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Thefighting gamegenre involves combat between multiple characters, often (but not limited to) one-on-one battles. Fighting game combat often features mechanics such asblocking,grappling, counter-attacking, and chaining attacks together into "combos". Characters generally engagehand-to-hand combat, often withmartial arts, but some may include weaponry. Battles are usually set in a fixed-size arena along atwo-dimensionalplane, where characters navigate the plane horizontally by walking or dashing, and vertically by jumping. Some games allow limited movement in 3D space, such asTekken and Soulblade while some are set in fully three-dimensional environments without restricting characters' movement, such asPower Stone andNaruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm; these are sometimes referred to as "3D arena" fighting games.
The fighting game genre is distinctly related to thebeat 'em up genre, which pits many computer-controlled enemies against one or more player characters. The first video game to feature fist fighting isHeavyweight Champ (1976),[1] butKarate Champ (1984) actually features the one-on-one fighting game genre instead of a sports game inarcades.Yie Ar Kung-Fu was released later that year with various fighting styles and introducedhealth meters, andThe Way of the Exploding Fist (1985) further popularized the genre on home systems. In 1987,Capcom'sStreet Fighter introducedspecial attacks, and in 1991, its highly successful sequelStreet Fighter II refined and popularized many genre conventions, including combos. Fighting games subsequently became the preeminent genre for video gaming in the early to mid-1990s, particularly in arcades. This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games, includingfranchises likeStreet Fighter,Mortal Kombat,Super Smash Bros., andTekken.
Fighting games are a type ofaction game where two (in one-on-one fighting games) or more (inplatform fighters) on-screen characters fight each other.[2][3][4][5] These games typically feature special moves that are triggered using rapid sequences of carefully timed button presses and joystick movements. Games traditionally show fighters from a side view, even as the genre has progressed from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) graphics.[3]Street Fighter II, though not the first fighting game, is considered to have standardized the genre,[6] and similar games released prior toStreet Fighter II have since been more explicitly classified as fighting games.[5][6] Fighting games typically involve hand-to-hand combat, though many games also feature characters with melee weapons.[7] Fighting characters are usually based on humans, but there are also games that are entirely based aroundmecha robot characters, for example theGundam: Battle Assault series.[8]
This genre is distinctly related to beat 'em ups, another action genre involving combat, where the player character must fight many enemies at the same time. Beat 'em ups, like traditional fighting games, display player and enemy health in a bar, generally located at the top of the screen. However, beat 'em ups generally do not feature combat divided into separate "rounds".[5] During the 1980s to 1990s, publications used the terms "fighting game" and "beat 'em up" interchangeably, along with other terms such as "martial arts simulation" (or more specific terms such as "judo simulator")[9][10][11] and "punch-kick" games.[12] Fighting games were still being called "beat 'em up" games invideo game magazines up until the end of the 1990s.[13] With hindsight, critics have argued that the two types of game gradually became dichotomous as they evolved, though the two terms may still be conflated.[5][14]
Sports-based combat games are games that featureboxing,mixed martial arts (MMA), orwrestling.[7][14] Seriousboxing games belong more to thesports game genre than theaction game genre, as they aim for a more realistic model of boxing techniques, whereas moves in fighting games tend to be either highly exaggerated or outright fantastical models ofAsian martial arts techniques.[3] As such, boxing games, mixed martial arts games, andwrestling games are often described as distinct genres, without comparison to fighting games, and belong more in the sports game genre.[15][16]
Fighting games involve combat between pairs of fighters using highly exaggerated martial arts moves.[3] They typically revolve primarily around brawling orcombat sport,[4][7] though some variations feature weaponry.[7] Games usually display on-screen fighters from a side view, and even 3D fighting games play largely within a 2D plane of motion.[3] Games usually confine characters to moving left and right and jumping, although some games such asFatal Fury: King of Fighters allow players to move between parallel planes of movement.[3][17] Recent games tend to be rendered in three dimensions, making it easier for developers to add a greater number of animations, but otherwise play like those rendered in two dimensions.[7] Games that are fully three-dimensional without a 2D plane are sometimes referred to as "3D arena" fighting games.[18]
Aside from restricting movement space, fighting games confine the player's actions to offensive and defensive maneuvers. Players must learn each game's effective combinations of attacks and defenses.[3] Blocking is a basic defense against basic attacks.[19] Some games feature more advanced blocking techniques; for example, Capcom'sStreet Fighter III features a move termed "parrying", which can be immediately followed by counter-attack, skipping the temporary stun a block would have put them in. A similar stun state is termed "just defended" inSNK'sGarou: Mark of the Wolves.[20][21]
An integral feature of fighting games is the use of "special attacks", also called "secret moves",[22] that employ combinations of directional inputs and button presses to perform a particular move beyond basic punching and kicking.[23] Some special moves, which play an animation portraying an aspect of the character's personality, are referred to astaunts. Originated by Japanese company SNK inArt of Fighting (1992),[24][25] these add humor, and they affect gameplay in certain games, such as improving the strength of other attacks.[26] Some characters have unusual taunts, likeDan Hibiki fromStreet Fighter Alpha.[27][28]
Combos that chain several attacks are fundamental to the genre sinceStreet Fighter II (1991).[29] Most fighting games display a "combo meter" of progress through a combo. The effectiveness of such moves often relates to the difficulty of execution and the degree of risk. These moves are often challenging, requiring excellent memory and timing.[3]
Predicting opponents' moves and counter-attacking, known as "countering", is a common element ofgameplay.[7] Fighting games emphasize the height of blows, ranging from low to jumping attacks.[22][30] Thus, strategy requires predicting adversarial moves, similar torock–paper–scissors.[3]
In addition to blows, players can utilizethrowing or grappling to circumvent blocks. Most fighting games allow a grapple move by pressing two or more buttons together, or simply by pressing punch or kick while being directly adjacent to the opponent. Other fighting games, likeDead or Alive, have a unique button for throws and takedowns.
Projectiles are primarily in 2D fighting games, like theHadouken inStreet Fighter. Projectiles can simply inflict damage, or can maneuver opponents into disadvantageous positions.
Especially in 2D, zoning is defensive play that focuses on using relatively risk-free attacks to keep the opposing player away. The object is to force an opponent to take significant risks to approach the zoning player's character, or to stall out the in-game timer, which causes the player with more health (typically the one doing the zoning) to win. The effectiveness of the latter strategy varies from game to game, based on the effectiveness of zoning tools as well as the length of the in-game timer and the rewards characters can receive for successfully landing a hit when countering zoning.
The opposite ofturtling, rushdown refers to a number of specific aggressive strategies, philosophies, and play styles across all fighting games. The general goal of a rushdown play style is to overwhelm the opponent and force costly mistakes, either by using fast, confusing setups or by taking advantage of an impatient opponent as they are forced to play defense for prolonged periods of time. Rushdown players often favor attacking opponents in the corner of a stage or as they get up from a knockdown; both situations severely limit the options of the opponent and often allow the attacking player to force high-risk guessing scenarios.
Spacing is the act of positioning a character at a range where their attacks and movement tools carry the lowest risk and the highest reward. The concept is somewhat akin to that offootwork in martial arts. The desired position for play varies based on what tools are available to the character each player is currently using. As a result of this, a concept called "footsies" has emerged, frequently defined as players jockeying for position and using low-commitment moves at distances where neither character has a particular advantage.[31]
Depending on the game, character, and move used, a player may be rewarded for a decisive blow with a strong positional advantage, strong enough that the rewarded player can minimize the number of viable moves available to the other player. Doing so, and then taking advantage of the opponent's limited options, is called pressure. Common forms of pressure include making a player guess whether they should block high or low, or keeping the opposing player trapped in the corner and punishing any attempts to escape.
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Fighting game matches generally consist of a set number of rounds (typicallythree), beginning with the announcer's signal.[32] If the score is tied after an even number of rounds (such as 1-1), then the winner is decided in the final round. Round decisions can also be determined by time over, which judge players based on remaining health to declare a winner. In theSuper Smash Bros. series, the rules are different. Instead of rounds, the games usually give players a set number of lives (called stocks) for each player (usually three), and if the score is tied between two or more fighters when time runs out, then a "sudden death" match will take place by delivering a single hit to an opponent with 300% damage.
Fighting games widely featurehealth bars, introduced inYie Ar Kung-Fu in 1984, which are depleted as characters sustain blows.[17][33] Each successful attack will deplete a character's health, and the round continues until a fighter's health reaches zero.[3] Hence, the main goal is to completely deplete the health bar of one's opponent, thus achieving a "knockout".[21] Games such asVirtua Fighter also allow a character to be defeated by forcing them outside of the arena, awarding a "ring-out" to the victor.[19] TheSuper Smash Bros. series allows players to send fighters off the stage when a character reaches a high percentage of damage; however, the gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighting games in that the aim is to increase damage counters and knock opponents off the stage instead of depleting life bars.
Beginning withMidway'sMortal Kombat released in 1992, theMortal Kombat series introduced "Fatalities", where the match victor inflicts a brutal and gruesome finishing move onto the defeated opponent. Prompted by the announcer saying "Finish Him!", players have a short time window to execute a Fatality by entering a specific button and joystick combination while positioned at a specific distance from the opponent. The Fatality and its derivations are arguably the most notable features of theMortal Kombat series with cultural impact andcontroversies.[34]
Fighting games often include a single-player campaign or tournament, where the player must defeat a sequence of several computer-controlled opponents. Winning the tournament often reveals a special story-endingcutscene, and some games also grant access to hidden characters or special features upon victory.Tekken introduced the concept of story modes in 1994 with the first arcadefull motion video cutscenes for each character's victory.[35][36][37]
In most fighting games, players may select from a variety ofplayable characters with unique fighting styles, special moves, and personalities. This became a strong convention for the genre with the release ofStreet Fighter II (1991), and these character choices have led to deeper game strategy and replay value.[38]
Custom character creation, or "create–a–fighter", is a feature of some fighting games that allows a player to customize the appearance and move set of their own character.Super Fire Pro Wrestling X Premium was the first game to include such a feature.[39]
Fighting games can support a two-player duel, sometimes by letting a second player challenge the first at any moment during a single-player match.[4] Some games allow four-player simultaneous competition.[40] Uniquely, theSuper Smash Bros. series has allowed eight-player local and online multiplayer matches, beginning withSuper Smash Bros. for Wii U, though many classify the series as theplatform fighter subgenre due to its deviation from traditional fighting game rules and design. Several games such asMarvel vs. Capcom andDead or Alive have featured teams where players form "tag teams" to fight duels, but a character may be swapped by a teammate.[41] Some fighting games offer the endurance challenge of a series of opponents.[37] Online games can sufferlag from slowdata transmission, which can disrupt split-second timing.[37][42] This is mitigated by technology such asGGPO, which synchronizes players by quickly rolling back to the most recent accurate game state, correcting errors, and then jumping back to the current frame. Such games includeSkullgirls andStreet Fighter III: 3rd Strike Online Edition.[43][44]
The first fighting games were fundamentally inspired bymartial arts films, especiallyBruce Lee'sHong Kong action cinema. Films includeGame of Death (1972), where Lee fights a series ofbosses, andEnter the Dragon (1973), about an internationalmartial arts tournament.[45] Other inspiration isJapanese martial arts works, including themanga andanime seriesKarate Master (1971–1977), andSonny Chiba'sThe Street Fighter (1974).[46]
Before martial arts games, the earliest video games with fist-fighting areboxing games, featuring battles between characters with fantastic abilities and complex special maneuvers.[47]Sega's black-and-white boxing gameHeavyweight Champ, released forarcades in 1976, is considered the first video game with fist fighting.[48]Vectorbeam'sarcade video gameWarrior (1979) is sometimes credited as one of the first fighting games;[49] in contrast toHeavyweight Champ and most later games,Warrior is based on sword fightingduels and uses abird's-eye view.[5]Sega'sjidaigeki-themed arcadeaction gameSamurai, released in March 1980, features a boss battle where thesamurai player character confronts a boss samurai in one-on-one sword-fighting combat.[50][51]
One-on-one boxing games appeared on consoles withActivision'sAtari VCS gameBoxing,[52] released in July 1980,[53] and Sega'sSG-1000 gameChampion Boxing (1983),[54] which isYu Suzuki's debut at Sega.[55][56]Nintendo's arcade gamePunch-Out was developed in 1983 and released in February 1984,[57] as a boxing game featuring a behind-the-character perspective, maneuvers such as blocking and dodging, andstamina meters that are depleted or replenished by blows.[58]
Karate Champ was developed byTechnōs Japan and released byData East in May 1984,[59] and is credited with establishing and popularizing the one-on-one fighting game genre.[60] A variety of moves can be performed using thedual-joystick controls. It uses a best-of-three matches format like later fighting games, and has trainingbonus stages.[60] ThePlayer vs Player edition ofKarate Champ, released later that year, is also the first fighting game to allow two-player duel.[61] It influencedKonami'sYie Ar Kung Fu,[60] released in October 1984.[62] The game drew heavily from Bruce Lee films, with the mainplayer character Oolong modelled after Lee (like inBruceploitation films). In contrast to the grounded realism ofKarate Champ,Yie Ar Kung-Fu moved the genre towards more fantastical, fast-paced action with a variety of special moves and high jumps, establishing the template for subsequent fighting games.[63] It expanded onKarate Champ by pitting the player against a variety of opponents, each with a unique appearance and fighting style.[60][64] The player could also perform up to sixteen different moves,[65] including projectile attacks,[66] and it replaced the point-scoring system ofKarate Champ with ahealth meter system, becoming the standard for the genre.[67]
Irem'sKung-Fu Master, designed byTakashi Nishiyama[68] and released in November 1984,[69] is aside-scrollingbeat 'em up that, at the end of eachlevel, featured one-on-one boss battles that resemble fighting games.[70] It is based on Hong Kong martial arts films, specificallyJackie Chan'sWheels on Meals (1984) and Bruce Lee'sGame of Death.[71][5] Nishiyama later used its one-on-one boss battles as the basis for his fighting gameStreet Fighter.[68] Nintendo's boxing sequelSuper Punch-Out was released for arcades in late 1984 and ported byElite to home computers asFrank Bruno's Boxing in 1985,[72] features martial arts elements,[73] high and low guarding, ducking, lateral dodging, and a KO meter. This meter is built up with successful attacks and, when full, enables a special, more powerful punch to be thrown.[74]Broderbund'sKarateka, designed byJordan Mechner and released at the end of 1984,[75] is a one-on-one fighting game forhome computers that successfully added plot to its fighting action,[5] like the beat 'em upKung-Fu Master.[70]
By early 1985, martial arts games had become popular in arcades.[76] On home computers, the JapaneseMSX version ofYie Ar Kung-Fu was released in January 1985,[77] andBeam Software'sThe Way of the Exploding Fist was released forPAL regions in May 1985;[78]The Way of the Exploding Fist borrowed heavily fromKarate Champ,[79] but nevertheless achieved critical success and afforded the burgeoning genre further popularity on home computers in PAL regions,[11][80] becoming the UK's best-sellingcomputer game of 1985.[81] In North America, Data East portedKarate Champ to home computers in October 1985,[82] becoming one of the best-selling computer games of the late 1980s.[83][84] Other game developers also imitatedKarate Champ, notablySystem 3's computer gameInternational Karate, released in Europe in November 1985; afterEpyx released it in North America in April 1986, Data East tookunsuccessful legal action against Epyx over the game.[82]Yie Ar Kung-Fu went on to become the UK's best-sellingcomputer game of 1986, the second year in a row for fighting games.[85] The same year,Martech'sUchi Mata for home computers featured novel controller motions forgrappling maneuvers, but they were deemed too difficult.[11]
In the late 1980s, side-scrolling beat 'em ups became considerably more popular than one-on-one fighting games,[86] with many arcadegame developers focused more on producing beat 'em ups and shoot 'em ups.[87] Takashi Nishiyama used the one-on-one boss battles of his earlier beat 'em upKung-Fu Master as the template forCapcom's fighting gameStreet Fighter,[68] combined with elements ofKarate Champ andYie Ar Kung Fu.[6]Street Fighter found its own niche in the gaming world, which was dominated by beat 'em ups and shoot 'em ups at the time.[6] Part of the game's appeal was the use of special moves that could only be discovered by experimenting with the game controls, which created a sense of mystique and invited players to practice the game.[88] FollowingStreet Fighter's lead, the use of command-based hidden moves began to pervade other games in the rising fighting game genre.[88]Street Fighter also introduced other staples of the genre, including theblocking technique, as well as the ability for a challenger to jump in and initiate a match against a player at any time. The game also introducedpressure-sensitive controls that determine the strength of an attack, though due to causing damaged arcade cabinets, Capcom replaced it soon after with a six-button control scheme offering light, medium, and hard punches and kicks, which became another staple of the genre.[89]
In 1988,Home Data releasedReikai Dōshi: Chinese Exorcist, also known asLast Apostle Puppet Show, the first fighting game to usedigitizedsprites andmotion capture animation.[90] Meanwhile, homegame consoles largely ignored the genre.Budokan: The Martial Spirit was one of the few releases for theSega Genesis, but was not as popular as games in other genres.[87] Technical challenges limited the popularity of early fighting games. Programmers had difficulty producing a game that could recognize the fast motions of a joystick, and so players had difficulty executing special moves with any accuracy.[6][87]
The release ofStreet Fighter II in 1991 is considered a revolutionary moment in the fighting game genre.Yoshiki Okamoto's team developed the most accurate joystick and button scanningroutine in the genre thus far.[citation needed] This allowed players to reliably execute multi-button special moves, which had previously required an element of luck. The graphics took advantage of Capcom'sCPS arcade chipset, with highly detailed characters andstages. Whereas previous games allowed players to combat a variety of computer-controlled fighters,Street Fighter II allowed players to play against each other. The popularity ofStreet Fighter II surprised the gaming industry, as arcade owners bought more machines to keep up with demand.[6]Street Fighter II was also responsible for popularizing thecombo mechanic, which came about when skilled players learned that they could combine several attacks that left no time for the opponent to recover if they timed them correctly.[91][92][93] Its success led to fighting games becoming the dominant genre in the arcade game industry of the early 1990s,[94] which led to a resurgence of the arcade game industry.[95] The popularity ofStreet Fighter II led it to be released for home game consoles and becoming the defining template for fighting games.[6][87]
SNK releasedFatal Fury shortly afterStreet Fighter II in 1991. It was designed by Takashi Nishiyama, the creator of the originalStreet Fighter, which it was envisioned as a spiritual successor to.[96]Fatal Fury placed more emphasis on storytelling and the timing of special moves,[96] and added a two-plane system where characters could step into the foreground or background. Meanwhile, Sega experimented withDark Edge, an early attempt at a 3D fighting game where characters could move in all directions. However, Sega never released the game outside Japan because it felt that "unrestrained" 3D fighting games were unenjoyable.[87] Sega also attempted to introduceholographic3D technology to the genre withHolosseum in 1992, though it was unsuccessful.[97] Several fighting games achieved commercial success, including SNK'sArt of Fighting andSamurai Shodown as well as Sega'sEternal Champions. Nevertheless,Street Fighter II remained the most popular,[87] spawning aChampion Edition that improved game balance and allowed players to use boss characters that were unselectable in the previous version.[6]
Chicago'sMidway Games achieved unprecedented notoriety when they releasedMortal Kombat in 1992. The game featured digital characters drawn from real actors, numerous secrets,[87][98] and "Fatality" finishing maneuvers in which the player's character kills their opponent. The game earned a reputation for its gratuitous violence,[98] and was adapted for home game consoles.[87] The home version ofMortal Kombat was released on September 13, 1993, a day promoted as "Mortal Monday". The advertising resulted in line-ups to purchase the game and a subsequent backlash from politicians concerned about the game's violence.[98] TheMortal Kombat franchise would achieve iconic status similar to that ofStreet Fighter with several sequels as well as movies, television series, and extensive merchandising.[34][99] Numerous other game developers tried to imitateStreet Fighter II andMortal Kombat's financial success with similar games, includingRare Software withKiller Instinct, a game that featured unprecedentedly detailed pre-rendered 3D graphics and vastly improved on the core concept of combos, presenting a way faster gameplay than most other games of that era, specific combo-breaker maneuvers, and the "Ultra", a series of combined finishing moves surpassing the number of 20 hits. Many of the games of that period were low budget clones of the more popular games, and in some cases this led to controversy; in 1994, Capcom USA took unsuccessful legal action against Data East over the 1993 arcade gameFighter's History, which supposedly plagiarizedStreet Fighter 2.[22] Data East's largest objection in court was that their 1984 arcade gameKarate Champ was the true originator of the competitive fighting game genre, which predated the originalStreet Fighter by three years,[100] but the reason the case was decided against Capcom was that the copied elements werescènes à faire and thus excluded from copyright.[101]
Sega AM2 debuted in the genre with the 1993 arcade gameBurning Rival,[102] but they gained renown with the release ofVirtua Fighter for the same platform the same year. It is the first fighting game with3Dpolygon graphics and a viewpoint that zoomed and rotated with the action. Despite the graphics, players were confined to back and forth motion as seen in other fighting games. With only three buttons, it was easier to learn thanStreet Fighter andMortal Kombat, which has six and five buttons respectively. By the time the game was released for theSega Saturn in Japan, the game and system were selling at almost a one-to-one ratio.[87] In 1994,Namco releasedTekken, the rival arcade game using cutting-edge 3D polygon technology.[103]
The 1995PlayStation gameBattle Arena Toshinden is credited for taking the genre into "true 3D" due to its introduction of the sidestep maneuver, whichIGN described as "one little move" that "changed the fighter forever". The "sidestep" in the game, however, consisted of shoulder rolls instead of actual sidesteps.[104][105] That year, Namco releasedTekken 2, which introduced actual sidestepping or "mist steps" as first released in arcade games and in the international fighting game community. These moves are only exclusive to its two protagonists,Heihachi Mishima and his son,Kazuya Mishima, and his counterpart transformation which is the final boss in the arcade mode. The mist steps also allow combos to be performed as a manner of"crouch dashing," or when the Mishima player could run to the opponent while crouching since regular running prevented executing easy combos.[106][107] Polygonal fighters became trendy and many developers started to make them. Further all-new titles were released in 1995:Zero Divide on the PlayStation,[108] the Western-developedFX Fighter on PC andCriticom on console,[109] and Sega's arcadeFighting Vipers - on top ofTekken 2, an updatedBattle Arena Toshinden 2, and console ports ofTekken andVirtua Fighter 2. A multitude of new polygonal releases arrived in 1996 from both prime and smaller developers, major games beingVirtua Fighter 3,Soul Edge,Dead or Alive,Last Bronx (in Japan),[110] and the home port ofTekken 2,[111] cementing 3D as the future of the genre.[112]
In 1994, SNK releasedThe King of Fighters '94 in arcades, where players choose from teams of three characters to eliminate each other one by one.[113] Eventually, Capcom released further updates toStreet Fighter II, includingSuper Street Fighter II andSuper Street Fighter II Turbo. These games feature more characters and new moves, some of which are a response to hackers of the originalStreet Fighter II game to add new features. However, criticism of these updates grew as players demanded a true sequel. By 1995, the dominant franchises were theMortal Kombat series in America and theVirtua Fighter series in Japan, withStreet Fighter Alpha unable to match the popularity ofStreet Fighter II.[6] Throughout this period, the fighting game was the dominant genre in competitive video gaming, with enthusiasts popularly attending arcades in order to find human opponents.[34] The genre was also very popular on home consoles. At the beginning of 1996,GamePro (a magazine devoted chiefly to home console and handheld gaming) reported that for the last several years, their reader surveys had consistently yielded 4 out of 5 respondents name fighting games as their favorite genre.[114]
In the late 1990s, traditional 2D fighting games began to decline in popularity, with specific franchises falling into difficulty due to 3D fighters. Although the release ofStreet Fighter EX introduced 3D graphics to the series,[115][116][117] both it andStreet Fighter: The Movie flopped in arcades.[6] A home video game also titledStreet Fighter: The Movie was released for thePlayStation andSega Saturn, but it is not aport, but a separately produced game based on the same premise.[118] Capcom releasedStreet Fighter III in 1997 which features improved 2D visuals, but is also unable to match the impact of earlier games.[6] Excitement stirred in Japan overVirtua Fighter 3 in arcades,[87] and Sega eventually ported the game to itsDreamcast console.[119] Meanwhile,SNK released several fighting games on itsNeo Geo platform, includingSamurai Shodown II in 1994,Real Bout Fatal Fury in 1995,The Last Blade in 1997, and annual updates to itsThe King of Fighters franchise.[120]Garou: Mark of the Wolves from 1999 (part of theFatal Fury series) was considered one of SNK's last great games;[121] the company announced that it would close its doors in late 2001.[122]Electronic Gaming Monthly reported that in 1996, U.S. gamers spent nearly $150 million on current generation fighting games, and in Japan, fighting games accounted for over 80% of video game sales.[123]
The fighting game genre continued to evolve, with several strong 3D fighting games emerging in the late 1990s.Namco'sTekken (released in arcades in 1994 and on the PlayStation in 1995) proved critical to the PlayStation's early success, with itssequels also becoming some of the console's most important games.[124] TheSoul series of weapon-based fighting games also achieved considerable critical success, beginning with 1995'sSoul Edge (known asSoul Blade outside Japan) toSoulcalibur VI in 2018.[125][126]Tecmo releasedDead or Alive in the arcades in 1996, porting it for the PlayStation in 1998. It spawned along-running franchise, known for its fast-paced control system, innovativecounterattacks, andenvironmental hazards. The series again included games important to the success of their respective consoles, such asDead or Alive 3 for theXbox andDead or Alive 4 for theXbox 360.[37][127][128] In 1998,Bushido Blade, published bySquare, introduced a realistic fighting engine that features three-dimensional environments while abandoning time limits and health bars in favor of an innovative Body Damage System, where a sword strike to a certain body part can amputate a limb or decapitate the head.[129]
Video game enthusiasts took an interest infictional crossovers, which feature characters from multiple franchises in a particular game.[130] An early example of this type of fighting game is the 1996 arcade releaseX-Men vs. Street Fighter (which later became theMarvel vs. Capcom series), featuringcomic booksuperheroes and characters from other Capcom games.[citation needed] In 1999,Nintendo released thefirst game in theSuper Smash Bros. series, which allowed match-ups from various franchises, such asPikachu vs.Mario.[130]
In the early 2000s, the fighting genre boom turned to bust. In retrospect, multiple developers attribute its decline to its increasing complexity and specialization, and to other factors such asover-saturation. This complexity shut out casual players, and the market for fighting games became smaller and more specialized.[131][132] Even as far back as 1997, many in the industry said that the fighting game market's growing inaccessibility to newcomers was bringing an end to the genre's dominance.[133] Furthermore, arcades gradually became less profitable throughout the late 1990s to early 2000s due to the increased technical power and popularity of home consoles.[22][120] The early 2000s is considered to be the "Dark Age" of fighting games.[134]
The two most prolific developers of 2D fighting games, Capcom and SNK, combined intellectual property to produceSNK vs. Capcom games. SNK released the first game of this type,SNK vs. Capcom: The Match of the Millennium, for itsNeo Geo Pocket Color handheld at the end of 1999.GameSpot regarded the game as "perhaps the most highly anticipated fighter ever" and called it the best fighting game ever to be released for a handheld console.[135][136] Capcom releasedCapcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 for arcades and theDreamcast in 2000, followed by sequels in subsequent years. Though none matched the critical success of the handheld version,Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO was noted as the first game of the genre to successfully utilize internet competition.[136][137] Other crossovers from 2008 includedTatsunoko vs. Capcom andMortal Kombat vs. DC Universe.[138][139] The most successful crossover, however, wasSuper Smash Bros. Brawl for theWii. Featuring 40 characters from Nintendo and third-party franchises, the game was a runaway commercial success in addition to being lavished with critical praise.[40][140][141]
In the new millennium, fighting games became less popular and plentiful than in the mid-1990s, with multiplayer competition shifting towards other genres.[34][142] However, SNK reappeared in 2003 as SNK Playmore and continued to release games.[120]Arc System Works received critical acclaim for releasingGuilty Gear X in 2001, as well as its sequelGuilty Gear XX, as both were 2D fighting games featuring strikinganime-inspired graphics.[143] Fighting games became a popular genre for amateur anddoujin developers in Japan. The 2002 titleMelty Blood was developed by then-amateur developerFrench Bread and achieved cult success on thePC. It became highly popular in arcades following its 2005 release, and a version was released for thePlayStation 2 the following year.[144] The late 1990s and early 2000s saw the rise inonline gaming. In 2004,Mortal Kombat: Deception,Dead or Alive Ultimate, and theXbox version ofStreet Fighter Anniversary Collection became the first fighting games to offeronline multiplayer and have received positive reception from critics. While the genre became generally far less popular than it once was,[34] arcades and their attendant fighting games remained reasonably popular in Japan during this time period, and remain so even today.Virtua Fighter 5 lacked an online mode, but still achieved success both on home consoles and in arcades; players practiced at home and went to arcades to compete face-to-face with opponents.[145] In addition toVirtua Fighter, theTekken,Soul andDead or Alive franchises continued to release installments.[37][126] ClassicStreet Fighter andMortal Kombat games were re-released onPlayStation Network andXbox Live Arcade, allowing internet play, and in some cases,HD graphics.[34][146][147]
The early part of the decade had seen the rise of competitive video gaming, referred to by the termEsports. The rise in esports saw the rise of major international fighting game tournaments such asTougeki – Super Battle Opera andEvolution Championship Series, and famous players such asDaigo Umehara.[148][149] An important fighting game at the time wasStreet Fighter III: 3rd Strike, originally released in 1999. The game gained significant attention with "Evo Moment 37", also known as the "Daigo Parry", which refers to a portion of a3rd Strike semi-final match held atEvolution Championship Series 2004 (Evo 2004) between Daigo Umehara andJustin Wong. During this match, Umehara made an unexpectedcomeback by parrying 15 consecutive hits of Wong's "Super Art" move usingChun-Li while Umehara had only one pixel on his health bar. Umehara subsequently won the match. "Evo Moment #37" is frequently described as the most iconic and memorable moment in the history of competitive video gaming, compared to sports moments such asBabe Ruth's called shot and theIce HockeyMiracle on Ice.[150] It inspired many to start playing3rd Strike, which brought new life into thefighting game community (FGC) during a time when the community was in a state of stagnation.[151][134] Fighting games have also been featured in esports scenes with variety of gaming genres, withDead or Alive 3 becoming the fighting game to be included in the Xbox Championship in 2004,[152] andDead or Alive Ultimate becoming the first fighting game to be included in theWorld Cyber Games (WCG) in 2005.[153]Dead or Alive 4 became the first fighting game to have a televised competitive esport scene as it was the only fighting game included in the esport league, theChampionship Gaming Series (CGS), in 2007 and 2008. The league was operated and fully broadcast byDirecTV in association withBritish Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) andSTAR TV.[154][155][156]Dead or Alive has been credited for launching the careers ofpro-gamer turnedKoei Tecmo employee, Emmanuel Rodriguez,[157] and the highest-paid women pro-gamers,Kat Gunn andVanessa Arteaga.[158]
The late 2000s featured a number of games that sparked another surge in fighting game popularity.Super Smash Bros. Brawl was released in early March 2008 to universal acclaim and went on to set a new record in sales, at one point selling at 120 units per minute.[159] Another game wasStreet Fighter IV, the series' first mainline title sinceStreet Fighter III: 3rd Strike in 1999, which was released in early 2009 also to critical acclaim,[160] having garnered praise since its debut at Japanese arcades in July 2008.[161] The console versions ofStreet Fighter IV, as well as the updatedSuper Street Fighter IV,[162] sold more than 6 million copies over the next few years.[163] The success of these two games, among others, sparked a renaissance for the genre,[164][162][165] introducing new players to the genre and with the increased audience allowing other fighting game franchises to achieve successful revivals of their own, as well as increasing tournament participation.[166]Tekken 6 was building off the popularity of its previous iteration and was still positively received, selling more than 3 million copies worldwide by August 2010, one year after its release.[167] Other successful games that followed includeMortal Kombat,[162][168]Marvel vs. Capcom 3,[162][165]The King of Fighters XIII,[168]Dead or Alive 5,[168]Tekken Tag Tournament 2,[168]Soulcalibur V,[169] andGuilty Gear Xrd. Though the critically acclaimedVirtua Fighter 5 was released to very little acclaim in 2007,[166] its updateVirtua Fighter 5: Final Showdown received much more attention due to renewed interest in the genre.[166][168]
Numerousindie fighting games have also been crowdfunded on websites such asKickstarter andIndiegogo, the most notable success being the tag team fighting gameSkullgirls in 2012. Later, in 2019,Ubisoft reported that the free-to-play platform fighting gameBrawlhalla reached 20 million players, with it climbing to 80 million by 2022.[170]
In 2018,Super Smash Bros. Ultimate for theNintendo Switch was released. It became the best-selling fighting game of all time, topping itsWii predecessorSuper Smash Bros. Brawl and introduced nearly 90 characters through its default mode and throughdownloadable content or DLC,[171] having sold 34.22 million copies worldwide.[172] Later in the mid-2020s, the genre achieved another renaissance with the arrival ofStreet Fighter 6 and its immediate success, together withMortal Kombat 1 andTekken 8.Street Fighter 6 sold over 1 million copies within five days after its launch,[173] and sold over 3 million copies by January 2024.[174]Mortal Kombat 1 sold over 2 million copies in its first two months,[175] and garnered over 3 million copies by January 2024,[176] while the latest gameTekken 8, which was released in January 2024 sold over 2 million copies in its first month alone.[177] Thus, the 2020s have had a marked resurgence in fighting games that has been deemed a new golden age in fighting games.[178][179]
The following are the highest-grossing fighting game franchises, in terms of total gross revenue generated byarcade games,console games, andcomputer games.
| Rank | Franchise | Debut | Creator(s) | Owner | Gross revenue | Subgenre | As of | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Street Fighter | 1987 | Takashi Nishiyama Hiroshi Matsumoto | Capcom | $10.6 billion | 2D (Traditional) | 2020 | [180] |
| 2 | Mortal Kombat | 1992 | Ed Boon John Tobias | Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment | $5.054 billion (including other media) | 2D (Traditional) | 2006 | [181][182] |
The following are the best-selling fightingarcade video game franchises that have sold at least 10,000arcade units. The prices of fighting game arcade units ranged from$1,300 (equivalent to $2,900 in 2024) forStreet Fighter II Dash (Champion Edition) in 1992,[183] up to$21,000 (equivalent to $46,000 in 2024) forVirtua Fighter (1993).[184] In addition to unit sales, arcade games typically earned the majority of their gross revenue from coin drop earnings.
| Rank | Franchise | Debut | Creator(s) | Owner | Arcade unit sales | Subgenre | As of | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Street Fighter | 1987 | Takashi Nishiyama Hiroshi Matsumoto | Capcom | 500,000 | 2D (Traditional) | 2002 | [185] |
| 2 | Virtua Fighter | 1993 | Yu Suzuki Seiichi Ishii | Sega | 110,000+ | 3D (Traditional) | 1997 | [a] |
| 3 | Tekken | 1994 | Seiichi Ishii Namco | Bandai Namco Entertainment | 94,000+ | 3D (Traditional) | 2000 | [b] |
| 4 | Mortal Kombat | 1992 | Ed Boon John Tobias | Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment | 51,000+ | 2D (Traditional) | 2002 | [191] |
| 5 | Darkstalkers | 1994 | Junichi Ohno Alex Jimenez | Capcom | 24,000+ | 2D (Traditional) | 1996 | [192] |
The following are the best-selling fighting game franchises for home systems, having sold at least 10 million software units forgame consoles andpersonal computers.
The following games are the top ten best-selling fightingarcade video games, in terms ofarcade units sold. The prices of fighting game arcade units ranged from$1,300 (equivalent to $2,900 in 2024) forStreet Fighter II Dash (Champion Edition) in 1992,[183] up to$21,000 (equivalent to $46,000 in 2024) forVirtua Fighter (1993).[184] In addition to unit sales, arcade games typically earned the majority of their gross revenue from coin drop earnings, which are unknown for most games. Arcade revenue figures, from unit sales and coin drop earnings, are listed if known.
| Rank | Title | Release | Developer | Manufacturer | Arcade unit sales | Gross revenue | Inflation | Subgenre | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Street Fighter II | 1991 | Capcom | Capcom | 221,000+ | $5.31 billion+ | $12.3 billion | 2D (Traditional) | [g] |
| 2 | Virtua Fighter | 1993 | Sega AM2 | Sega | 40,000+ | Unknown | Unknown | 3D (Traditional) | [186] |
| Virtua Fighter 2 | 1994 | Sega AM2 | Sega | 40,000+ | Unknown | Unknown | 3D (Traditional) | [187] | |
| 4 | Tekken 2 | 1996 | Namco | Namco | 40,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 3D (Traditional) | [189] |
| 5 | Tekken 3 | 1997 | Namco | Namco | 35,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 3D (Traditional) | [188] |
| 6 | Karate Champ | 1984 | Technōs Japan | Data East | 30,000+ | Unknown | Unknown | 2D (Traditional) | [209] |
| 7 | Virtua Fighter 3 | 1996 | Sega AM2 | Sega | 30,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 3D (Traditional) | [188] |
| 8 | Street Fighter | 1987 | Capcom | Capcom | 10,000–50,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 2D (Traditional) | [68] |
| 9 | Mortal Kombat II | 1993 | Midway Games | Midway Games | 27,000 | $600 million | $1.31 billion | 2D (Traditional) | [191][95] |
| 10 | Mortal Kombat | 1992 | Midway Games | Midway Games | 24,000 | $570 million | $1.28 billion | 2D (Traditional) | [191] |
| Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors | 1994 | Capcom | Capcom | 24,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 2D (Traditional) | [192] |
The following games are the top ten best-selling fighting games for home systems, in terms of software units sold forgame consoles andpersonal computers.
| Rank | Title | Release | Developer | Publisher | Platform(s) | Software sales | Subgenre | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Super Smash Bros. Ultimate | 2018 | Bandai Namco &Sora | Nintendo | Switch | 35.88 million | Platform/2D | [210] |
| 2 | Street Fighter II | 1992 | Capcom | Capcom | Multi-platform | 15.5 million | 2D (Traditional) | [211] |
| 3 | Super Smash Bros. 4 | 2014 | Bandai Namco &Sora | Nintendo | 3DS,Wii U | 15.02 million | Platform/2D | [199][200] |
| 4 | Mortal Kombat 11 | 2019 | NetherRealm | Warner Bros. | Multi-platform | 15 million | 2D (Traditional) | [212] |
| 5 | Super Smash Bros. Brawl | 2008 | Sora | Nintendo | Wii | 13.32 million | Platform/2D | [197][213] |
| 6 | Tekken 7 | 2017 | Bandai Namco | Bandai Namco | Multi-platform | 12 million | 3D (Traditional) | [214][215][216] |
| 7 | Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 | 2016 | CyberConnect2 | Bandai Namco | 11.9 million | Arena/3D | [217] | |
| 8 | Mortal Kombat X | 2015 | NetherRealm | Warner Bros. | 11 million | 2D (Traditional) | [218] | |
| 9 | Dragon Ball FighterZ | 2018 | Arc System Works | Bandai Namco | 10 million | 2D (Traditional) | [219] | |
| Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 | 2016 | Dimps | Bandai Namco | Arena/3D | [219] |
[Combos] became the base for future fighting titles
Street Fighter III Third Strike Online Edition will be using GGPO netcode ...
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)WhenStreet Fighter II' (pronounced street fighter two dash) was released just a short time later, it sold around 140,000 units, at ¥160.000 (c. US $1300 / £820) each. The figures were beyond massive — they were simply unheard of. Capcom'sTitanic wasn't sinking. Anything but. The game was a runaway success in its territory of choice, bringing Western gamers as much joy as it had in the East.
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