Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel | |
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 Portrait of Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17th Chief of Clan Cameron | |
| Born | February 1629 Kilchurn Castle,Argyll, Scotland |
| Died | c. February 1719 (aged 90) Achnacarry Castle,Lochaber, Scotland |
| Resting place | Loch Eil, Lochaber |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Other names | The Ulysses of the Highlands Eòghann Dubh (Black Ewen) |
| Occupation(s) | Chief ofClan Cameron,laird, soldier |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Macdonald Isobel Maclean Jean Barclay |
| Children | 16, includingJohn Cameron of Lochiel |
| Parent(s) | John Cameron Margaret Campbell |
Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel (Scottish Gaelic:Eòghann Dubh Mac Dhòmhnaill Dubh; February 1629 –c. February 1719) was a Scottish soldier and the17th chief ofClan Cameron. He fought during theWars of the Three Kingdoms and was one the principalJacobite leaders during the1689 Rising.
Lochiel is regarded as one of the most formidableScottish clan chiefs of all time,[1][2][3] withLord Macaulay praising him as the "Ulysses of the Highlands".[4] An incident demonstrating his strength and ferocity insingle combat, when he bit out the throat of an enemy, is used bySir Walter Scott inLady of the Lake (canto v.).[4][5]
Ewen Cameron of Lochiel was born in February 1629 atKilchurn Castle,Loch Awe, the seat ofhis mother's family. He was the son of John Cameron (died 1635) and Margaret Campbell, daughter ofSir Robert Campbell, 3rd Baronet.[6][7][8] He was the grandson ofAllan Cameron of Lochiel, 16th Chief (c. 1567–1647), an elderly chief respected for many affrays.[9]
His father having predeceased him, Ewen was initially fostered by his brethren, the MacMartins of Letterfinlay, but then spent much of his youth under the "guardianship" (as a hostage to keep the Camerons in check) of theMarquess of Argyll atInveraray, by whose instruction he was tutored.[10] He was said to have been excessively fond of hunting, duelling and fencing—less inclined towards his books—yet still bore great intelligence and cunning.[11]
In 1647, he succeeded his grandfather as the chief ofthe Camerons, being one of the most importantHighland clans.[5]
Lord Lovat, who was at the court ofVersailles, claimed that Lochiel bore a striking resemblance toLouis XIV, stating that "the resemblance was nearer than commonly that between two brothers; with this difference, that Sir Ewen was of a darker complexion, more brawny, and of a larger size".Lord Macaulay, although a Whig, wrote in praise of Lochiel, stating "Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel was in personal qualities unrivalled among the Celtic Princes. He was a gracious master, a trusty ally, a terrible enemy".[12] He was described as the "Ulysses of the Highlands" by Macaulay in reference to enormous strength and size.[13]
James Philip of Almerieclos, astandard-bearer in the 1689 rebellion, describes Lochiel's intimidating appearance and "Spanish countenance", with "flashing eyes and a moustache curled as the moon horns".[14][15]
The Camerons were always strong supporters of theHouse of Stuart. Ewen, Master of Lochiel witnessed theBattle of Inverlochy in 1645 during which his grandfather sent 300 highlanders to Montrose's aid, while he was forced to accompany Argyll.[16] That same year, he also witnessedPhiliphaugh, the disastrous Royalist defeat. It is said that he developedRoyalist sympathies after a secret meeting withSir Robert Spottiswood on the eve of his execution by theCovenanters.[17] Furthermore, like many others, he was greatly inspired byJames Graham, Marquis of Montrose.[15][18][16]
WhenAllan Cameron of Lochiel died in 1647, Lochiel finally left the clutches of Argyll and returned to his homeland ofLochaber, whence he was received joyously by his clansfolk. HoweverMacdonald of Keppoch andMacdonald of Glengarry, thinking they could manipulate the novice Cameron chief, refused to pay their annual tribute to Lochiel who, in response, marched several hundred of his clansmen and forced the rebellious Macdonalds of Lochaber into submission.[19][20]
In April, 1650, Montrose was defeated atCarbisdale, betrayed, and shortly thereafter, hanged, drawn and quartered at Argyll's orders. Later that year, Lochiel received word from the exiledKing Charles, requesting that he rally his men and join the Royalist army assembling atStirling, whose defeat atInverkeithing in 1651 led to Charles's fatalmarch to Worcester.[19]
Lochiel was present at a meeting of Scottish nobles atLochearn in August, 1653, in which they elected to rebel against the Protectorate and restore the exiled King Charles to the throne. As such, he joined the army ofWilliam Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn in theRoyalist rising of 1653 to 1654, bringing with him several hundred Cameron warriors.[20]
At theBattle of Tullich on 10 February 1654, Lochiel was second-in-command to Glencairn and had the honour of commanding the outpost. He held the mountainous pass with his highlanders against the numerically superior forces ofRobert Lilburne who was ultimately forced to retreat. He was personally commended by King Charles for his actions at Tullich, and hailed as the "deliverer of the Highland army".[21]
Lochiel continued fighting with Glencairn until 1654, when the latter was arrested for duelling and replaced in command byJohn Middleton. Among those involved in affrays was Lochiel's future father-in-lawDavid Barclay, an officer serving under Middleton.[22] At the same time,George Monck became Governor of Scotland and kept the rebels hemmed in the Highlands. In a form ofguerrilla warfare, Lochiel continued to resist for the next four years, becoming a paragon of Royalist resistance in the Highlands.[10][23]
A famous fight between Lochiel and aroundhead occurred during this period. He had encountered a group of Monck's soldiers gathering firewood byLoch Eil, deep into Cameron territory, and a skirmish ensued. Lochiel became separated from his men and grappled with an English officer who threw him onto his back. Supposedly, Lochiel lunged at his victim's throat, biting down viciously and not letting go until he had torn out his windpipe for the 'sweetest bite ever he had.'[24][25] He then proceeded to massacre a number of the garrison atFort William and have their bodies mutilated and displayed as warning.[26]
Previously based atTor Castle, Lochiel built a new seat atAchnacarry in 1655 in order to keep his men further away from the government troops. It was only upon the death ofOliver Cromwell in 1658 that he did submit to general Monck and was received for his chivalrous conduct during the Civil War. Soon after, Lochiel accompanied Monck to London where the General called a meeting of Parliament to discuss the new status quo. After lengthy discussion and debate it was decided that the King would be invited back from exile and that the Royal House of Stuart would be restored to the throne after a Republican Interregnum period.[24]
Clan Cameron andClan Mackintosh had been involved in a bitter, 360-year feud which began over the disputed lands ofLoch Arkaig in Lochaber. On 20 September 1665, Lochiel ended this infamous feud with Clan Mackintosh after thestand-off at the Fords of Arkaig nearAchnacarry.[27] After this he was responsible for keeping the peace between his clansmen and their former enemies. However in 1668, whilst he was away at court in London, a feud broke out betweenClan Donald and hostile elements of Clan Mackintosh, who headed the confederation of clans known asClan Chattan. Lochiel’sclansmen contributed to the MacDonald victory against the Mackintosh’ at theBattle of Mulroy, often considered to be the last clan battle.[28]
In 1680 while hunting inKilliecrankie, Perthshire (or in Lochaber according to other accounts) Lochiel was said to have killed the lastwolf in Scotland.[29][30][31]
The famous exploits of Lochiel were recited byGaelic bards at his newly-built house ofAchnacarry. One such bard described Achnacarry as "the generous house of feasting, pillared hall of princes, where wine goes round freely in gleaming glasses, music resounding under its rafters."[32]
In 1681, Lochiel wasknighted byJames, Duke of York (later James II and VII). According to Balhaldie, after complimenting him on the successful outcome of his feud with the Mackintosh, he asked for Lochiel's sword and attempted to draw it unsuccessfully; the Duke, after a second attempt gave it back to Lochiel and said "that his sword never used to be so uneasy to draw when the crown wanted his services". Lochiel unsheathed the sword and offered it to the Duke, who thereupon knighted him.[33][34][35]
TheGlorious Revolution was a disaster for Lochiel and Clan Cameron, whose support had always been for theStuart monarchy. In 1688, the Stuart KingJames VII and II was overthrown byWilliam of Orange (In 1714, the Stuarts were then replaced bythe Hanoverians). Lochiel, as a fervent Stuart loyalist, became one of the principal commanders in theJacobite rising of 1689, having managed to rally a confederation of Highland clans loyal tothat cause.[24]
Commanding his force of highlanders, Lochiel fought withJohn Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee (better known as "Bonnie Dundee") at theBattle of Killiecrankie – a stunning victory marred by Claverhouse’s death.[36] The Jacobite rebellion collapsed soon after as a result of Claverhouse's death, arguments among the remaining leaders and the inept military leadership ofAlexander Cannon. By this time Sir Ewen, nearly sixty years old, had started to give his sonJohn Cameron, Master of Lochiel greater responsibilities as he was unable to participate physically in military action. John Cameron led the clan for the remainder of the 1689 rebellion, and later also for the1715 and1719 risings.[10]
In 1717, John Cameron was madeLord Lochiel in theJacobite peerage byPrince James in recognition of Cameron loyalty to the Jacobite cause.[10]
Sir Ewen died of natural causes in 1719 at the age of ninety. He was buried with great ceremony at an ancient burial ground on the shores ofLoch Eil. It was reported that thousands of Highlanders and thirteen pipers gathered to his funeral.[37]
Sir Ewen married three times and had sixteen children. He married firstly Mary Macdonald, daughter ofSir Donald Macdonald, 1st Baronet, in a traditional Gaelic wedding ceremony of great splendour; she was said to have been very beautiful,[38] but died in 1657 without issue. His second wife was Isobel Maclean, daughter ofSir Lachlan Maclean, 1st Baronet, and they had seven children before her deathc. 1675. His final wife was Jean Barclay, daughter ofDavid Barclay, who he married at Edinburgh on 2 January 1685.[39]
Issue with Isobel Maclean:[40]
Issue with Jean Barclay:[42]
Lochiel was by natural bent a cavalier. In secret, Montrose had long been his hero
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cameron of Lochiel, Sir Ewen".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.| International | |
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