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Eteocles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mythological king of Thebes
This article is about the son of Oedipus. For the other mythological figure of the same name, seeEteocles (son of Andreus).
Eteocles and Polynices, byGiovanni Battista Tiepolo, from theCa' Dolfin Tiepolos.
Eteocles andPolynices, copy of mural inFrançois Tomb fromVulci made in 4th century BC

InGreek mythology,Eteocles (/ɪˈtiːəkliːz/;Ancient Greek:Ἐτεοκλῆς) was a king ofThebes, the son ofOedipus and eitherJocasta[1] orEuryganeia. Oedipus killed his fatherLaius and married his mother without knowing his relationship to either. When the relationship was revealed, he was expelled from Thebes. The rule passed to his sons Eteocles andPolynices. However, because of a curse from their father, the two brothers did not share the rule peacefully and died as a result, ultimately killing each other in battle for control of the city. Upon his death, Eteocles was succeeded by his uncle,Creon.

Etymology

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The name translates as "truly glorious", fromAncient Greek:ἐτεόςeteós “true” andκλέοςkleos “glory”.[2] The name appears in earlier form*Etewoklewes (Ἐτεϝοκλέϝης), attested inMycenaean Greek tablets asE-te-wo-ke-le-we.[3]Tawagalawas is thought to be theHittite rendition of the Greek name.[4]

Oedipus's curse

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In theThebaid, the brothers were cursed by their father for their disrespect towards him on two occasions. The first of these occurred when they served him using the silver table ofCadmus and a golden cup, which he had forbidden.[5] The brothers then sent him thehaunch of a sacrificed animal, rather than the shoulder, which he deserved. Enraged, Oedipus prayed toZeus that the brothers would die by each other's hands.[6] However, inSophocles'sOedipus at Colonus, Oedipus desired to stay in Thebes but was expelled by Creon. His sons argued over the throne, but Eteocles gained the support of the Thebans and expelled Polynices, who went to Oedipus to ask for his blessing to retake the city, but instead was cursed to die by his brother's hand.[7]

Quarrel over Thebes

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There are several accounts of how Eteocles and Polynices shared the rule after Oedipus's departure from the city. InHellanicus's account, Eteocles offers his brother his choice of either the rule of the city or a share of the property. InPherecydes, however, Eteocles expels Polynices by force, and keeps the rule of Thebes and the inheritance. TheBibliotheca andDiodorus state that the brothers agree to divide the kingship between them, switching each year. Eteocles, however, was allotted the first year, and refused to surrender the crown.[8]

In all of these versions, Polynices gathered the support of theArgives and attacked Thebes, in the war ofSeven against Thebes, the subject ofAeschylus' tragedySeven Against Thebes. Although Eteocles's forces were victorious, the brothers killed each other.[1]

Genealogy

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Royal house of Thebes family tree
  • Solid lines indicate descendants.
  • Dashed lines indicate marriages.
  • Dotted lines indicate extra-marital relationships or adoptions.
  • Kings of Thebes are numbered withbold names and a light purple background.
    • Joint rules are indicated by a number and lowercase letter, for example, 5a. Amphion shared the throne with 5b. Zethus.
  • Regents of Thebes are alphanumbered (format AN) withbold names and a light red background.
    • The number N refers to the regency preceding the reign of the Nth king. Generally this means the regent served the Nth king but not always, asCreon (A9) was serving as regent toLaodamas (the 10th King) when he was slain byLycus II (the usurping 9th king).
    • The letter A refers to the regency sequence. "A" is the first regent, "B" is the second, etc.
  • Deities have a yellow background color.

Harmonia1.
Cadmus		PolyxoA4.
Nycteus (Regent)		DirceB4 & A6.
Lycus (Regent)
ZeusZeus
InoAgaveEchion3.
Polydorus		NycteisAntiope
SemeleAutonoë
Dionysus2.
Pentheus		Epeiros4.
Labdacus		5a.
Amphion		5b.
Zethus
Menoeceus
EurydiceA7, A8 & A9.
Creon (Regent)		Jocasta6.
Laius		MeropePolybus
HipponomeAlcaeus
Zeus
AlcmeneAmphitryonPerimede7.
Oedipus
MegaraHeraclesIphiclesAnaxo
HeniocheMegareusHaemonAntigone8b.
Eteocles		Argea8a.
Polynices
PyrrhaLycomedesIsmene9.
Lycus II
A12.
Peneleos (Regent)		10.
Laodamas		Demonassa11.
Thersander
Opheltes12.
Tisamenus
14.
Damasichthon		13.
Autesion
15.
Ptolemy		TherasArgeiaAristodemus
16.
Xanthos		EurysthenesProcles


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^abChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Eteocles" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 806.
  2. ^Robin Hard.The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology (2004)
  3. ^Cline, Eric H. (2013).The Trojan War: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 64.ISBN 9780199760275.
  4. ^Hoffner, p. 297.
  5. ^Gantz, p. 502.
  6. ^Gantz, p. 503.
  7. ^Sophocles.Oedipus at Colonus, lines 1350–1395.
  8. ^Apollodorus, 3.6.1

References

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Regnal titles
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