Gülen said hissocial criticisms are focused upon individuals' faith and morality and a lesser extent toward political ends,[22] and self described as rejecting anIslamist political philosophy, advocating instead for full participation within professions, society, and political life by religious and secular individuals who profess high moral or ethical principles and who wholly supportsecular rule, withinMuslim-majority countries and elsewhere.[23] Gülen was described in the English-language media as an imam "who promoted a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work, and education" and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures".[24][25]
In 2003, a number of Gülen movement participants allied withRecep Tayyip Erdoğan's right wingJustice and Development Party (AKP), providing the AKP political and sorely-needed administrative support.[26][27][28] This political alliance worked together to weaken left-of-centerKemalist factions, but fractured in 2011. Turkish prosecutors accused Gülen of attempts to overthrow the government by allegedly directing politically motivated corruption investigations by Gülen-linked investigators then in the judiciary,[29][30] who illegally wiretapped the executive office of theTurkish president,[9] and Gülen's alleged instigations of the2016 coup attempt.[31][32] Gülen denied the accusations.[33][34]
A Turkish criminal court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen in 2016,[35][36] and Turkey demanded his extradition from the United States.[37][38][39] U.S. government officials did not believe he was associated with anyterrorist activity, and requested evidence to be provided by the Turkish government to substantiate the allegations in the warrant requesting extradition, frequently rejecting Turkish calls for his extradition.[40][41][42]
Gülen was wanted as a terrorist leader in Turkey[43] and Pakistan,[44] as well as by theOIC[45][46] andGCC.[47]
Biography
Muhammed Fethullah Gülen[48] was born in the village of Korucuk, nearErzurum,[49][50] to Ramiz and Refia Gülen,[51] There is some dispute over his date of birth. According to some accounts, usually older ones, he was born on 10 November 1938, while others state his birth was on 27 April 1941.[49][52] State documents support the 1941 date,[49][52] which is now the accepted date,[49][52] used on Gülen's English website.[49] (Some commentators note that 10 November 1938 was the date of the death of the founder of modern Turkey,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and suggest that the date was chosen for its political significance.[49][53] An alternative explanation for the discrepancy offered by one of Gülen's close students, and biographer, was that his parents waited three years to register his birth.)[54]
Gülen's father was animam.[55] His mother taught theQur'an in their village, despite such informal religious instruction being banned by theKemalist government.[56] Gülen's secular formal education ended when his family moved to another village.[55][57] He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurummadrasas[58] and was influenced by the ideas of Kurdish scholarSaid Nursî.[59] He gave his first sermon as a licensed state preacher in 1958, when he was in his teens.[60]
Gülen was appointed an assistant imam atÜç Şerefeli Mosque inEdirne, 6 August 1959, and thus joined in the Turkishcivil service where he served[61] until he retired from formal preaching duties in 1981.
While Gülen was teaching at theKestanepazari Qur'anic School inİzmir in March 1971,the Turkish military seized control of the government in an attempt to quell domestic political violence. During its aftermath, Gülen was arrested for organizing a clandestine religious group based on his teachings and was imprisoned for seven months.[62]
Gülen's influence in civil society and number of followers grew steadily during the 1980s and 1990s.[63]From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. In 1994, he participated in the founding of the Journalists and Writers Foundation[64] and was given the title "honorary president" by the foundation.[65] He reportedly avoided making any comments about the forced closures of the Islamist Welfare Party in 1998[66] or the Virtue Party in 2001,[67] or meeting with the leaders of Islamic political parties,[67] although he did meet with some of their politicians likeTansu Çiller andBülent Ecevit.
Coming to the United States
In March 1999, Gülen relocated to the United States for medical treatment,[68] and has remained there since.[63] According to theKemalist Turkish law of the time, intending to ensure modernity and secularism, non-state sanctioned religious endeavors were outlawed and Gülen was under investigation for subverting the government,[63] especially over remarks (aired after he immigrated to U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic state.[69][70] In June 1999, after Gülen had left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some Turkish television stations with recordings of Gülen saying,
The existing system is still in power. Our friends who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so that they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to carry out a nationwide restoration. However, they should wait until the conditions become more favorable. In other words, they should not come out too early.[71]
Gülen was triedin absentia in 2000, and found guilty of conspiring to embed his supporters into the Turkish civil service in important governmental offices to overthrow the government.[63] Gülen said his remarks were taken out of context,[72] and his supporters raised questions about the authenticity of the tape,[73] which he said had been "manipulated".
Gülen's conviction was reversed in 2008 under the newJustice and Development Party (AKP) government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,[68][74] a move that signaled cooperation between Erdoğan's AKP (whose Islamist ideas were becoming increasingly popular),[63] and Gülen's movement (whose media, banking and educational network in Turkey and elsewhere was becoming increasingly powerful).[63]
Gülen applied for a "green card", i.e. permanent residence in the United States in 2002.[75] After11 September 2001, the U.S. increased its scrutiny of its domestic Islamic religious groups. Objecting to Gulen's residency application were theFBI, the State Department, and the Department of Homeland Security. Gülen first based his claim to residency on his being analien of extraordinary ability as an education activist; theU.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services rejected it. Lawyers representing theSecretary of Homeland Security argued that Gülen has no degree or training in the field of education and questioned laudatory opinions about Gülen, cited by his lawyers, that had been expressed by scholars at academics conferences funded byGulenist foundations. CIA National Intelligence Council former vice chairmanGraham E. Fuller, former CIA official George Fidas and former US Ambassador to TurkeyMorton Abramowitz wrote endorsement letters for Gülen's green card application in 2008.[76][77] The court ruled against theUSCIS and in Gülen's favor, granting Gülen his green card.[78][79]
With the advent ofErdoğanist Turkey in the 2000s, structural impediments to Muslims' participation in civil life were gradually lifted. Many of those educated in institutions sponsored by participants in civil-society endeavors that Gülen had inspired ended up as members of the Turkey's judiciary, its governmental apparatus, and its military. While Gulen's movement had consistently maintained that it stayed above politics, in the 2011 election its print and broadcast media suddenly came out in support of Erdogan and his party, leading to another big AKP victory.[63] But as Turkey's secular state was dismantled, tension grew between Erdogan and Gulen beginning with Erdogan's closing down of Gulen's network of university prep schools.[63]
In the period just prior to the2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, Erdoğanism changed in its perception of Gülenism from that of sometimes ally to a dangerous rival, attempting to construct aparallel state structure. On 19 December 2014, a Turkish court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen after over 20 journalists working for media outlets thought to be sympathetic to the Gülen movement were arrested. Gülen was accused of establishing and running an "armed terrorist group".[80]
Before and after the attempted putsch, Gülenists became the greatest portion of those caught up in the massive2016–present purges in Turkey.[69] Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens,[81] and shut down Gulen's entire media and business empire in Turkey.[63]
Later life and death
Gülen had resided at the Hizmet movement-affiliated Chestnut Retreat Center, a 25-acre wooded estate in thePoconos (withinRoss Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, nearSaylorsburg).[82][83][84] About thirty people live and work on the estate, owned by the Golden Generation Foundation.[85] Never married, Gülen's own living quarters and study were within a pair of small rooms, whose rent he paid out of his publishing royalties and which contained a mattress on the floor, prayer mat, desk, bookshelves, and treadmill, within one of the estate's several structures, among which is a hall used as a mosque.[82][86][87] Gülen was reported to be in ill health. In 2017, reports identified four candidates to succeed Gulen, if necessary, in leadership of the Hizmet movement: Mehmet Ali Şengül, Cevdet Türkyolu, Osman Şimşek and Ahmet Kurucan.[88]
Gülen died at a hospital in Pennsylvania on 20 October 2024, at the age of 83.[89] He was being treated for heart and kidney failure at the time of his death.[90] Due to the political situation in Turkey, he was buried on the grounds of the Chestnut Retreat Center, contrary to his wish to be interred inİzmir.[91][92]
TheGülen movement, also known asHizmet ('Service') orCemaat (pronouncedJamaat and meaning 'Community'), has millions of followers, as well as many more abroad. Beyond the schools established by Gülen's followers, many Gülenists held positions of power in Turkey'spolice forces andjudiciary.[93][94] Turkish and foreign analysts believe Gülen also has sympathizers in the Turkish parliament and that his movement controlled the widely read Islamic conservativeZaman newspaper, the privateBank Asya bank, theSamanyolu TV television station, and many other media and business organizations, including theTurkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists (TUSKON).[95] All have been shut down following the coup attempt. In March 2011, the Turkish government arrested the investigative journalistAhmet Şık and seized and banned his bookThe Imam's Army, the culmination of Şık's investigation into Gülen and the Gülen movement.[96]
The Gülen movement's constituent local entities function independently from each other, existing, in the aggregate, asleaderless activist entities. "I really don't know 0.1% of the people in this movement", Gülen has said. "I haven't done much. I have just spoken out on what I believe. Because it [Gülen's teachings] made sense, people grasped it themselves." "I opened one school to see if people liked it. So they created more schools."[99] The movement includes some theological staff as imams or spiritual counselors, although their identities are kept confidential due to such positions being illegal in Turkey. This has led some observers to argue that the movement includes a clandestine aspect.[100][101][102]
1970s, 1980s and 1990s
Gülen opened anışık evler or "light houses" (students' hostel offering scholarships for poorer scholars[103]) in 1976, with there being informalsohbets (Quranic discussions) available there for the students as well. Gülen encouraged like-minded individuals to follow suit, which became the genesis of the Gülen movement.[104]
During thepolitical violence in Turkey between the right and left in the 1970s, Gülen "invited people to practice tolerance and forgiveness."[105] Following the1980 Turkish coup d'état, in which the military targeted communists, Gülen gave his "explicit assent" to the coup,[105] saying:
I want to also add that the architects of the coup also took some positive administrative decisions. They shook society to renew itself once again. They defeated the Communist movement which recruited some misguided youth who wanted Turkey to be under Soviet influence. They intentionally or unintentionally prevented our country from entering into quagmire and into a long bloody struggle. Moreover, they gave opportunities to some decent children of our homeland to serve our nation.[106]
Following the political violence of the preceding years, Gülen expected that the coup would reestablish stability and lead to a subsequent restoration of democracy. Gülen's assent to the coup later prompted criticism fromTurkish liberals.[105]
Despite Gülen's support for the coup, the military authorities issued anarrest warrant against him, which was revoked by a "state security court" in 1986.[106]
In the 1980s and 1990s underTurgut Özal, Gülen and his movement benefited from social and political reforms, managing "to turn his traditional and geographically confined faith movement into a nationwide educational and cultural phenomenon" that "attempted to bring 'religious' perspectives into the public sphere on social and cultural issues."[107] The growth of the Gülen movement sparked opposition from bothKemalists, who perceived the movement as threatening to undermine secularism, and from more radicalIslamists who viewed the movement as "accommodating" and "pro-American".[108]
In 2005, a man affiliated with the Gülen movement approached U.S. Ambassador to TurkeyEric S. Edelman during a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a document supposedly detailing plans for an imminent coup against the government by theTurkish military. However, the documents were soon found to be forgeries.[94] Gülen affiliates state that the movement is "civic" in nature and that it does not have political aspirations.[95] However, he was accused of being the mastermind behind theErgenekon trials by secularists, who see the trial's objective as weakening of Turkish military. Those who publicly said that the trial was a sham were subject to harassment byZaman, some examples beingDani Rodrik[112] andİlhan Cihaner.[113]
Split with Erdoğan
Erdoğan in 2010
Despite Gülen's and his followers' statements that the organization is non-political in nature, analysts believed that a number of corruption-related arrests made against allies of Erdoğan reflect a growing political power struggle between Gülen and Erdoğan.[93][114] These arrests led to the2013 corruption scandal in Turkey, which the ruling AKP's supporters (along with Erdoğan himself) and the opposition parties alike have said were choreographed by Gülen after Erdoğan's government came to the decision early in December 2013 to shut down many of his movement's private pre-university schools in Turkey.[115]
The Erdoğan government has said that the corruption investigation and comments by Gülen are the long term political agenda of Gülen's movement to infiltrate security, intelligence, and justice institutions of the Turkish state, a charge almost identical to the charges against Gülen by the Chief Prosecutor of Turkey in his trial in 2000 before Erdoğan's party had come into power.[95] Gülen had previously been triedin absentia in 2000, and acquitted of these charges in 2008 under Erdoğan's AKP government.[68][74]
In emailed comments toThe Wall Street Journal in January 2014, Gülen said that "Turkish people ... are upset that in the last two years democratic progress is now being reversed", but he denied being part of a plot to unseat the government.[116] Later, in January 2014 in an interview withBBC World, Gülen said "If I were to say anything to people I may say people should vote for those who are respectful to democracy, rule of law, who get on well with people. Telling or encouraging people to vote for a party would be an insult to peoples' intellect. Everybody very clearly sees what is going on."[117]
On 28 October 2015, Ministry of Interior placed Gülen in the red category of the "most wanted terrorists list". The Ministry announced that a monetary reward of up to 10 million Turkish liras will be given to Gülen in this category.[118][119]
According to some commentators, Gülen is to Erdoğan whatTrotsky was toStalin.[120] Ben Cohen of theJewish News Syndicate wrote: "Rather like Leon Trotsky, the founder of the Soviet Red Army who was hounded and chased out of the USSR by Joseph Stalin, Gülen has become an all-encompassing explanation for the existential threats, as Erdogan perceives them, that are currently plaguing Turkey. Stalin saw the influence of 'Trotskyite counter-revolutionaries' everywhere, and brutallypurged every element of the Soviet apparatus. Erdogan is now doing much the same with the 'Gülenist terrorists.'"[121]
Shortly after the botched coup attempt of 15 July 2016, theTurkish government stated that the coup attempt had been organized by Gülen and/orhis movement. Turkish prime ministerBinali Yıldırım in late July 2016 toldThe Guardian: "Of course, since the leader of this terrorist organisation is residing in the United States, there are question marks in the minds of the people whether there is any U.S. involvement or backing. So America from this point on should really think how they will continue to cooperate with Turkey, which is a strategic ally for them in the region and world."[122] Gülen, who denied any involvement in the coup attempt and denounced it,[123] has in turn accused Erdoğan of "turning a failed putsch into a slow-motion coup of his own against constitutional government."[124]
On 19 July, an official request had been sent to the U.S. for the extradition of Fethullah Gülen.[125][126][127][128] On 23 July 2016, Turkey formally submitted a formal extradition request accompanied by certain documents as supporting evidence.[125][129][130] Senior U.S. officials said this evidence pertained to certain pre-coup alleged subversive activities.[131]
On 19 September, Turkish government officials met with retired US Army Lt. GeneralMike Flynn, former CIA DirectorJames Woolsey, and others to discuss legal and potentially illegal ways such asenforced disappearance for removing Gülen from the US.[132] In March 2017, Flynn registered as aforeign agent for his 2016 lobbying work on behalf of the government of Turkey.[133]
All Hizmet's schools, foundations and other entities in Turkey have been closed by the Turkish government following the2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[135][136] In addition, the Turkish government reportedly sought to pressure a number of foreign governments into shutting down schools and medical facilities allegedly associated with the Gülen movement including in Pakistan, Somalia, Germany, Indonesia, Nigeria and Kenya.[137] In Somalia, two large schools and a hospital linked to the movement have been shut down following a request by the Turkish administration.[138] Albania and Bosnia have also seen requests by Turkey to close or investigate Gülen-linked schools.[139]
In Egypt, MP Emad Mahrous called on the Egyptian government to grant asylum to Gülen in 2016. In the request, sent to Speaker of the House of Representatives Ali Abdel-Aal, Prime MinisterSherif Ismail and Foreign MinisterSameh Shoukry on 24 July 2016, Mahrous noted that "[Turkey] was a moderate Muslim country that [had] become an Islamist dictatorship at the hands of [Turkish president]Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his affiliatedMuslim Brotherhood political party", arguing that it was highly distasteful that Erdoğan has requested Gülen's extradition from the United States while at the same time "giving shelter to hundreds of leaders of theMuslim Brotherhood terrorist organisation and members of other bloody militant Islamist groups which attack Egypt by day and night".[140]
Mahrous argued that Erdoğan had not only accused Gülen of plotting the failed coup attempt, but also used this allegation as an excuse toengage in mass purges against public institutions allegedly loyal to Gülen—"but at the same time Erdoğan [had] decided to turn Turkey into a media battleground against Egypt, with Turkish intelligence providing funds for several Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to attack Egypt". Mahrous stated that his advice to Gülen was to not wait until he would get extradited, but instead leave the United States and obtain permanent asylum in Egypt. Former Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat granted asylum to ShahMohammad Reza Pahlavi following his arrival in Egypt from the US, regardless of the threats that were issued by Iran's ayatollahs during theIranian Revolution.[140]
Continuing aftermath
In March 2017, formerCIA DirectorJames Woolsey toldThe Wall Street Journal that he had been at a 19 September 2016 meeting with then Trump campaign advisorMike Flynn with Turkey's foreign minister,Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, and energy minister,Berat Albayrak, where the possibility of Gulen'sabduction and forced rendition to Turkey was discussed.[141][142] Although no concrete kidnapping plan was discussed, Woolsey left the meeting, concerned that a general discussion about "a covert step in the dead of night to whisk this guy away" might be construed as illegal under American law.[143] A spokesman for Flynn denied Woolsey's account, tellingBusiness Insider that no nonjudicial removal had been discussed at the meeting.[144]
In July 2017, one year after the anti-Erdoğan putsch, Gülen wrote: "Accusations against me related to the coup attempt are baseless, politically motivated slanders."[145][146] In the 1990s, Gulen had been issued a special Turkish passport as a retired holder of the religious post, in the Turkish state religion of Sunni Islam, ofmufti; in 2017 this passport was revoked.[147] Unless Gulen travels to Turkey by the end of September 2017, he will bestateless.[148] On 26 September 2017, Gulen asked for aUnited Nations commission to investigate the 2016 coup attempt.[149]
Also, Gulen said in an interview withNPR: "To this day, I have stood against all coups. My respect for the military aside, I have always been against interventions. ... If any one among those soldiers had called me and told me of their plan, I would tell them, 'You are committing murder.' ... If they ask me what my final wish is, I would say the person [Erdogan] who caused all this suffering and oppressed thousands of innocents, I want to spit in his face."[150]
On 28 September 2017, Erdoğan requested the U.S. toextradite Gülen in exchange for American pastorAndrew Brunson, under arrest in Turkey on charges related to Brunson's alleged affiliation with "FETO" (the Gulen movement); Erdoğan said, "You have a pastor too. Give him to us. ... Then we will try [Brunson] and give him to you".[151][152][153][154] "You have a pastor too. ... You give us that one and we'll work with our judiciary and give back yours."[152] TheFederal judiciary alone determines extradition cases in the U.S. An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan authority to approve the exchange of detained or convicted foreigners with people held in other countries. Asked about the suggested swap on 28 September 2017,U.S. State Department spokeswomanHeather Nauert said: "I can't imagine that we would go down that road. ... We have received extradition requests for him [Gulen]." Anonymous US officials have said to reporters that the Turkish government has not yet provided sufficient evidence for theU.S. Justice Department to charge Gulen.[155]
As of September 2017, what Turkey had provided the U.S. was information about Gulen dating to before the 2016 coup attempt and Turkey was in the process of compiling information allegedly linking Gulen to the coup attempt.[156]
In November 2018, the Trump administration asked the U.S. Justice Department to explore what legal justifications could be used, should it decide to seek for Gulen to be deported.[158] On 17 December 2018, the US Department of Justice announced the indictment of two men, alleging that they acted "in the United States as illegal agents of the Government of Turkey" and conspired "to covertly influence U.S. politicians and public opinion against" Fetullah Gulen.[159] The two men, former associates of ex-US national security adviserMichael Flynn, used the now-dissolved Flynn Intel Group in an effort to discredit Gulen dating back to July 2016, according to the indictment.[160]
In a February 2019 opinion piece, Gülen said, "[I]n Turkey, a vast arrest campaign based on guilt by association is ongoing. The number of victims of this campaign of persecution keeps increasing ... . Erdogan is draining the reputation that the Turkish Republic has gained in the international arena, pushing Turkey into the league of nations known for suffocating freedoms andjailing democratic dissenters. The ruling clique is exploiting diplomatic relations, mobilizing government personnel and resources to harass, haunt and abduct Hizmet movement volunteers all around the world."[161]
In 2022, U.S. Senate candidate for PennsylvaniaMehmet Oz predicted (toThe Washington Post), "Gulen cannot be touched. There are no credible allegations that he was involved in the coup. He will stay in Pennsylvania."[162]
TheGülen movement is a transnational Islamic civic society movement inspired by Gülen's teachings. His teachings abouthizmet (altruistic service to the common good) have attracted a large number of supporters in Turkey,Central Asia, and increasingly in other parts of the world.[nb 1]
Education
In his sermons, Gülen has reportedly stated: "Studying physics, mathematics, and chemistry is worshipping God."[68] With regard to terrorism, Gülen believes "The antidote is a religious education program that teaches the tradition in a holistic and contextualized way. To be able to resist the deceits of radical ideologues, young Muslims must understand the spirit of their scripture and the overarching principles of their Prophet's life".[163]
Gülen's followers have built over 1,000 schools around the world.[164] In Turkey, Gülen's schools are considered among the best: expensive modern facilities where the English language is taught from the first grade.[68] However, former teachers from outside the Gülen community have called into question the treatment of women and girls in Gülen schools, reporting that female teachers were excluded from administrative responsibilities, allowed little autonomy, and—along with girls from the sixth grade and up—segregated from male colleagues and pupils during break and lunch periods.[165]
Gülen has said that he favors cooperation between followers of different religions as well as religious and secular elements within society. Among his strongest supporters and collaborators has been for years the Greek Orthodox Turcologist and professor at theUniversity of Ottawa,Dimitri Kitsikis.
Gülen has shown sympathy towards certain demands of Turkey'sAlevi minority, such as recognising theircemevis as official places of worship and supporting better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis "definitely enrich Turkish culture".[167][168][169]
Political views
Theology
Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument.[170] His understanding of Islam tends to be moderate and mainstream.[171][172] Though he has never been a member of aSufitarekat and does not seetarekat membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."[173]
He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish:hizmet)[174] to the common good of the community and the nation[175] and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world;[176] and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct dialogue with not just the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and people of other religions, but also with agnostics and atheists.
Gülen's Sufism is greatly influenced bySufiKurdish Quranic scholarSaid Nursi (1877–1960), who advocated illuminating modern education and science through Islam. Gülen expands on Nursi to advocate what has been described as a "Turkish nationalist, state-centered and pro-business approach" centered on service (hizmet, in Turkish).[136] Some participants within Gülen's movement have viewed Nursi's or Gülen's works as that ofmujaddids or "renewers" of Islam within their respective times.[177] Others have opined in moreeschatological terms, equating Gülen's work as assistance toward the prophesiedMahdi to come,[178] albeit Gülen's spokespersons discourage broaching such speculation.[179] and an official gülenist website hosts an article entitled "Claiming to be the Mahdi is Deviation".[180] In 2016, Turkey's Religious Affairs Directorate (Diyanet),Mehmet Görmez, said Gülen's is a "fake Mahdi movement".[181]
Anatolian nationalism; Turkish Islam
Gülen definesTurkish nationalism by particular type ofAnatolian Muslim culture that is at the roots of the modern Turkish nation state, rather than by any specific ethnicity. He believesTurkish Islam (meaning "Sufism") an especially legitimate, if not an exclusively valid expression of the Islamic faith, especially with concern individuals of a Turkish background. Albeit Gülen ascribes positive characteristics to various localized entities, overall the tenor of Gülen's teachings warn against the human tendencies toward insularity or discriminations against people of other ethnicities, other branches of Islam, or other faiths.
Excerpt from Gülen-penned op-ed inThe New York Times:
The core tenets of a functioning democracy – the rule of law, respect for individual freedoms – are also the most basic of Islamic values bestowed upon us by God. No political or religious leader has the authority to take them away ... Speaking against oppression is a democratic right, a civic duty and for believers, a religious obligation. The Quran makes clear that people should not remain silent in the face of injustice: "O you who believe! Be upholders and standard-bearers of justice, bearing witness to the truth for God's sake, even though it be against your own selves, or parents or kindred".[187]
Secularism
Gülen has criticizedsecularism in Turkey as "reductionist materialism". However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam."[188]
According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for".[189][non-primary source needed]
Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join theEuropean Union and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.[188]
Women's roles
According to Aras and Caha, Gülen's views on women are "progressive".[66] Gülen says the coming of Islam saved women, who "were absolutely not confined to their home and ... never oppressed" in the early years of the religion. He feels that extreme feminism, however, is "doomed to imbalance like all other reactionary movements" and eventually "being full of hatred towards men".[190]
Terrorism
Gülen has condemned terrorism.[191][192] He warns against the phenomenon of arbitrary violence and aggression against civilians and said that it "has no place in Islam". He wrote a condemnation article inThe Washington Post on 12 September 2001, one day after theSeptember 11 attacks, and stated that "A Muslim can not be a terrorist, nor can a terrorist be a true Muslim."[193][194] Gülen lamented the "hijacking of Islam" by terrorists.[98][195]
Gaza flotilla
Gülen criticized theTurkish-led Gaza flotilla for trying to deliver aid without Israel's consent to Palestinians in Gaza.[196] He spoke of watching the news coverage of the deadly confrontation between Israeli commandos and multinational aid group members as its flotilla approached Israel's sea blockade of Gaza. He said, "What I saw was not pretty, it was ugly." He has since continued his criticism, saying later that the organizers' failure to seek accord with Israel before attempting to deliver aid was "a sign of defying authority, and will not lead to fruitful matters."[197]
Addressing theArmenian genocide in a 6 May 1965 letter, Gülen wrote:
I have known Armenian families and individuals during my childhood and working positions. I will not stop cursing the Great Genocide committed against Armenians in 1915. I know that among the people killed and massacred were many highly respected individuals, for whose memory I bow with respect. I curse with great grief the massacre of the sons of the Great Prophet Christ by ignorant individuals who call themselves Muslims."[201]
Publications
Gülen's official website[202][non-primary source needed] lists 44 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He writes the lead article forThe Fountain,Yeni Ümit,Sızıntı, andYağmur Islamic philosophical magazines. Several of his books have been translated into English.[203]
The Messenger of God: Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008.ISBN1597841374
Reflections on the Qur'an: Commentaries on Selected Verses, Tughra Books, 2012.ISBN1597842648
Toward Global Civilization Love and Tolerance, Tughra Books, 2010.
From Seed to Cedar: Nurturing the Spiritual Needs in Children, Tughra Books, 2013.ISBN1597842788
Terror and Suicide Attacks: An Islamic Perspective, Tughra Books, 2008.ISBN1932099743
Journey to Noble Ideals: Droplets of Wisdom from the Heart (Broken Jug), Tughra Books, 2014.ISBN1597843482
Speech and Power of Expression, Tughra Books, 2010.ISBN1597842168
Selected Prayers of Prophet Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2012.ISBN1597842265
Reception
Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel atMorehouse College awarded its 2015 Gandhi King Ikeda Peace Award to Gülen in recognition of his lifelong dedication to promoting peace and human rights.[204][205][206]
Gülen topped the 2008 Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll and came out as the most influentialthinker.[207]
Rise Up (Colors of Peace) was a musical project to turn Gülen's poems and writings inTurkish language into songs. A total of 50 poems were sent to various Muslim and non-Muslim artists from various countries, who were free to pick, and then compose and vocalize the poem chosen, record it in their own country and send it back for inclusion in the planned album. Reportedly, no restrictions were put on the artists in using instrumentation, despite reservations by stricter Muslim interpretations about music and use of musical instruments. The albumRise Up (Colors of Peace) turned into an album of world music encompassing various genres likejazz,pop,flamenco,rai,Indian music among others.[213]
^In Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin) words, "One of the most striking operationalizations of Gulen's fusion of commitment and tolerance is the nature of the Gulen movement, as it is often called, which has established hundreds of schools in many countries as a consequence of his belief in the importance of knowledge, and example in the building of a better world. The schools are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense and to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda." Kurtz also cites in the same work the comments of Thomas Michel, General Secretary of the Vatican Secretariat for Inter-religious Dialogue, after a visit to a school in Mindanao,Philippines, where the local people suffered from a civil war, as follows: "In a region where kidnapping is a frequent occurrence, along with guerrilla warfare, summary raids, arrests, disappearances and killings by military and para-military forces, the school is offering Muslim and Christian Filipino children, along with an educational standard of high quality, a more positive way of living and relating to each other." Kurtz adds: "The purpose of the schools movement, therefore, is to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the world where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others ... It is significant to note that the movement has been so successful in offering high quality education in its schools, which recruit the children of elites and government officials, that it is beginning to lay the groundwork for high-level allies, especially in Central Asia, where they have focused much of their effort." See, Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance",Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379–381.
^Erol Nazim Gulay,The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 57
^Duderija, Adis (2014).Maqasid al-Shari'a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination. Springer.ISBN9781137319418.Still, Gulen repeatedly states that he propagates neither tajdīd, nor ijtihād, nor reform and that he is just a follower of Islam, simply a Muslim. He is very careful about divorcing himself from any reformist, political, or Islamist discourse. Gulen's conscious dislike of using Islam as a discursive political instrument, which was a distinct trait in Nursi as well, indicates an ethicalized approach to Islam from a spiritual perspective.
^Yılmaz, İhsan.Beyond Post-Islamism: Transformation of Turkish Islamism Toward 'Civil Islam' and Its Potential Influence in the Muslim World. pp. 260–261.
^abArango, Tim (26 February 2014)."Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military".The New York Times. Retrieved27 February 2014.In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Mr. Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
^Arango, Tim (26 February 2014)."Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military".The New York Times. Retrieved27 February 2014.Whether the corruption charges are justified or not – there has been plenty of leaked evidence, especially wiretapped conversations, that appears incriminating – the corruption probe has laid bare the influence of the Gulen movement within the Turkish state, which had largely been suspected but hard to prove.
^Elise Massicard (2013).The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 109–10.ISBN9780415667968.
^Greg Barton; Paul Weller; Ihsan Yilmaz (18 December 2014).The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gulen Movement. A&C Black. p. 119.ISBN9781441158734.
^Erol Nazim Gulay,The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 1
^Schleifer, Abdallah (2011).The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2012. Amman, Jordan: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 55.ISBN978-9957-428-37-2.
