Coffee was introduced toSweden in the late 17th century, and today coffee plays a significant role inSwedish culture, characterised by Sweden ranking among the world's topcoffee consumers per capita,[1] and a distinct tradition of coffee breaks known asFika.
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Coffee was introduced to Sweden in the mid-17th century. In 1657, Swedish diplomatClaes Rålamb encountered coffee during a diplomatic mission toConstantinople. He described it as a "cooked drink of beans" consumed hot.[2] Despite this early mention, coffee did not gain immediate popularity in Sweden.[3]
The first recorded shipment of coffee arrived in 1685 inGothenburg.[4] Initially, coffee was regarded as a medicinal product and was sold in pharmacies. Its high cost restricted consumption to the wealthier classes.King Charles XII, during his stay in theOttoman Empire in the early18th century, developed a taste for coffee and introduced Turkish coffee-making practices upon his return, contributing to its spread in Sweden.[4]
Coffee consumption faced opposition in its early years. Critics such asCarl Linnaeus warned of its health effects,[5] advocating for herbal alternatives,[6] while economic concerns, including the negativebalance of trade caused by the importing of exotic ‘luxuries’ including coffee,[6] led to government bans. KingGustav III opposed coffee, commissioning anexperiment on its effects.[7] Between 1756 and 1823, coffee was prohibited on five occasions,[8] but these bans were largely ineffective. Coffee consumption continued, with underground societies known as "coffee guilds" forming during prohibition periods.[9] Restrictions ended in 1823.[10]
Coffee gradually gained popularity in Sweden, becoming a staple by 1850, even among the working class and rural poor. Whilebrännvin (vodka) could be home-distilled, coffee beans had to be imported. As a result, rural Swedes often consumed coffee-based or coffee-like beverages up to five times a day, stretching their supplies with local substitutes such as driedchicory, grains mixed with syrup, or a dough made fromrye and potatoes.[11]
Around this time, thetemperance movement and new alcohol regulations transformedSwedish drinking culture. Alcohol consumption during work hours became socially unacceptable, with coffee replacing it as the drink of choice for workers. This shift led to a café boom, with Stockholm hosting nearly 800 cafés by 1887.[12]
The introduction of the iron stove in the19th century made homecoffee brewing accessible, and coffee became central to Swedish households. The cultural tradition ofFika began to emerge during this time.[13]
Fika is a well-established tradition within Swedishcoffee culture, characterised by a designated break during which individuals consume coffee, typically accompanied bybuns orpastries, in a social setting.[14] Fika is regarded as a social institution that encourages pausing from daily tasks. It is commonly observed in workplaces, homes, and cafes across Sweden.[15]
The practice, derived from aslang inversion of the word 'coffee' (Swedish:kaffe), has historical roots dating back to the late 19th century.[13] Traditionally,fika takes place at set times, such as mid-morning and mid-afternoon, though in contemporary settings it can occur more informally. Some Swedish workplaces facilitatefika through designated communal spaces, and in some cases,fika breaks are explicitly included in employment contracts.[16][17] The coffee consumed duringfika is often accompanied by pastries such ascinnamon buns or other baked goods, including seasonal items likesaffron buns andsemla, though savoury options may also be included.[18]
In the 21st Century the concept offika has gained international recognition, with cafes inspired by the tradition opening in cities around the world.[18][15] It has also been linked to workplace productivity, as studies suggest that regular breaks contribute to efficiency and well-being.[16]
Sweden is among the highest coffee-consuming countries globally, with an average consumption of approximately 8.2 kilograms per capita annually.[19] Brewed coffee remains the most popular preparation method, although espresso-based drinks have gained traction.[20]
Another historic coffee preparation method in Sweden, still common in theNorthern Sweden, is "kokkaffe," or boiled coffee.[21] This process involves adding water and coarsely ground coffee to a pot or pan, bringing it to a boil, and then straining it into a cup or flask.[20]
Swedes generally prefer medium to dark roasts,[20] and the popularity of speciality coffee has grown in recent years. Cafés featuring artisanal brewing methods and micro-roasteries have become more common.[22]
Sweden’s coffee industry has an annual roasting volume of approximately 88,000 tonnes, accounting for about 5% of the European Union’s total. The industry includes a mix of large-scale roasters and smaller micro-roasteries.[23]
Four major companies dominate the Swedish coffee market:[23]
These companies primarily import green coffee beans through theports of Gothenburg andGävle. Smaller roasters and micro-roasteries, specialising inspeciality coffee, account for the remaining market share.[24]
