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Foreign relations of Chile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Recentelections
flagChile portal

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the regional and international arena.[1] Chile assumed a two-year non-permanent position on theUN Security Council in January 2003 and wasre-elected to the council in October 2013.[2] It is also an active member of the UN family of agencies, serving as a member of theCommission on Human Rights and participating in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the secondSummit of the Americas in 1998, was the chair of theRio Group in 2001, hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002, and theAPEC summit and related meetings in 2004. In 2005 it hosted theCommunity of Democracies ministerial conference. It is an associate member ofMercosur and a full member of APEC. TheOECD agreed to invite Chile to be among four countries to open discussions in becoming an official member.[3]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Chile maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1 Argentina4 August 1818[4]
2 United States6 July 1822[5]
3 Colombia21 October 1822[5]
4 Peru8 August 1822[5]
5 United Kingdom14 September 1823[6]
6 Mexico7 March 1831[7]
7 France7 June 1832[8]
8 Ecuador26 April 1835[9]
9 Brazil22 April 1836[10]
10 Guatemala15 August 1840[11]
11 Paraguay22 July 1843[12]
12 Uruguay1 November 1843[13]
13 Spain25 April 1844[14]
14 Venezuela14 April 1853[15]
15 NicaraguaMarch 1857[16]
16 Belgium2 September 1859[17]
17 El Salvador10 April 1860[18]
18 Italy25 February 1864[19]
19 Bolivia22 March 1866[17]
20 Honduras29 March 1866[20]
21 Netherlands9 January 1872[21]
— Holy See15 December 1877[22]
22 Sweden14 June 1895[23]
23 Japan25 September 1897[24]
24 Costa RicaApril 1902[25]
25 Cuba19 October 1903[26]
26 Panama1 March 1904[27]
27 Portugal26 November 1912[28]
28  Switzerland31 May 1918[29]
29 Norway9 June 1919[30]
30 Greece20 October 1920[31]
31 Poland7 December 1920[32]
32 Czech Republic19 July 1924[33]
33 Dominican Republic6 January 1925[34]
34 Romania5 February 1925[35]
35 Denmark23 April 1925[36]
36 Austria18 September 1925[37]
37 Turkey30 January 1926[38]
38 Egypt5 July 1929[39]
39 Hungary14 November 1930[40]
40 Finland20 February 1931[41]
41 Haiti26 July 1934[42]
42 Bulgaria10 January 1935[43]
43 Luxembourg22 January 1938[44]
44 Canada28 August 1941[5]
45 Iran6 June 1944[45]
46 Lebanon28 June 1945[46]
47 Liberia19 July 1945[47]
48 Saudi Arabia6 September 1945[46][48]
49 Ethiopia16 October 1945[47]
50 Syria22 October 1945[49][50]
51 Australia27 December 1945[5]
52 New Zealand27 December 1945[5]
53 Iraq31 December 1945[49]
54 South AfricaMay 1948[51]
55 Pakistan5 February 1949[52]
56 IndiaMarch 1949[53]
57 Israel16 May 1950[54]
58 Serbia2 November 1950[55]
59 Germany4 February 1952[56]
60 Jordan28 September 1954[57]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta27 February 1956[58]
61 Kuwait13 September 1961[59]
62 Nigeria5 October 1961[47]
63 Ghana6 October 1961[47]
64 Morocco6 October 1961[60]
65 Tunisia6 October 1961[60]
66 South Korea18 April 1962[5]
67 Cyprus26 June 1962[61]
68 Philippines17 July 1962[5]
69 Afghanistan11 September 1962[62]
70 Thailand9 October 1962[5]
71   Nepal1962[63]
72 Sri Lanka1962[64]
73 Algeria4 June 1963[65]
74 Senegal4 June 1963[66]
75 Guinea26 August 1963[47]
76 Mali5 September 1963[47]
77 Iceland6 November 1963[67]
78 Jamaica18 December 1963[68]
79 Trinidad and Tobago3 February 1964[68]
80 Uganda10 March 1964[47]
81 Sudan13 March 1964[47]
82 Cameroon11 August 1964[47]
83 Zambia29 July 1965[47]
84 Indonesia29 September 1965[5]
85 Mauritania10 December 1965[47]
86 Barbados3 October 1967[68]
87 China15 December 1970[5]
88 Vietnam25 March 1971[69]
89 Libya20 May 1971[47]
90 Tanzania12 June 1971[47]
91 Guyana22 July 1971[68]
92 Albania10 September 1971[70]
93 Equatorial Guinea8 November 1971[70]
94 Madagascar23 December 1971[47]
95 Democratic Republic of the Congo31 March 1972[47]
96 Republic of the Congo1 June 1972[47]
97 Fiji11 October 1972[5]
98 Guinea-Bissau23 August 1974[71]
99 Grenada20 May 1975[72][73]
100 KenyaSeptember 1975[71]
101 Oman23 February 1976[74]
102 Cambodia1 June 1976[75]
103 Papua New Guinea19 August 1976[5]
104 Suriname7 May 1977[76]
105 United Arab Emirates23 June 1978[77]
106 Samoa24 August 1978[5]
107 Eswatini25 September 1978[47]
108 Gabon29 September 1978[78]
109 Malaysia26 February 1979[5]
110 Ivory Coast8 March 1979[47]
111 Singapore26 July 1979[5]
112 Tonga1 October 1979[5]
113 Tuvalu30 July 1980[5]
114 Kiribati20 January 1981[5]
115 Nauru6 February 1981[5]
116 Myanmar22 April 1982[79]
117 Qatar9 June 1982[80]
118 Bahrain6 February 1983[81]
119 BangladeshJune 1983[82]
120 Brunei1 January 1984[82]
121 Maldives1 March 1987[83]
122 Mauritius30 September 1988[47]
123 São Tomé and Príncipe5 May 1989[47]
124 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines7 September 1989[84]
125 Malta11 December 1989[85]
126 Saint Kitts and Nevis1989[68]
127 Marshall Islands25 January 1990[5]
128 Federated States of Micronesia31 March 1990[5]
129 Belize15 May 1990[84]
130 Mongolia22 June 1990[84]
131 Mozambique25 July 1990
132 Angola8 August 1990
133 Antigua and Barbuda10 August 1990[86]
134 Vanuatu10 September 1990[5]
135 Namibia16 October 1990[47]
136 Malawi30 November 1990[87]
137 Bahamas4 December 1990[88]
138 Saint Lucia21 March 1991[89]
139 Rwanda20 September 1991[90]
140 Latvia26 September 1991[84]
141 Estonia27 September 1991[84]
142 Dominica4 October 1991[84]
143 Seychelles30 October 1991[84]
144 Lithuania5 December 1991[84]
145 Laos6 December 1991[91]
146 Russia26 December 1991[5]
147 BelarusJanuary 1992[92]
148 Ukraine28 January 1992[84]
149 Slovenia15 April 1992[93]
150 Croatia15 April 1992[94]
151 Zimbabwe26 May 1992[95]
152 Ireland1 June 1992[96]
153 Georgia8 June 1992[97]
154 North Korea25 September 1992[84]
155 Burkina Faso29 September 1992[47]
156 Slovakia1 January 1993[98]
157 Moldova12 May 1993[99]
158 Kazakhstan19 August 1993[100]
159 Armenia15 December 1993[101]
160 Turkmenistan27 July 1994[102]
161 Uzbekistan15 September 1994[103]
162 Azerbaijan3 November 1994[104]
163 Andorra15 July 1996[84]
164 Liechtenstein2 October 1996[105]
165 Bosnia and Herzegovina31 October 1996[106]
166 Botswana13 October 1997[47]
167 Lesotho25 August 1998[47]
168 Kyrgyzstan9 August 1999[84]
169 Cape Verde20 October 1999[47]
170 Palau24 November 1999[107]
171 Timor-Leste16 September 2002[84]
172 Tajikistan15 December 2004[108]
173 Montenegro24 July 2006[109]
174 Monaco23 January 2008[110]
175 North Macedonia15 September 2008[111]
176 San Marino11 July 2009[112]
177 Benin25 August 2010[113]
178 Djibouti22 January 2011[114]
— State of Palestine25 February 2011[115]
179 Togo30 September 2015[116]
180 Central African Republic2 March 2016[117]
— Cook Islands3 August 2016[118]
181 Chad26 September 2018[119]
— Niue6 July 2021[120]
182 Solomon Islands19 September 2023[84]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 KenyaSeptember 1975SeeChile–Kenya relations
  • Chile has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Libya20 May 1971SeeChile–Libya relations
  • Chile is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Libya has an embassy in Santiago.
 South Africa1976
  • Chile has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Santiago.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Argentina30 January 1827SeeArgentina–Chile relations

Chile and Argentina were close allies during the wars of independence against Spain. Argentine GeneralJosé de San Martín crossed the Andes with Chilean independence heroBernardo O'Higgins and together they defeated the Spaniards. However, after independence, relations soured. This was primarily due to a border dispute: both nations claimed the totality of thePatagonia region.[121]

Attempts to clear up the dispute were unsuccessful until 1881, when Chile was at war with both Bolivia and Peru. In order to avoid fighting Argentina as well, Chilean PresidentAníbal Pinto authorized his envoy,Diego Barros Arana to hand over as much territory as was needed to avoid Argentina siding with Bolivia and Peru. Barros succeeded in his mission: Argentina was granted east Patagonia and Chile the Strait of Magellan.[121]

However, border disputes continued. In 1902, war was again avoided when British KingEdward VII agreed to mediate between the two nations. He established the current border in the Patagonia region.[121]

TheBeagle conflict began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that thePicton, Lennox and Nueva islands in theBeagle Channel were rightfully hers. In 1971 Chile and Argentina signed an agreement formally submitting the Beagle Channel issue to bindingBeagle Channel Arbitration. On May 2, 1977, the court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. See theReport and decision of the Court of Arbitration.

On 25 January 1978, the Argentina military junta led by GeneralJorge Videla declared the award fundamentally null and intensified their claim over the islands. On 22. December 1978, Argentina started[122] theOperation Soberanía over the disputed islands, but the invasion was halted due to:[123]

The newspaper Clarín explained some years later that such caution was based, in part, on military concerns. In order to achieve a victory, certain objectives had to be reached before the seventh day after the attack. Some military leaders considered this not enough time due to the difficulty involved in transportation through the passes over the Andean Mountains.

and in cite 46:

According to Clarín, two consequences were feared. First, those who were dubious feared a possible regionalization of the conflict. Second, as a consequence, the conflict could acquire great power proportions. In the first case decisionmakers speculated that Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Brazil might intervene. Then the great powers could take sides. In this case, the resolution of the conflict would depend not on the combatants, but on the countries that supplied the weapons.

In December that year, moments before Videla signed a declaration of war against Chile,Pope John Paul II agreed to mediate between the two nations. The Pope's envoy,Antonio Samorè, successfully averted war and proposed a new definitive boundary in which the three disputed islands would remain Chilean. Chile immediately accepted this decision, but Argentina still disliked and avoided acceptance until after the lostFalklands War in 1982. Both agreed to Samoré's proposal and signed theTreaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, ending that dispute.[124]

In the 1990s, under presidentsFrei andMenem both countries solved almost all of the remaining border disputes during bilateral talks. They also agreed to submitLaguna del Desierto to international arbitration in 1994. Almost the entire disputed area was awarded to Argentina.[125]

The last border dispute are 50 km (31 mi). in theSouthern Patagonian Ice Field fromMount Fitz Roy toMount Daudet that is still officially undefined.[126][127] In August 2006, however, a tourist map was published in Argentina placing the disputed region within the borders of that country. Chile filed an official complaint, sparking renewed efforts to settle the dispute which the Argentine government supports and urged Chile to finish quick as possible the demarcation of the international border.[128]

Since democratization in the 1980s, both countries began a close economic and political integration as Chile became an associated member ofMercosur. Also both countries practice defense cooperation and friendship policy.[citation needed]

  • Argentina has an embassy in Santiago and several consulates throughout the country.
  • Chile has an embassy inBuenos Aires and several consulates throughout the country.
 Barbados3 October 1967

Barbados is accredited in Chile through its embassy inCaracas, (Venezuela). Chile is accredited to Barbados from its embassy inPort of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago) and maintains an honorary consulate inBridgetown. Barbados and Chile formally established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1967.[129] Chile was the firstLatin American country with which Barbados formally established formal diplomatic relations.[130] Both countries raised the agenda of rekindling ties in 2005 as a precursor to the attemptedFree Trade Area of the Americas trade bloc. At current both blocs have discussed the introduction of afree trade agreement[131][132] and more specifically Chile and CARICOM have specifically noted the possibility of establishing a free trade agreement.[133]

Chilean PresidentRicardo Lagos visited Barbados on February 20–21, 2005[134] The Barbados Prime Minister later reciprocated by official visit to Chile in November 2005. As part of their meeting the Government of Barbados pledged support to Chilean-diplomatJosé Miguel Insulza for the post ofSecretary General to theOrganization of American States (OAS).[citation needed] In May 2009, Prime MinisterDavid Thompson outlined his plan to further Barbadian relations in the Americas. As part of his outline he named Chile as one of three countries which he desired his government would further enhance relations with in South America.[135] In August 2017 President Bachelet visited Barbados and met with her Barbadian counterpart to discuss mutual areas of cooperation.[136][137][138]

  • Barbados is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Chile is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
 Belize15 May 1990
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 11, 1990.[139]
  • Both countries are full members of theOrganization of American States.
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Santiago.
  • Chile is accredited to Belize from its embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador.
 Bolivia20 April 1873SeeBolivia–Chile relations

Relations withBolivia have been strained ever since the independence wars because of theAtacama border dispute (Bolivia claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean). The Spaniards never bothered to definitively establish a border between Chile and Bolivia. Chile claimed its limit with Peru ran through the Loa River and that Bolivia was therefore landlocked, while Bolivia claimed it did have a coast and that the limit with Chile ran along the Salado River. The border remained vague throughout the 19th century. Finally, Bolivia and Chile agreed, in 1866, to allow Bolivia access to the Pacific and that the limit of the two countries would run along the 24th parallel. The area between the 25th and 23rd parallel would remain demilitarized and both nations would be allowed to mine there.[140] It was also agreed that taxes on the exportation ofsaltpeter would not increase.[citation needed]

However, in 1879, Bolivian dictator GeneralHilarión Daza increased the taxes on the exportation of saltpeter, violating the 1866 treaty. When Chilean-owned saltpeter companies protested, Daza expropriated their companies and sold them in apublic auction. Daza then put an end to all commerce with Chile and exiled all Chilean residents in Bolivia (the Bolivian port ofAntofagasta had more Chileans than Bolivians). In response, Chile declared war on Bolivia and occupied Bolivia's coast. Peru had, in 1873, signed a secret pact with Bolivia in which the two countries agreed to fight together against any nation that threatened either of them. When Peru refused to be neutral in the conflict between Chile and Bolivia, Chile declared war on Peru. Chile defeated both countries and annexed the coast claimed by Bolivia. This was ratified in a 1904 treaty.[141]

Diplomatic relations with Bolivia continued to be strained because of Bolivia's continuing aspiration to the sea. In 1964, Bolivian PresidentVíctor Paz Estenssoro severed diplomatic relations with Chile. GeneralsAugusto Pinochet andHugo Banzer resumed diplomatic relations and attempted to settle territorial disputes. The secret negotiations started in 1973 and in 1975 diplomatic relations between Chile and Bolivia were established. That year, both dictators met in the Bolivian border town of Charaña. Pinochet agreed to give Bolivia a small strip of land running between the Chilean city ofArica and thePeruvian border. However the Treaty of Lima between Peru and Chile specified that Chile must consult Peru before granting any land to a third party in the area ofTarapacá. Peruvian dictator GeneralFrancisco Morales Bermúdez did not agree with the Charaña proposal and instead drafted his own proposal, in which the three nations would share administration of the port of Arica and the sea immediately in front of it. Pinochet refused this agreement, and Banzer broke ties with Chile again in 1978. The failure of the Charaña accords was one of the reasons of Banzer's downfall that very year.[citation needed]

Chile and Bolivia maintain consular relations, and appear to have become friendlier. Former Chilean PresidentRicardo Lagos attended the inauguration of current Bolivian PresidentEvo Morales. Morales has repeatedly announced his intention to establish diplomatic relations with Chile once more, but has still not given up Bolivia's claim to the sea.[citation needed]

 Brazil22 April 1836SeeBrazil–Chile relations
Michelle Bachelet andDilma Rousseff, 15 December 2011

Chile and Brazil have acted numerous times as mediators in international conflicts, such as in the1914 diplomatic impasse between the United States and Mexico, avoiding a possiblestate of war between those two countries. More recently, since the2004 Haitian coup d'état, Chile and Brazil have actively participated in theUnited Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, which is led by theBrazilian Army. They are also two of the three most important economies in South America along withArgentina.[citation needed]

 Canada28 August 1941SeeCanada–Chile relations

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by theCanada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first fullfree trade agreement and Canada's first with aLatin American nation.[142]

 Colombia28 August 1822SeeChile-Colombia relations

Both nations are members of thePacific Alliance.

  • Chile has an embassy inBogotá.
  • Colombia has an embassy in Santiago.
 Cuba19 October 1903SeeChile–Cuba relations
  • Chile has an embassy inHavana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Santiago.
 Dominican Republic1938SeeChile–Dominican Republic relations
  • Chile has an embassy inSanto Domingo.
  • Dominican Republic has an embassy in Santiago.
 Ecuador1836SeeChile–Ecuador relations

After theWar of the Pacific (1879–83) pursued a policy of promoting friendly relationships between countries with disputes with Chile's neighbors. In doing so Chile made attempts to establish friendly relationships between Ecuador and Colombia, both were countries that had serious territorial disputes with Peru in the Amazon. Military cooperation with Ecuador grew considerably after the War of the Pacific with Chile sending instructors to the military academy inQuito and selling superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador.[143] Despite Chile's over-all good relations with Ecuador both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boatAlay in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.[144]

Chile together with the otherABC Powers and the USA were among the guarantors of theRio Protocol that followed theEcuadorian–Peruvian War in 1942.[145]

  • Chile has an embassy inQuito and a consulate-general inGuayaquil.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Santiago.
 Guyana22 July 1971
 Haiti7 June 1943SeeChile–Haiti relations
  • Chile has an embassy inPort-au-Prince.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Santiago.
 Mexico7 March 1831SeeChile–Mexico relations

The two nations have maintained relations since 1831.[147]

On May 20, 1914, Chile and the otherABC Powers met inNiagara Falls, Canada, to mediate diplomatically to avoid astate of war between the United States and Mexico over theVeracruz Incident and theTampico Affair. In 1974, Mexico severed diplomatic relations over the overthrow of President Salvador Allende. For the next fifteen years, Mexico would accept thousands of Chilean refugees who were escaping the government of General Augusto Pinochet. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were re-established in 1990. Currently both countries have signed afree trade agreement that went into effect in 1999.[148] Both nations are founding members of thePacific Alliance and are the only two Latin-American nations to be members of theOECD.

 Paraguay22 July 1843SeeChile–Paraguay relations
  • Chile has an embassy inAsunción.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Santiago.
 Peru8 August 1828SeeChile–Peru relations
  • Chile has an embassy inLima and a consulate-general inTacna.
  • Peru has an embassy in Santiago and consulates-general in Arica, Iquique and Valparaíso.
 Trinidad and Tobago3 February 1964SeeChile–Trinidad and Tobago relations
  • Chile has an embassy inPort of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 United States6 July 1822SeeChile–United States relations
Bachelet with U.S. PresidentBarack Obama, 30 June 2014

Chile-United States relations have been better in the period 1988 to the present than any other time in history. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, The United States government applauded the rebirth of democratic practices in Chile, despite having facilitated the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the build-up to which included destabilizing the country's economy and politics.

 Uruguay9 July 1869SeeChile–Uruguay relations
  • Chile has an embassy inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Santiago.
 Venezuela14 April 1853SeeChile–Venezuela relations
  • Chile has an embassy inCaracas and a consulate inPuerto Ordaz.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Santiago.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Armenia15 December 1993SeeArmenia–Chile relations
  • Armenia is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consulate in Santiago.
  • Chile is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate inYerevan.
  • Chile hasrecognized theArmenian genocide in 2007.
 China15 December 1970SeeChile–China relations

Chile recognized theRepublic of China until 1970, when diplomatic recognition was switched to thePeople's Republic of China under the left-leaning Allende. After the 1973 coup by the Pinochet-led junta, diplomatic relations were cut between Chile and all Communist nations, with the exception of China and Romania.The strongly anti-Communist military government in Chile maintained friendly ties with the Communist government in China for the remainder of the Cold War, with Pinochet crediting the Chinese for abiding by the principle of non-interference in other nations' internal affairs.[151] China and Chile exchanged military missions and the Soviet Chilean copper exports to China and Chinese loans The friendly relations were cemented by a share distaste for the Soviet Union, the Chinese diplomatic principle of non-interference in other nations' internal affairs, and a willingness to overlook ideological differences in the pursuit of economic ties.[152]

 IndiaMarch 1949SeeChile-India relations

Chile was the first country in South America to sign a trade agreement with India, in 1956. An ongoing dialogue has nurtured bilateral political understanding. The mechanism of Foreign Office level consultations was initiated in Santiago in August 2000, and was followed up with a second meeting inNew Delhi in April, 2003. However, high-level political exchanges have been few and far between. Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi visited Chile in 1968, Transport and Communications Minister K.P. Unnikrishnan in 1990, and PresidentShankar Dayal Sharma in 1995. From the Chilean side, there has not been any HOS/HOG visit to India. As an indication of Chile's interest in an enhanced relationship, the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture visited India in December 2001.[citation needed]

  • Chile has an embassy inNew Delhi and a consulate-general inMumbai.
  • India has an embassy in Santiago.
 Indonesia29 September 1965SeeChile-Indonesia relations

Bilateral relations between Chile and Indonesia were established in 1964. These relations were strengthened by the establishment of the Indonesian embassy in Santiago in March 1991.

  • Chile has an embassy inJakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Santiago.
 Iran16 January 1908

Iran severed its diplomatic ties with Chile on August 18, 1980, protesting Pinochet regime's repressive internal policies and giving the Chilean Chargé d'affaires inTehran 15 days to close the embassy and leave the country.[153]Iran and Chile resumed relations on December 2, 1991, with Iran opening its embassy in Santiago, only to close it again in 1999 citing financial problems. The Iranian embassy in Santiago was finally reopened in 2007 at full ambassador level.[154]

  • Chile has an embassy inTehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Santiago.
 Israel16 May 1950SeeChile–Israel relations

Chile recognized Israel's independence in February 1949.[155][156] Both countries established diplomatic relation on 16 May 1950, with Israel sending their first ambassador on that date and Chile sending their first ambassador on 16 June 1952.[155]

  • Chile has an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Santiago.
 Japan25 September 1897SeeChile–Japan relations
  • Chile has an embassy inTokyo.[157]
  • Japan has an embassy in Santiago.[158]
  • Chile and Japan established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1897. Chile severed diplomatic relations with Japan on 20 January 1943 due to World War II. Chile and Japan re-established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1952.
 Lebanon28 June 1945SeeChile–Lebanon relations
  • Chile has an embassy inBeirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Santiago.
 Malaysia26 February 1979SeeChile–Malaysia relations

The Chile–Malaysia relations is mainly based on trade. In 2009, the total trade between Chile and Malaysia is $336 million with the total Malaysian export to Chile were $16.8 million while the import with $148.7 million.[159]

  • Chile has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Santiago.
 PakistanMarch 1949SeeChile-Pakistan relations

Chile–Pakistan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Chile and Pakistan. Formal diplomatic relations between the two states established in 2008.

  • Chile is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
  • Pakistan is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 PalestineSeeChile–Palestine relations
  • Chile has a representative office inRamallah.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Santiago.
 Philippines17 July 1962SeeChile–Philippines relations

Chile and the Philippines were both former Spanish colonies. Diplomatic relations between Chile and the Philippines began way back in 1854 when Chile opened a consulate inBinondo, Manila. But the formal relations established on July 4, 1946, the day that the Philippines officially gained their official independence from theUnited States.During the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos in 1980, he invited Augusto Pinochet to visit the country, but later he refused Pinochet's plane to land in the country, this was because of a US program to isolate Pinochet's regime, in which the US pressured Marcos to cancel Pinochet's visit.Chilean-Philippines relations were strained until 1986, when Corazon Aquino later ousted Marcos in the People Power Revolution.

  • Chile has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Santiago.
 South Korea18 April 1962

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and República de Chile began on 18 April 1962.[160]

 TaiwanSeeChile–Taiwan relations
  • Chile has a Trade Office inTaipei.
  • Taiwan has a Trade Office in Santiago.
 Turkey30 January 1926[164]SeeChile–Turkey relations
  • Chile has an embassy inAnkara.
  • Turkey has an embassy inSantiago.
  • Both countries are members ofOECD andWTO.
  • Chile-Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on July 14, 2009, and is in effect since March 1, 2011.[164]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$579 million in 2019 (Chilean exports/imports: 236/344 million USD.[164]
  • Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.
 Vietnam25 March 1971SeeChile–Vietnam relations
  • Chile has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Santiago.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Andorra15 July 1996SeeAndorra–Chile relations
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Chile.
  • Chile is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain and maintains an honorary consulate inAndorra la Vella.
 Austria1947SeeAustria–Chile relations

The first bilateral relations dates back from 1846.

  • Austria has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy inVienna.
 Bulgaria
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Chile is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
 Croatia15 April 1992SeeChile–Croatia relations

TheSenate of Chile has awardedCroatian PresidentStjepan Mesić an order of merit, to honor the improvement of bilateral relations between Croatia and Chile. While representing Chile, senate vice president Baldo Prokurica stated that he found areas for stronger collaboration in future in oil and gas research and shipyards and he expressed an interest in Chilean students' having scholarships in Croatia.[165] There are between 380,000 and 500,000 people ofCroatian descent living in Chile.Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Chile

  • Chile has an embassy inZagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Santiago.
 Denmark4 February 1899SeeChile–Denmark relations
  • Chile has an embassy inCopenhagen.
  • Denmark has an embassy in Santiago.
 Estonia27 September 1991SeeChile–Estonia relations
  • Chile re-recognized Estonia in 1991 and diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on September 27, 1991.
  • An agreement on visa-free travel between Estonia and Chile came to force on 2 December 2000.[166][167][168] The two countries also have in force a Memorandum on co-operation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs.[166] Agreements on cultural, tourism, and IT cooperation are being readied.[166]
  • Chile is among Estonia's most importantforeign trade partners in South America.[169]
  • In 2007, trade between Estonia and Chile was valued at 6.3 millionEUR. Estonian exports included mainly machinery, mechanical equipment, and mineral fuels; Chile exports included mainly wine, fish, crustaceans and fruit. In 2004, 83% of Chile exports to Estonia, then totaling 2.4 millionEUR, consisted of wine.[166] In 2008, Chilean wines held the highest share of Estonia's imported wine market, followed by Spanish wines.[170] Due to its climate being unsuitable for large-scalegrape production, most wine sold in Estonia is imported.
  • In 2006, Estonia and Chile issued the joint Antarctic themed stamp series, designed by Ülle Marks and Jüri Kass, bearing images of the Emperor penguin and the minke whale.[171] The works of Chilean writersIsabel Allende,Pablo Neruda andJosé Donoso have been translated into Estonian.[166]
  • Chile is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Finland20 February 1931SeeChile–Finland relations

Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[172] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[172]

  • Chile has an embassy inHelsinki.
  • Finland has an embassy in Santiago.
 France15 September 1846SeeChile–France relations
  • Chile has an embassy inParis.
  • France has an embassy in Santiago.
 Germany24 September 1863SeeChile–Germany relations
 Greece1 July 1941SeeChile–Greece relations
  • Chile has an embassy inAthens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Santiago.
 Ireland1 June 1992SeeChile–Ireland relations
 Italy28 June 1856

SeeChile–Italy relations

  • Chile has an embassy inRome and a consulate-general inMilan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Santiago.
 Netherlands
  • Chile has an embassy inThe Hague and a consulate-general inAmsterdam.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Santiago.
 Norway9 June 1919SeeChile–Norway relations
  • Chile has an embassy inOslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Santiago.
 Poland7 December 1920SeeChile–Poland relations
  • Chile has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Santiago.
 Portugal28 February 1879SeeChile–Portugal relations
  • Chile has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Santiago.
 Romania5 February 1925SeeChile–Romania relations
  • In 1965 diplomatic relations were renewed. Even though most of the Eastern European countries broke their relations with Chile after 1973. Romania retained diplomatic relations with Chile.
  • Approximately 3,000 Chileans looked for asylum in Romania during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship.
  • Chile has an embassy inBucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Santiago.
 Russia26 December 1991SeeChile–Russia relations
  • Chile has an embassy inMoscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Santiago.
 Serbia1935
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations 1935. They were renewed in 1946. Diplomatic relations were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and the last renewal was in March 1990.[175]
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[176]
  • Chile is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Serbia is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Spain12 June 1883SeeChile–Spain relations
 Sweden14 June 1895SeeChile–Sweden relations
 United Kingdom14 September 1823SeeChile–United Kingdom relations

Chile establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 14 September 1823.[6]

  • Chile supported Britain politically, to a degree during theFalklands War. Britain supported the dictator Pinochet, granting him asylum, and even returning him back to Chile after numerous requests for criminal extradition by Spain, Argentina, Peru, and many other countries.
  • Chile has typically been Britain's strongest partner inSouth America. Britain has played an important role in shaping Chile's politics and government, throughout the ages (especially in its fight for independence)
  • Chile has an embassy inLondon.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Santiago.

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Australia27 December 1945SeeAustralia–Chile relations

Diplomatic relations date back from the time when Australia was a British colony. During the Australian gold rush, the population grew fast and Chile became one of Australia's majorwheat suppliers, with a regular traffic of ships betweenSydney andValparaíso. Australia and Chile signed theAustralia-Chile Free Trade Agreement on July 30, 2008. The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009. Australia was one of several international partners with Chile in theGemini Observatory, with one of the two 8 m telescopes of the observatory located at the summit ofCerro Pachón in Chile. Both countries are members ofAPEC,OECD and theCairns Group.

 New Zealand1948SeeChile–New Zealand relations

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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  • Rodríguez Elizondo, José:Chile-Perú. El siglo que vivimos en peligro. La Tercera-Mondadori, Santiago, 2004
  • Parraguez, Maria-Luisa (March 26, 2008)."Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America".Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, California, USA.

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