| F28 Fellowship | |
|---|---|
 APiedmont F28-1000 on approach (1989) | |
| General information | |
| Type | Regional jet |
| National origin | Netherlands |
| Manufacturer | Fokker |
| Status | In limited military service |
| Primary users | Garuda Indonesia (historical) |
| Number built | 241 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1967–1987 |
| Introduction date | 28 March 1969 withBraathens SAFE |
| First flight | 9 May 1967 |
| Variants | Fairchild 228 |
| Developed into | Fokker 70 Fokker 100 |
TheFokker F28 Fellowship is a twin-engined, short-rangejet airliner designed and built byDutchaircraft manufacturerFokker.
Following theFokker F27 Friendship, an early and commercially successfulturboprop-poweredregional airliner, Fokker decided to embark on developing a newturbofan[1]-powered commuter aircraft that would build upon its experiences with the F27. During the design phase, a high level of attention was paid to market research and operator concerns; amongst other changes made, the prospective jetliner was increased in size, changing its maximum seating capacity from 50 to 65 passengers. During April 1962, Fokker announced the formal launch of the F28 Fellowship. The Fokker F28 directly competed with the AmericanDouglas DC-9 and BritishBAC 1-11.
On 9 May 1967, the prototype F28-1000 conducted itsmaiden flight. On 24 February 1969, Kees van Meerten, Fokker Board member, received theCertificate of Airworthiness fromWillem Jan Kruys, Director General of theDutch National Aviation Authority. The first revenue-earning flight byBraathens was performed on 28 March 1969. Following its entry to service, Fokker developed multiple variants of the F28; one model, the F28-2000, featured an extended fuselage that could accommodate up to 79 passengers. A major revision was the F28-4000, which was powered by quieterRolls-Royce Spey 555-15H engines, a redesigned cockpit, and a modified wing, and had a further increasedseating capacity up to 85 passengers. During 1987, production of the type was terminated in favour of two newer derivatives, theFokker 70 and the largerFokker 100.
By 1960, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker was engaged in multiple programmes; these included military aircraft such as theBréguet Br.1150 Atlantic and theLockheed F-104 Starfighter, as well as the commercially successfulturboprop-poweredF27 Friendship airliner.[2] Around this time,British European Airways (BEA) released a specification that called for a high-speed regional airliner powered by turbofan engines.[1] In response, Fokker took an interest in developing its own turbofan-powered[1] short-haul airliner.[3] According to aviation publicationFlying, Fokker's prospective jetliner design was heavily shaped by feedback and experiences from its existing customers of the F27, particularly those in the crucialNorth American market. As such, American design methodologies and preferences were incorporated, reportedly emphasising simplicity, as well as efforts to minimise both language and trade barriers.[4]
During April 1962, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker announced the launch of the F28 Fellowship. The programme was a collaborative effort conducted between a number of European companies, namely Fokker itself,West German aerospace companiesMesserschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) andVFW-Fokker, andShort Brothers ofNorthern Ireland. Substantial government funding was also invested in the project; reportedly, the Dutch government provided 50% of Fokker's stake, while the West German government contributed 60% of the overall 35% German stake.[citation needed] Fokker had also approached several other aviation companies with offers of involvement, includingFrance'sSud Aviation andBritain'sHawker Siddeley.[2]
Initial design work centered on an aircraft capable of transport a maximum of 50 passengers across distances up to 1,650 km (1,025 mi), the design was later modified so that it could accommodate up to 65 seats in a five-abreast configuration, noticeably increasing itsmaximum takeoff weight, on the basis of market research.[5] The enlarged aircraft was roughly comparable in capacity to that of the BritishVickers Viscount, a successful turboprop airliner.[6] The design was capable of speeds well in excess of turboprop-powered competitors, but retained a relatively low cruise speed in comparison to contemporary jet-powered designs, facilitating its use of a relatively straight low-mounted wing and achieving favourable low-speed characteristics as to enable the type's use from 85% of existing airports used by the F27 and the ubiquitousDouglas DC-3. According toFlying, the tentative airliner could achieve double the productivity of the preceding F27, while the company itself referred to the jetliner as a complement to its turboprop-powered sibling.[6]
At one stage of development, Fokker had reportedly intended for the F28 to be powered by a pair ofBristol Siddeley BS.75turbofans.[7] However, when Fokker wanted to open contract negotiations, Bristol Siddeley told them that engine was no longer available as the market was too small when they lost the BAC 1-11 project.[8] Rival British engine manufacturerRolls-Royce, put forward theirRolls-Royce Spey Junior, a simplified version of the Rolls-Royce Spey. From the first prototype onwards the type would be exclusively powered by various models of the Spey engine.[9]
The responsibility for both design and production of the F28 was divided between the partner companies. Fokker designed and built the nose section, centre fuselage, and inner wing; MBB/Fokker-VFW constructed the forwardfuselage, rear fuselage, and tail assembly; while Shorts designed and produced the outer wings.[10] Final assembly of the Fokker F28 was atSchiphol Airport in theNetherlands. At one point, American manufacturerFairchild Aircraft had consideredlocally producing their own derivative of the F28, which was referred to as theFairchild 228, but this ultimately did not reach production, with the company deciding to act as adistributor for the existing F28, instead.[10] During 1987, production of the type was terminated in favour of two newer derivative airliners, the Fokker 70 and the larger 100; by this point, a total of 241 airframes had been constructed.[11][12]
The F28-1000 prototype, registered PH-JHG, first flew on 9 May 1967, flown by Chief Test Pilot Jas Moll, Test Pilot Abe van der Schraaf, and Flight Engineer Cees Dik.Type certification from West German authorities was achieved on 24 February 1969, clearing the F28 to enter revenue service. While the first order for the type had been placed by German airlineLTU, the first revenue-earning flight was conducted by Braathens, which eventually operated a fleet of five F28s, on 28 March 1969.[11]
The Fokker F28 Fellowship was a short-haul, twin-engined jetliner, sharing broad similarities to theBritish Aircraft Corporation'sBAC One-Eleven built in theUK and the first-generationDouglas DC-9 built in the US in terms of basic configuration, featuring aT-tail and engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage.[10] The choice of a low-mounted wing, amongst other benefits, somewhat shielded the tail-mounted engines from the threat offoreign object damage. Fuel is stored within both the outer wing and the fuselage; additionalpylon-mounted tanks could be installed for extended range operations if so required.[13] The structure, which features afail-safe design, is constructed using the same bonding techniques previously pioneered for the F27.[9]
The F28 was equipped with wings that had a slight crescent angle ofsweep. It uses conventional box construction, being built in two pieces separately spliced onto the fuselage.[6] The wing was furnished withailerons positioned near the tips, along with simplisticflaps that would be supplemented by the ailerons during landing approaches; all of theflight control surfaces were actuated via duplicated cabling and (except for therudder) aerodynamically balanced.[2] It was also fitted with a five-sectionlift-dumper that would only be operated after landing, it was decided to employ a lift-dumper rather than alternatives such asthrust reversers, as the designers felt that this arrangement would result in a reduction in both weight and maintenance workload. Excluding the use of thrust reversers also meant that the chance of theengines ingesting debris was lessened when being operated upon unpaved airstrips.[citation needed] The wing also had a fixedleading edge (although one experimental model had leading edge slats and these were offered as an option) and wasdeiced viableed air drawn from the engines.[9]
The F28 is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines;[14] dependent on model, these would be were capable of generating up to 9,850 lbf (43.9 kN) of thrust.[15] While the feature was available at the time, Fokker chose not to equip the engines of early F28s with awater-methanol injection system, as they determined that the engines already possessed sufficient performance even when being flown under hot-and-high conditions.[5] Most onboard systems are designed with simplicity in terms of operability and serviceability; nohydraulic system was used, as actuation of theundercarriage and steering relied onpneumatic pumps, instead.[9] However, the F28 was outfitted with comparatively advanced electronics, as Fokker's design team viewed this factor as directly relating to overall competitiveness.[2]
One uncommon feature of the F28 was the movable split-sections installed on the tail cone; these would behydraulically opened outwards to act as a variableair brake. A similar approach had also been used on the contemporaneousBlackburn Buccaneer strike fighter and on the later-builtBritish Aerospace 146 regional airliner. The design is unique in that it not only slows the aircraft down rapidly, but also it can aid in rapid descents from economic cruising altitudes and also allowed the engines to be set at higher speeds, which helped eliminate lag time. This means the engines respond faster if needed for sudden speed increases or go-arounds on the approach to landing. The Fellowship had a retractabletricycle landing gear, which used large, low-pressure tyres, enabling the use of unpaved airstrips. The use ofantiskid brakes on the main wheels of the undercarriage also contributed to a shorter landing run.[2]
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A variant of the F28, equipped with an extended fuselage, was named F28-2000; this model could seat up to 79 passengers instead of the 65 seats on the F28-1000. The prototype for this model was a converted F28-1000 prototype, and first flew on 28 April 1971. The models F28-6000 and -5000 were modified models of the F28-2000 and F28-1000, respectively; the main features of these models was the addition ofslats, a greater wingspan, and the adoption of more powerful and quieter engines. Both the F28-6000 and -5000 failed to become commercial successes; only two F28-6000s and no F28-5000s were ultimately built. After being used by Fokker for a time, the F28-6000s were sold toAir Mauritanie, but not before being converted to F28-2000 standards.[11]
Perhaps the most successful model of the F28 was the F28-4000, which debuted on 20 October 1976 with one of the world's largest Fokker operators,Linjeflyg. This version was powered by quieter Spey 555-15H engines, and had an increasedseating capacity (up to 85 passengers), a larger wingspan with reinforced wings, a new cockpit, and a new "wide-look" interior featuring enclosed overhead lockers and a less 'tubular' look. The F28-3000, the successor to the F28-1000, featured the same improvements as the F28-4000.[citation needed]
By 2019, no Fokker F28 aircraft remained in civil service.
Fly-SAX was the last airline operator of the F28 worldwide with the last aircraft in service stored in September 2019 due to lack of flight crew.[19] Garuda Indonesia had the most F28s, with 62 of the aircraft in the former fleet. All have since been retired. Major operators included:Time Air/Canadian Regional (35 - second and third hand)MacRobertson Miller Airlines,Ansett Group Australia (more than 15),Toumaï Air Tchad (1),AirQuarius Aviation (3),SkyLink Arabia (1),Satena (1),Gatari Air Service (2),LADE (1),AirQuarius Aviation (4),Merpati Nusantara Airlines (1), andBiman Bangladesh Airlines (4). Some 22 airlines operated smaller numbers of the type.[20] The F28s of Ansett Transport Industries' intrastate airline,MacRobertson Miller Airlines ofWestern Australia, flew the longest nonstop F28 route in the world, fromPerth toKununurra, in Western Australia – a distance of about 2,240 km (1,392 mi). This was also the world's longest twin-jet route at the time.[when?] MMA's F28's also had the highest use rates at the time, flying over 8 hours per day.[citation needed][importance?]
The following is a list of Fokker F28 accidents and incidents:
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| Variant | -1000[15] | -2000[15] | -4000[34] | -3000[34] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seating[a] | 65 | 79 | 85 | 65 |
| Hold | 459 cu.ft / 13m³ | 559 cu.ft / 15.9m³ | 459 cu.ft / 13 m³ | |
| Length | 89 ft 11in /27.4m | 97 ft 2in / 29.6m | 89 ft 11in / 27.4m | |
| Height | 27 ft 9.5in / 8.47m | |||
| Wingspan | 77 ft 4in / 23.6m | 82 ft 3in / 25.07m | ||
| Wing | 822 ft² / 76.4m², 16° sweep, 7.3:1 AR | 850 ft² / 79m², 16° sweep, 8:1 AR | ||
| Max takeoff weight | 65,000 lb / 29,480 kg | 73,000 lb / 33,110 kg | ||
| Empty weight | 35,517 lb / 16,144 kg | 36,953 / 16,707 kg | 38,825 lb / 17,611 kg | 37,139 lb / 16,846 kg |
| Max payload | 18,983 / 8,629 kg | 17,547 / 7,976 kg | 23,317 lb / 10,556 kg | 19,003 lb / 8,620 kg |
| Max Fuel | 2,869 Imp Gal / 13,040 l | |||
| 2× Turbofans | Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 555-15 | Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 555-15H | ||
| Unit thrust | 9,850 lbf / 43.9 kN | |||
| Cruise | 458kn / 848 km/h Max, 359kn / 666 km/h LR | 436kn / 808 km/h Max, 354kn / 656 km/h LR | ||
| Fuel Consumption | 6,180 lb/h / 2,800 kg/h Max, 3,260 lb/h / 1,480 kg/h LR | 4,980 lb/h / 2,260 kg/h Max, 3,252 lb/h / 1,475 kg/h LR | ||
| Range (max payload) | 920nmi / 1,705 km | 900nmi / 1,668 km | 1,550nmi / 2,872 km | |
| Takeoff (MTOW, ISA, SL) | 5,500 ft / 1,676m | |||
| Landing (MLW, SL) | 3,540 ft / 1,079m | 3,495 ft /1,065m | 3,173 ft / 967m | |
| Service ceiling | 35,000 ft (10,700 m)[16] | |||
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