal insurgency and ambivalent relations with neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Somalia. In 1977, theOgaden War was fought between the Derg supported by Cuba, Soviet Union and South Yemen, and Somalia with the United States and Egypt. Although ending on 15 March 1978, the relations between Ethiopia and Somalia marred with political dispute with involvement of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) in relations of the disputedOgaden region.
By the 1990, the Derg and Soviet Union relations was deteriorated after Mengistu Haile Mariam banned the Ethiopian media to use the termglasnost andperestroika, defyingMikhail Gorbachev who was believed has not fondness for him. By early 1990, Mengistu helped emigration of the Ethiopian Jews to Israel by which many Jewish organizations and US Congress discerned Mengistu's task in the lobbying effort.[19]
After defeating the Derg in 1991, the newly formed coalition theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), led byPresident and laterPrime MinisterMeles Zenawi, experienced opposition from factions in Somalia as well as within the country; in May 1991, a pan-IslamistAl-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity) established to consolidate Somalia's power in theGreater Somalia. Relations with Eritrea was somewhat better intensified after its UN-sponsored session from Ethiopia in May 1993.
Later in 1998, their relations was deteriorated after large-scale Eritrean mechanized force penetrated to Badme region, triggering theEritrean–Ethiopian War. Both countries spent favorable amount of armaments ahead of the war and suffered reportedly 100,000 casualties combined as a direct consequence thereof, excluding indeterminate number of refugees.[20][21][22][23] In December 2000, the two countries government signedAlgiers Agreement which finalized the war and created binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean–Ethiopian Claims Commissions, to oversee the disputed border and related claims. Since then, there was elevated tensions with border conflict and stalemate what is described "war footing" and "no-war-no-peace" with absence of foreign and domestic policy domination. This was ended after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to power in 2018, signed the2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit on 8–9 July.[24]
Meles' government relations with Djibouti was friendly as Djibouti accessed Port of Djibouti to Ethiopia. Ethiopia had 90% imports arrived from Port of Djibouti and 95% of Djiboutian regional exports.[25] In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) virtually controlled the whole of southern Somalia and successfully united Mogadishu and imposedShari'a law. With support of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, Ethiopia, under UN peacekeeping mission againstWar on Terrorism, attacked ICU. The ICU's split eventually led to the formation ofAl-Shabaab, regrouping to continue the insurgency against TFG and Ethiopian military presence in Somalia.[26]
In May 2010, theNile Basin Initiative was signed by five upstream countries such as Ethiopia,Tanzania,Uganda,Kenya, andRwanda andBurundi as Egypt considerate as breach to the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian treaty that gave its right to share water.[27] On 2 April 2011, theGrand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) inaugurated construction expected producing 15,000 megawatts of power within 10 years, spending 12 billion dollars of strategy to improve power generating capabilities. Egypt and Sudan continued objecting the filling of the dam in 2020.[28][29]
Under Abiy Ahmed premiership since 2018, Ethiopia repleted its relations Somalia and Eritrea. In October 2018, Ethiopia signed peace agreement with the rebel faction ONLF ending 34 year long conflict since 1984. ONLF has clashed with the Ethiopian troops to contain vast oil and gas deposits, where Chinese oil firms developing two gas field in the area. In 2007, ONLF launched deadly attack against Chinese-run oil field which killed 65 Ethiopians and 9 Chinese nationals.[30]
During theTigray War, Ethiopia was allied to countries such asTurkey,[31]United Arab Emirates[32] andIran[31] who supplieddrones to the Ethiopian government.[13] With involvement ofEritrean Defence Forces (EDF), the US PresidentJoe Biden designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.[33]
List of countries which Ethiopia maintains diplomatic relations with:
 | ||
|---|---|---|
| # | Country | Date |
| 1 |  United Kingdom | 1841[34][better source needed] |
| 2 |  France | 20 March 1897[35] |
| 3 |  Italy | 24 June 1897[36] |
| 4 |  United States | 27 December 1903[37] |
| 5 |  Greece | 25 November 1917[38] |
| 6 |  Belgium | 25 March 1923[39] |
| 7 |  Egypt | 1927[40] |
| 8 |  Japan | 18 November 1930[41] |
| 9 |  Colombia | 1 January 1937[42] |
| 10 |  Russia | 21 April 1943[43] |
| 11 |  Poland | 1 September 1943[44] |
| 12 |  Czech Republic | 11 February 1944[45] |
| 13 |  Norway | 28 April 1945[46] |
| 14 |  Chile | 16 October 1945[47] |
| 15 |  Sweden | 27 December 1945[48] |
| 16 |  India | 1 July 1948[49] |
| 17 |  Austria | 23 July 1948[50] |
| 18 |  Saudi Arabia | 25 May 1949[51] |
| 19 |  Lebanon | 31 July 1949[52] |
| 20 |  Iraq | 14 September 1949[53] |
| 21 |  Mexico | 1 November 1949[54] |
| 22 |  Denmark | 21 February 1950[55] |
| 23 |  Venezuela | 19 September 1950[56] |
| 24 |  Netherlands | 6 November 1950[57] |
| 25 |  Iran | 1950[58] |
| 26 |  Brazil | 9 January 1951[59] |
| 27 |  Spain | 27 April 1951[60] |
| 28 |  Serbia | 4 March 1952[61] |
| 29 |  Switzerland | 2 May 1952[62] |
| 30 |  Germany | 23 January 1954[63] |
| 31 |  Bulgaria | 3 June 1956[64] |
| 32 |  Sudan | 27 June 1956[65] |
| — |  Holy See | 20 March 1957[66] |
| 33 |  Romania | 2 July 1957[67] |
| 34 |  Turkey | 23 December 1957[68] |
| 35 |  Pakistan | 28 December 1957[69] |
| 36 |  Liberia | 4 June 1958[70] |
| 37 |  Albania | 26 June 1958[71] |
| 38 |  Portugal | 6 January 1959[72] |
| 39 |  Haiti | 5 April 1959[73] |
| 40 |  Ghana | 10 April 1959[74] |
| 41 |  Finland | 17 July 1959[75] |
| 42 |  Hungary | 17 November 1959[76] |
| 43 |  Jordan | 16 May 1960[77] |
| 44 |  Nigeria | 1 October 1960[78] |
| 45 |  Somalia | 14 December 1960[79] |
| 46 |  Indonesia | 20 June 1961[80] |
| 47 |  Yemen | 28 September 1961[81] |
| 48 |  Israel | 24 October 1961[82] |
| 49 |  Guinea | 22 June 1962[83] |
| 50 |  Tunisia | 31 July 1962[84] |
| 51 |  Morocco | 5 August 1963[85] |
| 52 |  Cameroon | 9 August 1963[86] |
| 53 |  Kenya | 12 December 1963[87] |
| 54 |  South Korea | 23 December 1963[88] |
| 55 |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1963[89] |
| 56 |  Mali | 23 March 1964[90] |
| 57 |  Thailand | 10 April 1964[91] |
| 58 |  Tanzania | 1 June 1964[92] |
| 59 |  Uganda | 4 June 1964[93] |
| 60 |  Malawi | 30 July 1964[94] |
| 61 |  Senegal | 1964[95] |
| 68 |  Malaysia | April 1965[96] |
| 62 |  Burundi | 9 June 1965[97] |
| 63 |  Trinidad and Tobago | 7 July 1965[98] |
| 64 |  Zambia | 8 July 1965[99] |
| 65 |  Niger | 6 October 1965[100] |
| 66 |  Canada | 13 October 1965[101] |
| 67 |  Australia | 13 December 1965[102] |
| 69 |  Ivory Coast | 4 March 1966[103] |
| 70 |  Jamaica | 22 March 1966[104] |
| 71 |  Benin | 7 May 1966[105] |
| 72 |  Mauritania | 21 September 1966[106] |
| 73 |  Kuwait | 9 October 1966[107] |
| 74 |  Gambia | 17 October 1966[108] |
| 75 |  Rwanda | 26 October 1966[109] |
| 76 |  Mongolia | 24 January 1967[110] |
| 77 |  Panama | 17 August 1967[111] |
| 78 |  Peru | 10 September 1967[112] |
| 79 |  Botswana | 19 October 1967[113] |
| 80 |  Republic of the Congo | 1967[114] |
| 81 |  Gabon | 1967[115] |
| 82 |  Sierra Leone | 26 March 1968[116] |
| 83 |  Argentina | 28 March 1968[117] |
| 84 |  Burkina Faso | 11 April 1968[118] |
| 85 |  Iceland | 20 May 1968[119] |
| 86 |  Singapore | 31 March 1969[120] |
| 87 |  Chad | 21 October 1969[121] |
| 88 |  Central African Republic | 15 September 1970[122] |
| 89 |  Guyana | 13 October 1970[123] |
| 90 |  China | 24 November 1970[124] |
| 91 |  Equatorial Guinea | 1970[125] |
| 92 |  Eswatini | 1 January 1971[126] |
| — |  Sovereign Military Order of Malta | February 1971[127] |
| 93 |  Nepal | 15 April 1971[128] |
| 94 |  Sri Lanka | 1972[129] |
| 95 |  North Korea | 5 June 1975[130] |
| 96 |  Cuba | 18 July 1975[131] |
| 97 |  Libya | 11 October 1975[132] |
| 98 |  Vietnam | 23 February 1976[133] |
| 99 |  Bangladesh | 19 September 1976[134] |
| 100 |  Philippines | 7 February 1977[135] |
| 101 |  Angola | 13 July 1977[136] |
| 102 |  Cambodia | 15 September 1979[137] |
| 103 |  Grenada | 17 September 1979[138] |
| 104 |  Djibouti | 15 December 1979[139] |
| 105 |  Luxembourg | 19 March 1980[140] |
| 106 |  Syria | 26 August 1980[141] |
| 107 |  Zimbabwe | August 1980[142] |
| 108 |  Afghanistan | 6 September 1981[143] |
| 109 |  Seychelles | 14 April 1982[144] |
| 110 |  Algeria | 6 November 1982[145] |
| 111 |  Malta | 30 November 1982[146] |
| 112 |  Togo | 11 December 1982[147] |
| 113 |  Cape Verde | October 1983[148] |
| 114 |  Mozambique | 10 December 1983[145] |
| 115 |  Nicaragua | 7 May 1984[149] |
| 116 |  Bolivia | 8 December 1987[149] |
| 117 |  Lesotho | 1987[150] |
| 118 |  Namibia | 1990[151] |
| 119 |  Azerbaijan | 2 November 1992[152] |
| 120 |  Slovenia | 6 November 1992[153] |
| 121 |  Ukraine | 1 April 1993[154] |
| 122 |  United Arab Emirates | 5 May 1993[155] |
| 123 |  Eritrea | 22 May 1993[156] |
| 124 |  Georgia | 29 June 1993[157] |
| 125 |  Armenia | 2 December 1993[158] |
| 126 |  Belarus | 18 May 1994[159] |
| 127 |  Ireland | 18 July 1994[160] |
| 128 |  South Africa | 6 January 1995[161] |
| 129 |  Oman | 7 February 1995[149] |
| 130 |  Slovakia | 10 May 1995[149] |
| 131 |  Qatar | 16 July 1995[162] |
| 132 |  Croatia | 17 October 1995[163] |
| 133 |  Mauritius | June 1996[164] |
| 134 |  Uzbekistan | 15 July 1996[165] |
| 135 |  Lithuania | 19 October 1998[166] |
| 136 |  Bahrain | 28 November 1999[167] |
| 137 |  Costa Rica | Before 1999[168] |
| 138 |  North Macedonia | 17 July 2000[149] |
| 139 |  Cyprus | 15 February 2001[169] |
| 140 |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 16 February 2004[170] |
| 141 |  Saint Lucia | 3 August 2004[149] |
| 142 |  Estonia | 23 August 2005[171] |
| 143 |  Laos | 9 December 2005[149] |
| 144 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 12 February 2007[149] |
| 145 |  Dominican Republic | 27 September 2007[172] |
| 146 |  Latvia | 11 March 2008[173] |
| 147 |  Dominica | 2009[174] |
| 148 |  Paraguay | 29 September 2010[175] |
| 149 |  Fiji | 6 January 2011[149] |
| 150 |  Uruguay | 23 March 2011[149] |
| 151 |  Montenegro | 10 June 2011[149] |
| 152 |  Kazakhstan | 5 September 2011[176] |
| 153 |  New Zealand | 6 December 2011[177] |
| 154 |  Solomon Islands | 22 December 2011[149] |
| 155 |  Ecuador | 23 January 2012[149] |
| 156 |  South Sudan | 27 February 2012[178] |
| 157 |  Guatemala | 20 June 2012[179] |
| 158 |  Tajikistan | 3 July 2012[180] |
| 159 |  Moldova | 24 June 2013[181] |
| 160 |  Turkmenistan | 11 November 2015[182] |
| 161 |  Myanmar | 28 December 2015[183] |
| 162 |  Kyrgyzstan | 23 July 2016[184] |
| 163 |  El Salvador | 28 October 2016[185] |
| 164 |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1 March 2017[186] |
| 165 |  Maldives | 6 August 2018[149] |
| 166 |  San Marino | 7 November 2018[187] |
| 167 |  Antigua and Barbuda | Before March 2020[188] |
| 168 |  Monaco | 20 October 2020[189] |
| 169 |  Comoros | Unknown |
| 170 |  Guinea-Bissau | Unknown[190] |
| 171 |  Madagascar | Unknown |
| — |  State of Palestine | Unknown |
| — |  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Unknown |
| 172 |  São Tomé and Príncipe | Unknown |
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria |
| |||
| Djibouti | 15 December 1979 | SeeDjibouti–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1979.[139] The border between the two countries is based on the Franco-Ethiopian convention of 20 March 1897, which was later finalized in a protocol dated 16 January 1954 and rendered effective on 28 February of that year.[191] In October 1991, the Ethiopian and Djiboutian governments signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidifying relations. Since 1991, the two countries have signed over 39 protocol agreements.[192] Djibouti remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. On 13 April 2002, the two countries signed an agreement concerning the use of thePort of Djibouti and the transit of cargo, which was later ratified by the EthiopianFederal Parliamentary Assembly on 4 June of the same year.[193] About 70% of the Port of Djibouti's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.[194] Additionally, both countries share ownership of theAddis Ababa-Djibouti Railroad. | ||
| Egypt | SeeEgypt–Ethiopia relations As two of the oldest independent states in Africa, both countries have an ancient relationship in many forms. TheEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was under the administration of theCoptic Orthodox Church from ancient times until 1959. Ethiopian and Egyptian armies clashed in the early 19th century over control of territory in what is modern Sudan, and Ethiopia's access to the Red Sea. Both countries established formal diplomatic ties in 1927.[195] More recently, because both countries share aspecial relationship over the Nile basin, both are members of theNile Basin Initiative. In 2010s, both countries relationship was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement with Sudan regarding theGrand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced. In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy inCairo due to financial reasons.[196] | |||
| Eritrea | 22 May 1993 | SeeEritrea–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1993 when first Ambassador of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia's to Eritrea Mr. Awalom Woldu Tuku presented his credentials to President Issaias Afwerki.[197] Diplomatic relations were broken on 12 May 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea went to war over the disputed border area of Badme.[198] Diplomatic relations were restored on 8 July 2018[199]
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| Ghana |
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| Ivory Coast | 4 March 1966 |
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| Kenya | 26 June 1964 | SeeEthiopia–Kenya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1964 and opened Ethiopian Embassy in Nairobi.[205][206] Relations betweenKenya andEthiopia date back to the 1954, when the Ethiopian authorities underHaile Selassie I established an honorary consulate general in the BritishKenya Colony. In 1961, prior to Kenya's independence, Ethiopia appointed its first ambassador to Kenya, and six years later Kenya opened an embassy inAddis Ababa.[207] The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970, which determines the present-day boundary, abrogating all previous boundary treaties. This border has been subjected to demarcation.[208] | ||
| Morocco | 5 August 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1963[85]
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| Namibia | Ethiopia–Namibia relations refers to thecurrent and historical relationship between Ethiopia and Namibia. During theSouth African occupation of Namibia, Ethiopia was one of the country's leading proponents abroad; Ethiopia andLiberia were the first two states to bring the question of independence for thenSouth West Africa to theUnited Nations.[209] Namibia gained independence in 1990. In 2007, the two governments signed an agreement which expanded air travel between the two states.[210] In December 2009, Namibia's Foreign Minister,Marko Hausiku met with Ethiopian Foreign Affairs MinisterSeyoum Mesfin and noted the economic, science, technical and cultural agreements in place between the two countries and expressed a desire to improve the trade relations.[211]
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| Nigeria | Main article:Ethiopia–Nigeria relations
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| Senegal |
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| Somalia | SeeEthiopia–Somalia relations Relations between the peoples of Somalia and Ethiopia stretch back to antiquity, to a common origin. The Ethiopian region is one of the proposed homelands of theHorn of Africa's variousAfro-Asiatic communities.[212] During the Middle Ages, SomaliImamAhmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gurey or Gragn) led aConquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash), which brought three-quarters of the ChristianEthiopian Empire under the power of the MuslimAdal Sultanate.[213][214] With an army mainly composed ofSomalis,[215] Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war.[216] In the 1960s and 1970s, a territorial dispute over theOgaden region led to various armed confrontations between the Somalian and Ethiopian militaries. The tensions culminated in theOgaden War, which saw the Somali army capture most of the disputed territory by September 1977, before finally being expelled by a coalition of communist forces. With changes in leadership in the early 1990s brought on by the start of theSomali Civil War andEthiopian Civil War, respectively, relations between the Somali and Ethiopian authorities entered a new phase of military cooperation against theIslamic Courts Union (ICU) rebel group and its more radical successorAl-Shabaab. In October 2011, acoordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia; the Ethiopian military eventually joined theTransitional Federal Government-led mission the following month.[217] TheFederal Government of Somalia was later established on 20 August 2012,[218] representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.[218] The following month,Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of EthiopiaHailemariam Desalegn attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.[219] | |||
 Somaliland | SeeEthiopia–Somaliland relations Somaliland has had decent economic relations withEthiopia since theEritrean–Ethiopian War, as a large part of Ethiopian exports have been handled via the port of Berbera, since Ethiopia can no longer useEritrean ports ofMassaua andAssab. These relationships stand in contrast to the “traditional hostility” towards Ethiopia felt by many Somalis in other areas, and against the background of low support among many northern Somalis forSiad Barre'sOgaden War against Ethiopia and theSomali National Movement which Ethiopia assisted financially.[220] So far, however, these have not led to official Ethiopian recognition. On 1 January 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland signed apact giving Ethiopia access to the Red Sea in return for eventual recognition, making it the first UN member state to do so.[221][222][223] | |||
| South Africa | 6 January 1995 | SeeEthiopia–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1995[224]
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| Sudan | 27 June 1956 | SeeEthiopia–Sudan relations Alodia and theKingdom of Makuria had some relations with Ethiopia in medieval times. TheEthiopian Empire fought againstMahdist Sudan in theMahdist War. Ethiopia and Sudan first established formal relations in 1956.[225] Relations between Ethiopia and Sudan were very good following the end of theEthiopian Civil War, due to the support that the Sudanese government had given to theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. However, relations were strained for a time following the 26 June 1995 assassination attempt against Egyptian presidentHosni Mubarak as he was leaving the OAU summit meeting in Addis Ababa. The subsequent investigation revealed that Sudan was involved in this act, forcing the Ethiopian government to take a series of steps against Sudan that September, which included closing the Sudanese consulate inGambela, reducing the number of Sudanese embassy staff, and terminating allSudan Airways andEthiopian Airlines flights between the two countries. However the start of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War led to Sudan and Ethiopia put this conflict between them and normalizing their relations by November 1999 when presidentOmar Hassan al-Bashir made a formal visit to Addis Ababa.[226] A protocol concerning Ethiopian access toPort Sudan was signed between the two countries 5 March 2000 in Khartoum, and this protocol and its subsequent amendment were ratified by the EthiopianFederal Parliamentary Assembly on 3 July 2003.[227] Efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan were delayed by theSecond Sudanese Civil War. In May 2008, residents along thewestern Ethiopian border reportedly discovered that the government had agreed to demarcate this boundary when Sudanese soldiers forced them out of their homes. It was reported that as many as 2,000 people were displaced in theGambela Region, and the Sudanese army reportedly set fire to two dozen Ethiopian farms and imprisoned 34 people in theAmhara Region. However, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi publicly denied that any Ethiopians had been displaced by this agreement.[228] Negotiations over this boundary continues, with the twelfth meeting of the Boundary Commission announced 28 December 2009 atMek'ele, with Ethiopian representatives from theTigray,Benishangul-Gumuz, Amhara and Gambela Regions, and from the Sudanese side representatives of theUpper Nile,Blue Nile,Sennar andAl Qadarif Administrations.[229] Despite these border tensions, Sudan remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. According to the Ethiopian Petroleum Supplier Enterprise (EPSE), Ethiopia in April 2013 imported around $1.12 billion worth of oil from Sudan over the previous six months. In total, about 85% of Ethiopia's yearly oil consumption comes from Sudan via the Port of Djibouti. Ethiopia and Sudan are also in the process of linking theirpower grids.[230] In 2010s, Sudan—Egypt—Ethiopia joint relations was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced. DuringTigray War in 2020, there was undissolvedclash between theirborder, furtherly aggravated their relation.[231] | ||
| South Sudan | 2011 | SeeEthiopia–South Sudan relations
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| Tanzania | 1 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1964 when Ethiopia's Ambassador Ato Mekasha, presents his credentials[232]
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| Uganda | 4 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1964 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Uganda (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Ato Getachew Mekasha[93]
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| Zimbabwe |
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| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 28 March 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1968[117]
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| Brazil | 9 January 1951 | SeeBrazil–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1951 when was accredited first Minister of Ethiopia to Brazil Mr. Blatta Dawit Ogbazgy[233]
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| Canada | 13 October 1965 | SeeCanada–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1965[234]
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| Chile | 16 October 1945 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1945[236]
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| Colombia | 30 May 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1967[237] |
| Cuba | 18 July 1975 | SeeCuba–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[238]
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| Ecuador | 23 January 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2012[239]
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| Jamaica | 22 March 1966 | SeeJamaica–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1966[240]
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| Mexico | 1 November 1949 | SeeEthiopia–Mexico relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1949[241]
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| Nicaragua | 7 May 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1984[245]
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| Peru | 10 September 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1967[247] |
| United States | 27 December 1903 | SeeEthiopia–United States relations
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| Uruguay | 23 March 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 2011[249]
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| Venezuela | 20 July 1950 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1950[250]
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| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Armenia | 2 December 1993 | SeeArmenia–Ethiopia relations |
| Azerbaijan | 2 November 1992 | SeeAzerbaijan–Ethiopia relations |
| China | 24 November 1970 | SeeChina–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1970[124] |
| India | 1 July 1948 | SeeEthiopia–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1948[49]
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| Indonesia | SeeEthiopia–Indonesia relations
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| Israel | 24 October 1961 | SeeEthiopia–Israel relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1961 when Ethiopia recognized Israel de jure, and agreed to raise the consulate in Addis Ababa to the level of an embassy.[256] Ethiopia severance diplomatic relations with Israel on 23 October 1973.[257] Diplomatic relations were resumed on 3 November 1989[258]
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| Japan | 1930 | SeeEthiopia–Japan relations
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| Malaysia | SeeEthiopia–Malaysia relations
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| Pakistan | 28 December 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957[69]
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| Palestine | 1989 | Palestine has an embassy inAddis Ababa. |
| Philippines | 7 February 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1977. The Philippines and Ethiopia signed their first air agreement in 2014.[266] |
| Qatar | 16 July 1995 | SeeEthiopia–Qatar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1995[267]
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| South Korea | 23 December 1963 | SeeEthiopia–South Korea relations Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The Republic of Korea were established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1963.[268]
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| Turkey | 1896[271] | See alsoEthiopia–Turkey relations |
| Country | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 23 July 1948 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1948[50] |
| Belarus | 18 May 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1994[272]
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| Belgium | 25 March 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1923 when Consulate General of Belgium transformed into a Legation and the first Minister Plenipotentiary is Maxime Gerard[273] |
| Croatia |
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| Czech Republic | 11 February 1944 | Czechoslovakia and Ethiopia established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1944. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) recognized the new Czech Republic as on January 1, 1993, and established diplomatic relations accordingly.[274]
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| Denmark | 21 February 1950 | SeeDenmark–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1950 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Ethiopia (resident of Athens) Mr. Hubert Wichfeld presented his credentials.[55] 20 January 1967 both countries was raised their diplomatic missions to Embassy level[276]
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| Finland | 17 July 1959 | SeeEthiopia–Finland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1959.
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| France | 20 March 1897 | SeeEthiopia–France relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1897[278]
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| Germany | 7 March 1905 | SeeEthiopia–Germany relations
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| Greece | SeeEthiopia–Greece relations
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| Ireland | 1994 | SeeEthiopia–Ireland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994[280]
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| Italy | 24 June 1897 | SeeEthiopia–Italy relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.[36]
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| Netherlands |
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| Poland | 14 July 1945 | SeeEthiopia–Poland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1945[284]
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| Romania | 2 July 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1957[285]
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| Russia | 21 April 1943 | SeeEthiopia–Russia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1943[287]
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| Serbia | 4 March 1952 | SeeEthiopia–Serbia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1952[61]
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| Spain | 27 April 1951 | SeeEthiopia–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1951[289]
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| Sweden | SeeEthiopia–Sweden relations
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| Ukraine | 1 April 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1993[290]
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| United Kingdom | 1841 | SeeEthiopia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1841.[34][better source needed]
The UK administeredEthiopia from 1941 to 1942. The UK continued to administered the regions ofOgaden and Haud from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.[293] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[294] a Double Taxation Convention,[295] and an Investment Agreement.[296] |
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | 13 December 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1965 when accredited first Ambassador of Australia to Ethiopia Mr. W. R. Crocker[297]
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| New Zealand | 6 December 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 2011[298]
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Foreign relations are upheld byMinistry of Foreign Affairs with the ability and capacity to marshal strategic partners for the continent and the region; to play a central role in Ethiopia's growth into a democratic developmental state and in the achievement of peace and stability in theHorn of Africa.
Ethiopia was admitted to theLeague of Nations on 28 September 1923, becoming one of few African countries to do so due to not colonized by European powers during the 19th centuryScramble for Africa. The League envisaged the membership for Ethiopia's "collective security" and protection against external attacks. The League however was unable to maintain Ethiopia's sovereignty asJapan invaded Manchuria, whichItaly invaded Ethiopia in 1936.[299]
After its resumption of independence after World War II, Ethiopia was one of the founding members of theUnited Nations. Since the 1950s, Ethiopia has keeping UN peacekeeping missions towardKorean War andCongo Crisis and some African states like Rwanda and Burundi in 1990s. Ethiopia has now over 80,000 peacekeeping forces that are active.[299]
The UN delivers development and humanitarian plan in Ethiopia with 28 representatives of funds and specialized agencies in the UN Country Team (UNCT). Ethiopia is non-permanent member of theUN Security Council which has close cooperation with the regional organizations theAfrican Union and theIntergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).[300]
Ethiopia has strong relations to theEuropean Union while the EU funding financed by theEuropean Development Fund (EDF) with objectives of resilience. Their relations has been defined byCotonou Agreement article 8 to 13 with strong bilateral partners and dialogue regarding sustainable development on diverse aspect of the country.
In addition, the EU is the second largest trade partner for Ethiopia with total expenditure of 4.1 billion euro; exports representing 12% while Ethiopia exports representing 26% of worldwide exports in 2016. This has been compared toChina (8%),Somalia (14%) andKuwait (13%).[301]
Ethiopia is one of founding African states of theOrganization of African Unity (OAU) (now theAfrican Union) on 25 May 1963 underEmperorHaile Selassie, headquartered inAddis Ababa. At the time, the organization evolved up to 54 African states, exceptMorocco.[302]
The country is driving force of maintainingUN-AU peacekeeping missions, especially in theHorn of Africa region. The AU does not readily aggregate the preference of each member states. Therefore, every AU norms, institution and overlaps as consensus stated in the AU Constitution Act and its various decision and policy making, and implementation organs. As such, the AU offers for member states like Ethiopia to influence and impact on policy internally and regionally.[303][304] Today, Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is home of major organizations such asAfrican Union,Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa andAfrican Standby Force.
In 2023, Ethiopia was invited to joinBRICS during the group's 15th Summit and became a member of the organisation in January 2024.[305][306]
{{cite book}}:|last= has generic name (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)Ethiopia ... Sweden M. Widar Bagge , Minister , 27th December , 1945
Diplomatiska förbindelser på ambassadörsnivå upprättats mellan Etiopien och Liberia...
Arrivée à Léopoldville du premier ambassadeur d'Ethiopie, le major-général Jacob Guebre Lioul
ADDIS ABEBA, 6 septembre. - L'Afghanistan et l'Ethiopie ont annoncé leur décision de porter leurs relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades ...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}:|last= has generic name (help)
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromThe World Factbook.CIA.
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