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Expressive dance from GermanAusdruckstanz,[2] is a form of artistic dance in which the individual and artistic presentation (and sometimes also processing) of feelings is an essential part. It emerged as a counter-movement toclassical ballet at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe. Traditional ballet was perceived as austere, mechanical and tightly held in fixed and conventional forms. Other designations aremodern dance and (especially in the historical context)free dance,expressionist dance[2] ornew artistic dance, in Anglo-American countriesGerman dance. In 2014, modern dance with the stylistic forms and mediation forms of rhythmic and expressive dance movements was included in theGerman List of intangible Cultural Heritage [de] as defined by the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding ofIntangible Cultural Heritage. German Expressionist dance is related toTanztheater.[3]
Expressionist dance was marked by the passage ofmodernism,vitalism,expressionism,avant-garde and a general protest against artistic stagnation and the old society.Ballet was perceived to have been superficial entertainment. The new dance would be art, both individual and artistic creation. The dance was described as the art of movement.
It was a revolution. It would be more expressive, and show more spirit and emotion and less virtuosity. The dance would be improvisational, uninhibited and provocative. Future spiritual and bodily reform movements expressed themselves in a new "natural" naked dance. The women took centre stage. A key protagonist was Isadora Duncan, who around 1900 had taken from classical dance technique and costume. She had even taken off dancing shoes – "you do not play the piano with gloves on". She wanted to unite the body, mind and spirit in her art, and searched withOlga Desmond for inspiration in ancient Greek and Egyptian art, during the time ofOrientalism.
The revolutionary movements in Germany and the USA were most obvious, two countries that had no older rooted ballet tradition. The forerunners in Europe includedClotilde von Derp,Hertha Feist,Hilde Holger,Loie Fuller,Jo Mihaly and especiallyMary Wigman.
Schools for expressionist dance had special philosophies and emphases for dance, such as naturalness, breathing, tension / relaxation etc. It was often associated with floor contact, "weight" of dance movements, and experiments with music. Body and physicality were strongly emphasized.Rudolf von Laban was a theoretical prominent figure who was based on metaphysical ideas and one of the pioneers ofAusdruckstanz in Germany.[4] From 1913-1918, Laban operated a school for art on the colonyMonte Verità in Ascona, Switzerland, which became a teaching centre for the new dance.[4] Among his students wereKurt Jooss and Mary Wigman.
Mary Wigman was an important trendsetter as a dancer, choreographer and teacher. In her school in Dresden (opened in 1920) she taught Europe's premier aspiring dancersGret Palucca,Harald Kreutzberg,Jeanna Falk,Dore Hoyer andYvonne Georgi.Hanya Holm brought her theories to the United States, whileBirgit Åkesson went her own way with her dance research.[5]
TheDenishawn School in the United States was founded byRuth St. Denis andTed Shawn, with such students asMartha Graham andDoris Humphrey. Its independent and pioneering dance came to form the backbone of modern dance, whose many branches stretched forth up until today.
Butoh is inspired by the German expressionist dance of the 1950s.
The British choreographer and live performerLiz Aggiss, who trained withHanya Holm andHilde Holger, has been making expressionist dance works since 1986. Her first solo show,Grotesque Dancer, was inspired byValeska Gert. In 1992, Holger revived four dances for Aggiss from her repertoire:Die Forelle (The Trout) (1923),Le Martyre de San Sebastien (1923),Mechaniches Ballett (1926) andGolem (1937). These were first performed with Billy Cowie, as Vier Tanze, at the Manchester Festival of Expressionism in 1992.[6] Sophie Constanti wrote that 'Together all four pieces danced with great sensitivity and aplomb by Aggiss...provided a fascinating insight into the lost Ausdruckstanz of central Europe.'[7]
Indian dancerPatruni Sastry has been working on choreographic style "Indian expressionism" where the major work is focused on queer rights and other social elements[8][9][10]
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