This work is in thepublic domain inRussia according to article 1281 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, articles 5 and 6 of Law No. 231-FZ of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 (the Implementation Act for Book IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

This usually means that one of the following conditions is fulfilled.

1. The author of this work died:^[1]
   • (a) before January 1, 1942 or
   • (b) between January 1, 1942 and January 1, 1946, did not work during theGreat Patriotic War and did not participate in it.
2. This work was originally published anonymously or under a pseudonym:
   • (a) before January 1, 1943 and the name of the author did not become known during 50 years after publication, counted from January 1 of the year following the year of publication, or
   • (b) between January 1, 1943 and January 1, 1946, and the name of the author did not become known during 70 years after publication, counted from January 1 of the year following the year of publication.
3. This work is a film (a video fragment or a single shot from it):
   • (a) which was first shown before January 1, 1943^[2] or
   • (b) which was created bylegal entity between January 1, 1929 and January 1, 1946, provided that it was first shown in the stated period or was not shown until August 3, 1993.
4. This work is an information report (including photo report), which was created by an employee ofTASS,ROSTA, orKarelfinTAG as part of that person’s official duties between July 10, 1925^[3] and January 1, 1946, provided that it was first released in the stated period or was not released until August 3, 1993.

This work is in thepublic domain in theUnited States, because it was in the public domain in its home country (Russia) on theURAA date (January 1, 1996), and it wasn't re-published for 30 days following initial publications in the U.S.

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^[1] If the author of this work was subjected to repression andrehabilitated posthumously, copyright term is counted from January 1 of the year following the year of rehabilitation.
If the work was first published after the death (posthumous rehabilitation) of the author, copyright term is counted from January 1 of the year following the year of publication, provided that the work was published within 50 years after the death of the author who died (and was not posthumously rehabilitated) before January 1, 1943, or within 70 years after the death (posthumous rehabilitation) of the author who died (rehabilitated posthumously) between January 1, 1943 years before January 1, 1946.
^[2] Amateur films which were first shown on January 1, 1943 or later are subjects of points 1-2 of this template.

^[3]ROSTA reports created before July 10, 1925 are subjects of points 1-2 of this template.