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Foreign relations of Colombia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Colombia

Colombia seeks diplomatic and commercial relations with all countries, regardless of their ideologies orpolitical or economic systems. For this reason, the Colombian economy is quite open, relying on international trade and following guidelines given byinternational law.

Since 2008, Colombia's Ministry of Trade and Commerce has either reached or strengthened Bilateral Trade Agreements withSouth Korea,Japan andChina[1] building stronger commerce interchange and development in the Pacific Rim.

Regional relations have also vastly improved under the Santos Administration (2010–2018). Issues however remain regarding spillover of the FARC leftist-terrorist group, being chased out of hiding in rural areas of Colombia and finding safe havens in non-monitored areas of bordering states. The FARC numbers have significantly diminished in the last decade, to an estimated 5,000–7,000. And while joint military collaboration has steadily increased with the bordering countries ofBrazil,Panama,Peru, andVenezuela, there have been tensions between Colombia andEcuador regarding the issue. In 2002, the Ecuadorian government closed its main border crossing with Colombia, restricting its hours of operation. Ecuador continues to voice its concerns over an influx of émigrés stemming from guerilla activity at its borders. Evidence has since emerged however, suggesting that a significant number of the FARC's foot soldiers in and around theColombia–Ecuador border consist of Ecuadorian émigrés who joined the leftist terrorist group out of need.[2] Returning Ecuadorian émigrés have faced re-entry restrictions.

In 2012, relations withNicaragua and Venezuela were tested over territorial island disputes. Bilateral committees are negotiating the dispute with Venezuela over waters in theGulf of Venezuela.

Background

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In 1969, Colombia formed what is now theAndean Community along withBolivia,Chile,Ecuador, andPeru (Venezuela joined in 1973, and Chile left in 1976).

In the 1980s, Colombia broadened its bilateral and multilateral relations, joining theContadora Group, theGroup of Eight (now theRio Group), and theNon-Aligned Movement, which it chaired from 1994 until September 1998. In addition, it has signed free trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Colombia has traditionally played an active role in theUnited Nations and the Organization of American States and in their subsidiary agencies. Former PresidentCésar Gaviria became Secretary General of the OAS in September 1994 and was reelected in 1999. Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 and April 1998 Summits of the Americas and followed up on initiatives developed at the summit by hosting two post-summit, ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.

Colombia regularly participates in international fora, including CICAD, the Organization of American States' body onmoney laundering, chemical controls, and drug abuse prevention. Although the Colombian Government ratified the1988 UN Convention on Narcotics in 1994—the last of the Andean governments to do so—it took important reservations, notably to the anti-money-laundering measures, asset forfeiture and confiscation provisions, maritime interdiction, and extradition clauses. Colombia subsequently withdrew some of its reservations, most notably a reservation on extradition.

International relations

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Disputes – international

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Maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in theGulf of Venezuela; territorial disputes with Nicaragua over Archipelago deSan Andrés y Providencia andQuita Sueño Bank.[3] The United States disputes sovereignty with Colombia over theSerranilla Bank and theBajo Nuevo Bank. Quita Sueño Bank is claimed by the United States to be a submerged reef, and thus does not recognize the sovereignty of any nation over the bank.

Membership of international organizations

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The major organizations in which Colombia is a member include: theAgency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean,Andean Pact,Caribbean Development BankEconomic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,G3 Free Trade Agreement, Group of 11,Group of 24,Group of 77,Inter-American Development Bank,International Atomic Energy Agency,International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,International Chamber of Commerce,International Civil Aviation Organization,International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol),International Development Association,International Finance Corporation,International Fund for Agricultural Development,International Labour Organization,International Maritime Organization,International Maritime Satellite Organization,International Monetary Fund (IMF),International Olympic Committee,International Organization for Migration,International Organization for Standardization,International Telecommunication Union,International Telecommunications Satellite Organization,International Trade Union Confederation,Latin American Economic System,Latin American Integration Association,Non-Aligned Movement,Organization of American States (OAS),Permanent Court of Arbitration,Rio Group,United Nations (UN),UN Conference on Trade and Development,UNESCO,UN Industrial Development Organization,UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees,Universal Postal Union,World Confederation of Labour,World Federation of Trade Unions,World Health Organization,World Intellectual Property Organization,World Meteorological Organization,World Tourism Organization, andWorld Trade Organization.[4] An OAS observer has monitored the government's peace process with the paramilitaries, lending the negotiations much-needed international credibility.[4] The United States helps Colombia secure favorable treatment from the IMF.[citation needed]

Major international treaties

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Regional treaties include theAndean Pact, now known as theAndean Community, which also includes Bolivia,Ecuador, andPeru, the bodies and institutions making up the Andean Integration System (AIS). Colombia has signed free-trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Its recent trade agreements with Korea, China and Japan, have focused on economic and technical cooperation between those nations.[citation needed] Within the regional Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom), Colombia has also deepened economic and medical science research collaboration agreements.[citation needed] Colombia has also signed and ratified 105 international treaties or agreements relating to the protection of the environment.[4] These include the Antarctic Treaty and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and conventions onBiodiversity,Desertification,Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes,Marine Life Conservation,Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution,Tropical Timber 83,Tropical Timber 94, and Wetlands.[4] It has signed, but not ratified, theAntarctic-Environmental Protocol and conventions on Law of the Sea and Marine Dumping.[4] Colombia also has signed theTreaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and theTlatelolco Treaty.[4] By 1975 signatories to the 1974 Declaration of Ayacucho, of which Colombia was one, had decided on limitations to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.[4]

Gaining all 186 votes, Colombia served on the U.N. Security Council from 2011 to 2012 representing Latin American and the Caribbean.

Colombia is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States-military (as covered underArticle 98).

Domestic politics and foreign policy

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International Relations scholars long emphasized international constraints, and particularly Colombia's relationship with the United States, as central to its foreign policy.[5] In terms of foreign policy process, presidents have broad constitutional authorities, in consultation with their foreign ministers. However, since the 2000s, the influence of other domestic actors in Colombian foreign policy-making has increased. Long, Bitar, and Jiménez-Peña examine the role of the Colombian Constitutional Court, congressional politics, social movements, and electoral challengers. They find that Colombian institutions permit increasing challenges to presidential authority, and that in important cases Colombian presidents have been forced to drop their preferred foreign policies.[6]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Colombia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[7][8][9][10][11]
1 United States19 June 1822
2 Peru6 July 1822
3 Chile21 October 1822
4 Argentina8 March 1823
5 Mexico3 October 1823
6 Guatemala8 March 1825
7 El Salvador8 March 1825
8 Honduras8 March 1825
9 Nicaragua8 March 1825
10 United Kingdom18 April 1825[12]
11 Netherlands1 May 1829[13]
12 Venezuela27 November 1831
13 Ecuador10 February 1832
— Holy See26 November 1835[14]
14 Costa Rica11 June 1856
15 Portugal9 April 1857
16 Italy13 March 1864
17 Paraguay27 July 1870
18 Belgium1873
19 Sweden11 December 1874
20 Spain30 January 1881
21 Uruguay25 August 1888
22 France30 May 1892[15]
23 Cuba1902
24 Brazil24 April 1907
25  Switzerland14 March 1908
26 Japan25 May 1908[16]
27 Bolivia19 March 1912
28 Austria10 January 1920
29 Panama9 July 1924[17]
30 Denmark18 May 1931
31 Poland18 November 1933[18]
32 Czech Republic11 June 1934[19]
33 Russia25 June 1935
34 Norway6 September 1935
35 Dominican Republic18 July 1936[20]
36 Haiti7 August 1936[21]
37 Ethiopia1 January 1937
38 Greece1 January 1942
39 Philippines1 January 1946
40 Lebanon14 June 1949
41 Canada6 October 1952[22]
42 Germany13 January 1953[23]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta28 January 1953
43 Finland26 May 1954
44 Egypt23 January 1957
— Israel (suspended)1 July 1957[24]
45 Turkey10 April 1959
46 India19 January 1959
47 South Korea10 March 1962
48 Kuwait26 December 1964
49 Ivory Coast22 February 1965[25]
50 Rwanda22 February 1965
51 Jamaica24 February 1965
52 Cyprus11 February 1966
53 SerbiaDecember 1966
54 Romania15 November 1967
55 Trinidad and Tobago22 February 1968
56 Pakistan19 June 1970
57 Guyana18 December 1970
58 Luxembourg21 April 1971[26]
59 Barbados1 February 1972
60 Cambodia16 December 1972
61 Hungary28 March 1973
62 Bulgaria8 May 1973
63 Australia9 January 1975
64 Kenya27 January 1975
65 Iran28 April 1975
66 United Arab Emirates1 January 1976
67 Bahamas16 August 1977
68 New Zealand1 May 1978
69 Suriname22 June 1978[27]
70 Algeria1 January 1979
71 Iraq1 January 1979
72 Morocco1 January 1979
73 Nigeria1 January 1979
74 Vietnam1 January 1979
75 Thailand22 January 1979
76 Albania5 December 1979
77 China7 February 1980
78 Indonesia15 September 1980
79 Dominica9 December 1980
80 Grenada9 January 1981
81 Tunisia20 January 1981
82 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines17 March 1981
83 Equatorial Guinea6 May 1981[28]
84 Gabon14 July 1981
85 Senegal1 August 1981[29]
86 Iceland11 September 1981
87 Tanzania28 October 1981[30]
88 Belize15 February 1982
89 Antigua and Barbuda18 March 1982
90 Saint Lucia18 March 1982
91 Jordan22 October 1982
92 Singapore15 December 1982
93 Saint Kitts and Nevis1 January 1984
94 Bangladesh14 February 1984
— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic27 February 1984[31]
95 Oman1 August 1985
96 Malta16 April 1986
97   Nepal6 May 1987
98 Mauritania1 July 1987
99 Cape Verde27 July 1987[32]
100 Malaysia19 August 1987
101 Fiji10 September 1987
102 Samoa1 December 1987
103 Papua New Guinea2 March 1988
104 Zambia21 April 1988
105 Angola29 April 1988
106 Mozambique10 May 1988[32]
107 Syria24 May 1988
108 Ghana23 June 1988
109 Seychelles5 August 1988[32]
110 Mongolia8 August 1988
111 São Tomé and Príncipe12 August 1988[32]
112 Maldives14 August 1988
113 Burkina Faso27 September 1988[32]
114 Liberia28 September 1988
115 Chad29 September 1988[32]
116 Djibouti29 September 1988[32]
117 Mali29 September 1988
118 Togo29 September 1988[32]
119 Guinea30 September 1988[32]
120 Laos30 September 1988
121 Mauritius30 September 1988
122 Sri Lanka30 September 1988
123 Central African Republic3 October 1988[32]
124 Comoros3 October 1988[32]
125 Gambia3 October 1988[32]
126 Somalia3 October 1988[32]
127 Sudan3 October 1988[32]
128 Yemen3 October 1988
129 Niger5 October 1988
130 Zimbabwe10 October 1988
131 North Korea24 October 1988[32]
132 Burundi11 November 1988[32]
133 Sierra Leone16 November 1988[32]
134 Myanmar22 November 1988
135 Benin30 November 1988[32]
136 Cameroon8 March 1989[32]
137 Guinea-Bissau23 March 1989[32]
138 Bahrain18 April 1989
139 Uganda5 May 1989[32]
140 Botswana25 April 1990[32]
141 Namibia28 April 1990[32]
142 Afghanistan3 August 1990
143 Brunei24 March 1992
144 Kazakhstan23 July 1992
145 Marshall Islands5 August 1992[33]
146 Ukraine20 August 1992
147 Federated States of Micronesia8 September 1992[34]
148 Belarus9 December 1992
149 Slovakia1 January 1993
150 Lithuania5 August 1993
151 Kyrgyzstan6 October 1993
152 Estonia23 March 1994
153 South Africa12 April 1994
154 Slovenia19 July 1994
155 Azerbaijan13 December 1994
156 Armenia22 December 1994
157 Eritrea22 December 1994[32]
158 Croatia25 April 1995
159 Qatar9 May 1995
160 Madagascar15 June 1995[32]
161 Latvia19 July 1995[32]
162 Bosnia and Herzegovina19 October 1995
163 Andorra27 November 1995
164 Libya16 May 1996
165 Turkmenistan27 August 1996
166 Georgia6 June 1997
167 Moldova14 October 1997
168 Malawi30 March 1998
169 Lesotho17 April 1998
170 Republic of the Congo1 July 1999
171 Ireland10 November 1999
172 North Macedonia22 June 2000
173 Monaco15 December 2000
174 Liechtenstein24 October 2001
175 San Marino15 April 2002
176 Timor-Leste20 May 2002
177 Montenegro12 August 2011
178 Saudi Arabia8 September 2011
179 Tuvalu3 April 2012
180 Uzbekistan2 October 2012
181 Tajikistan5 October 2012
182 Bhutan21 December 2012
— State of Palestine6 August 2018[35][36]
— Kosovo3 March 2019
183 Solomon Islands23 September 2024[37]

Bilateral relations

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This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(December 2024)

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Argentina8 March 1823SeeArgentina–Colombia relations
 Bolivia19 March 1912SeeBolivia–Colombia relations
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia has an embassy inLa Paz.
 Brazil24 April 1907SeeBrazil–Colombia relations
 Canada6 October 1952SeeCanada–Colombia relations
 Chile21 October 1822SeeChile–Colombia relations

Both nations are members of thePacific Alliance.

  • Chile has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia has an embassy inSantiago.
 Ecuador10 February 1832SeeColombia–Ecuador relations

Present-day Colombia and Ecuador trace back established official diplomatic relations to December, 1831 with the signing of the Treaty of Pasto, in which both countries recognized each other as sovereign states. The Ecuadorean diplomatic mission in New Granada (Colombia) did not open until 1837. It wasn't until 1939 that Ecuador raised the diplomatic mission's status to an official embassy. Colombia did the same the following year, in 1940.[41]

  • Colombia has an embassy inQuito.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Guyana18 December 1970SeeColombia–Guyana relations
 Mexico3 October 1823SeeColombia–Mexico relations
 Nicaragua8 March 1825SeeColombia–Nicaragua relations

The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over theSan Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km2 (57,915 sq mi) that included the islands ofSan Andrés,Providencia andSanta Catalina and the banks ofRoncador, Serrana,Serranilla andQuitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.[45]

  • Colombia has an embassy inManagua.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Panama9 July 1924SeeColombia–Panama relations
 Paraguay27 July 1870SeeColombia–Paraguay relations
 Peru6 July 1822SeeColombia–Peru relations

Both nations are members of thePacific Alliance.

  • Colombia has an embassy inLima and a consulate-general inIquitos.
  • Peru has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general inLeticia.
 United States19 June 1822SeeColombia–United States relations

The country traditionally has had good relations with the United States. Relations were strained during the presidency ofErnesto Samper (1994–98) due to accusations of receiving illegal campaign funding from theCali Cartel. Relations between the two countries greatly improved during thePastrana administration (1998–2002). In January 2000, the Clinton administration pledged more than US$1 billion of mainly military assistance to Colombia to assist the antidrug component of President Pastrana's strategy known asPlan Colombia.

Relations with the United States became a foreign policy priority for theUribe administration, and Colombia became an important ally in the "War on Terrorism". In March 2002, in response to a request from U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush, theU.S. Congress lifted restrictions on U.S. assistance to Colombia to allow it to be used for counterinsurgency in addition to antidrug operations. U.S. support for Colombia's antidrug-trafficking efforts included slightly more than US$2.5 billion between 2000 and 2004, as compared with only about US$300 million in 1998. Some critics of current US policies in Colombia, such as Law Professor John Barry, claim that US influences have catalyzed internal conflicts.

Colombia rejects threats and blackmail of the United States of America after the threat ofDonald Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.[46]

For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.

— Colombia’s National Government[46]

The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries’ authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries.

— Colombia’s National Government[46]

Latin America rejects Trump's military threat against Venezuela.[47]Brazil, Colombia and other countries in the region prefer to play a constructive role that would prevent a civil war in Venezuela.[48] Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolveVenezuela's crisis should be peaceful.[49] Colombia proposed the idea of theSustainable Development Goals and a final document was adopted by theUnited Nations.[50]

 Uruguay25 August 1888SeeColombia–Uruguay relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Venezuela27 November 1831SeeColombia–Venezuela relations

The relationship has developed since the early 16th century, when Spanish empire colonizers created the province ofSanta Marta (now Colombia)[unreliable source?][53] and the province of New Andalucia (now Venezuela).[54] The countries share a history for achieving their independence underSimón Bolívar and becoming one nation—theGran Colombia—which dissolved in the 19th century.[55] Following then, the overall relationship between the two countries has vacillated between cooperation and bilateral struggle.

In February 2019, Venezuelan presidentNicolás Maduro cut diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian PresidentIvan Duque helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leaderJuan Guaido as the country's legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro's proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.[56] Following the election of Colombian PresidentGustavo Petro, the two countries restored diplomatic relations in August 2022.[57]

  • Colombia has an embassy inCaracas and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
  • Venezuela has an embassy inBogotá and maintains several consulates throughout the country.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Armenia22 December 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 22, 1994.[58]

  • Armenia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Colombia is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Azerbaijan13 December 1994SeeAzerbaijan–Colombia relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia has an embassy inBaku.[59]
 China7 February 1980SeeChina–Colombia relations
 India19 January 1959

The relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.[60]

 Indonesia15 September 1980

Both countries are members of theNon-Aligned Movement, thePacific Economic Cooperation Council, theCairns Group, and theCIVETS block.

  • Colombia has an embassy inJakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Israel1 July 1957 Diplomatic Severed in May 2024

In an article in theIsrael Journal of Foreign Affairs, Marcos Peckel, a Colombian scholar noted that Colombian-Israeli relations can be looked through the lenses of military cooperation, trade links, education and culture, and recognition of Palestine.[64] Militarily, Colombia was one of the first countries to give Israel weapons and engage in arms deals, which has since been an ongoing bilateral agreement. Since, Israel and Colombia have shared intelligence, and as Peckel explains, several pieces of Israeli technology. Trade-wise, too, both countries have a strong relationship. The Free Trade Agreement, a pending agreement between Colombia and Israel, has the potential to further strengthen these relationships by boosting Colombian imports in Israel and increasing the presence of Israeli technology in Colombia. The spheres of education and culture between Colombia and Israel are deeply interwoven through Israeli scholarships to Colombians and a presence of media in each country.

"Colombia supports the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel within mutually agreed-upon borders. It considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal but strongly condemns Palestinian terrorism, and it advocates for a lasting peace based on the two-state solution". On resolutions in the UN General Assembly that compared Zionism to racism and wanted to establish a "right to return" for Palestinians, Colombia abstained. In 2018, Colombia officially recognized the State of Palestine. Despite creating a bump in the relations between the countries, the two have re-established strong relations. On 1 May 2024 Colombia broke diplomatic ties with Israel as a result of the2023 Israel-Hamas war.

  • Colombia had an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel had an embassy in Bogotá.
 Japan25 May 1908

The relationship was officially established in 1908, only interrupted between 1942 and 1954 with the surge of World War II. Relations are mostly based on commercial trade that has favored Japan interests, cultural exchanges and technological and philanthropic aid to Colombia.[65]

  • Colombia has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Malaysia19 August 1987[66]

Ambassador of Colombia in Malaysia also accredited toVietnam, while Malaysian Embassy inLima,Peru, accredited to Colombia. Both are members ofUnited Nations, Movement of Non-Aligned Cooperation Forum Asia-Latin America (FEALAC) andPacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC).

  • Colombia has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
 Pakistan19 June 1970

Both Pakistan and Colombia do not enjoy cordial dealings with some of their neighbours. Another common aspect that makes the task of both Colombian and Pakistan Armed forces even tougher is the difficult terrain they have been encountering. Poverty, income inequality, destruction and degradation of other vital organs of the state have consequently been the natural by-products of insubordination and rebellions in both Colombia andPakistan. Both the countries have similar Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) too. While the Colombian Purchasing Power Parity GDP stands at $460.406 billion, Pakistan s GDP stands at $464.897 billion (latest IMF statistics). Like Colombia, Pakistan too also witnesses a large presence of the US military personnel and civilian contractors on its territory. Colombia established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1980, but bilateral trade between the two countries was negligible which needed to be improved for the benefit of both nations.

  • Colombia is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Pakistan is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Philippines1 January 1946SeeColombia-Philippines relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 South Korea10 March 1962[67]SeeColombia–South Korea relations
  • Formal diplomatic relations between South Korea and Colombia started on 10 March 1962.
  • Colombia sent about 1,000 men to Korea to assist South Korea during theKorean War.
  • Colombia has an embassy inSeoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Turkey10 April 1959[68]SeeColombia–Turkey relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inAnkara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Both countries are members ofOECD andWTO.
  • Direct flights fromIstanbul toBogotá commenced in May 2016.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Colombian exports/imports: 1.46/0.25 billion USD).[69]

Europe

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Under the Uribe administration, Colombia's relations with theEuropean Union (EU) have been cordial. Representatives of the EU have been critical of Colombia's antiguerrilla and antidrug strategies in several respects. The EU is particularly concerned about the potential for increasedhuman rights abuses within Colombia at the hands of both government forces and illegal armed groups, and it has continued to distance itself fromPlan Colombia. The EU is in favor of a negotiated solution to the nation's internal conflict. EU aid to Colombia has mainly consisted of social, economic and development investments.

In 2004, the EU as an entity did not offer unrestricted support for the Uribe government's peace initiative with paramilitaries, citing concerns over the possible lack of a credible and comprehensive peace strategy and its application, but it did approve US$2 million in aid for the process. Individual EU members such Sweden, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands also provided limited support on their own.[70]

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Andorra27 November 1995
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Colombia.
  • Colombia's embassy in Madrid, Spain is accredited to the Principality of Andorra.

In February 2013, Colombia's Foreign Minister at the time made an official visit to Andorra in order to strengthen relations between the two countries.[71]

 Austria10 January 1920SeeAustria–Colombia relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia has an embassy inVienna.
 Belarus9 December 1992

On May 19, 1998, Colombia and Belarus signed a collaboration agreement between both countries.[72]

  • Belarus is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Quito, Ecuador.
  • Colombia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Belgium1873
 Czech RepublicJanuary 1993
 France30 May 1892SeeColombia–France relations

Officially the relations between Colombian and France began on May 30, 1892, with the signature of an agreement intended to establish French nationals in Colombia, increase commerce and navigation between the two nations.[80]

  • Colombia has an embassy inParis.
  • France has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Germany1 June 1872SeeColombia–Germany relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inBerlin and a consulate-general inFrankfurt.
  • Germany has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Hungary28 March 1973SeeColombia–Hungary relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inBudapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Iceland11 September 1981
  • Colombia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Iceland is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.[81]
  • Iceland and Colombia have a Free Trade Agreement through theEFTA[82]
 Ireland10 November 1999SeeColombia–Ireland relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inDublin.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bogotá.[83]
 Italy13 March 1864SeeColombia–Italy relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inRome and a consulate-general inMilan.[84]
  • Italy has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Kosovo3 March 2019
  • Colombiarecognized Kosovo on August 6, 2008.[85]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 2019.[86]
  • Kosovo will open an embassy in Bogotá.[87]
 Liechtenstein24 October 2001
  • Colombia is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.
  • Liechtenstein and Colombia have a Free Trade Agreement through theEFTA.[88]
 Monaco15 December 2000
  • Colombia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Monaco has an honorary consulate in Bogotá.

Colombia and Monaco first stablished diplomatic relations in December 2000. In 2012, Colombia's ambassador to France at the time, presented to Monaco its credentials becoming the first non-resident ambassador to the country.[89]

 Netherlands1 May 1829SeeColombia–Netherlands relations

On 16 and 17 February 2022 presidentIván Duque visited the Netherlands. There were talks about trade and judicial cooperation. Also a bilateral treaty for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance was signed by Dutch PMMark Rutte and president Duque.[90]

 Poland18 November 1933SeeColombia–Poland relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Portugal9 April 1857
  • Colombia has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Russia25 June 1935SeeColombia–Russia relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inMoscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Bogotá.
 SerbiaDecember 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1966.[91]
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[92]
  • Colombia is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Serbia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Spain30 January 1881SeeColombia–Spain relations
 Sweden11 December 1874SeeColombia–Sweden relations
  • Colombia has an embassy inStockholm.[95]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bogotá.
 United Kingdom18 April 1825

Colombia establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 April 1825.[12]

  • Colombia maintains anembassy in London.[12]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Colombia through its embassy inBogotá.[96]

Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theAndean countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[97] Bilaterally the two countries havea Cultural Agreement,[98] a Double Taxation Agreement,[98] an Investment Agreement,[99] a Partnership for Sustainable Growth,[100] and a Security Agreement.[101]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Australia9 January 1975
 New Zealand1 May 1978SeeColombia–New Zealand relations
  • Colombia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia[103] and maintains a consulate-general inAuckland.[104]
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Bogotá.[105]

Transnational issues

[edit]
This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(November 2010)

Narcotics and terrorism

[edit]

By the 1990s, Colombia had become the world's leading supplier of refined cocaine and a growing source for heroin. More than 90% of the cocaine that entered in the 1990s the United States was produced, processed, or transshipped in Colombia. The cultivation of coca dropped between 1995 and 1999 from 3,020 to 1,100 km2 (425 sq mi), primarily in areas where government control was more active.

Despite the death of Medellín cartel drug kingpinPablo Escobar in 1993 and the arrests of major Cali cartel leaders in 1995 and 1996, Colombian drug cartels remain among the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world, controlling cocaine processing, international wholesale distribution chains, and markets. In 1999 Colombian police arrested over 30 narcotraffickers, most of them extraditable, in "Operation Millennium" involving extensive international cooperation. More arrests were made in a following "Operation Millennium II."

Colombia is engaged in a broad range of narcotics control activities. Through aerial spraying of herbicide and manual eradication, Colombia has attempted to keep coca, opium poppy, andcannabis cultivation from expanding. The government has committed itself to the eradication of all illicit crops, interdiction of drug shipments, and financial controls to prevent money laundering. Alternative development programs were introduced in 1999.

Corruption and intimidation by traffickers complicate the drug-control efforts of the institutions of government. Colombia passed revised criminal procedures code in 1993 that permits traffickers to surrender and negotiate lenient sentences in return for cooperating with prosecutors. In December 1996 and February 1997, however, the Colombian Congress passed legislation to toughen sentencing, asset forfeiture, and money-laundering penalties.

In November 1997, the Colombian Congress amended the constitution to permit the extradition of Colombian nationals, albeit not retroactively. In late 1999, President Pastrana authorized the first extradition in almost 10 years of a Colombian trafficker to stand trial for U.S. crimes. Three such extraditions to the United States have taken place, the most recent in August 2000, with cases against others pending in Colombian courts. Under the Pastrana administration,Plan Colombia was developed and implemented with U.S. backing.[106]

During the presidency ofÁlvaro Uribe, the government applied more military pressure on the FARC and other outlawed groups. After the offensive, many security indicators improved. Colombia achieved a great decrease in cocaine production, leading White House drug czar R. Gil Kerlikowske to announce that Colombia is no longer the world's biggest producer of cocaine.[107][108]

In addition to the challenge posed to the United States by Colombian drug trafficking, illegal Colombian immigrants in the United States are an issue in Colombia-U.S. relations. According to figures from theU.S. Department of Homeland Security,Colombia is the fourth-leading source country ofillegal immigration to the United States. According to itsestimates, the number of illegal Colombian residents in the United States almost tripled from 51,000 in 1990 to 141,000 in 2000.[109] According to the US Census Bureau, the number ofauthorized Colombian immigrants in the United States in 2006 was 801,363.[110]

Colombia rejected threats of the United States of America after the threat ofDonald Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.[46]

For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.

— Colombia’s National Government[46]

The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries’ authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries.

— Colombia’s National Government[46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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