Erich Topp | |
|---|---|
 Topp in 1942 | |
| Born | (1914-07-02)2 July 1914 Hannover,German Empire |
| Died | 26 December 2005(2005-12-26) (aged 91) Süßen, Germany |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany West Germany |
| Service |  Kriegsmarine German Navy |
| Years of service | 1934–45 1958–69 |
| Rank | Kriegsmarine: FregattenkapitänBundesmarine:  Konteradmiral |
| Service number | NSDAP #2,621,078 |
| Unit | 1st U-boat Flotilla 7th U-boat Flotilla 4th U-boat Flotilla 11th U-boat Flotilla |
| Commands | U-57 U-552 U-3010 U-2513 |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Great Cross of Merit |
Erich Topp (2 July 1914 – 26 December 2005) was a GermanU-boat commander ofWorld War II. He was a recipient of theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ofNazi Germany. He sank 35 ships for a total of 197,460 gross register tons (GRT). After the war, he served with the FederalGerman Navy, in which he reached the rank ofKonteradmiral (rear admiral). He later served inNATO.
Topp was born inHannover on 2 July 1914.[1] Topp joined theReichsmarine on 8 April 1934.[Note 1] He received his military basic training between 8 April 1934 – 13 June 1934. He was then transferred to theschool shipGorch Fock on 14 June 1934, and to the light cruiserKarlsruhe on 27 September 1934.[2] Under the command ofKapitän zur SeeGünther Lütjens, Topp sailed onKarlsruhe's fourth training cruise.Karlsruhe leftKiel on 22 October 1934. The ship sailed viaSkagen, theAzores andTrinidad to North America.Karlsruhe returned to Kiel on 15 June 1935.[3]
Following his journey onKarlsruhe, Topp attended the main cadet course at theNaval Academy Mürwik (30 June 1935 – 29 June 1936). During this time at the naval academy, he advanced in rank toFähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on 1 July 1935 and underwent further training. On 16 October 1936, he was again transferred toKarlsruhe, staying onboard until 31 March 1937. The next day, he was promoted toLeutnant zur See (second lieutenant) and took a torpedo training course, which he completed on 17 April. On 18 April, he was yet again posted toKarlsruhe, serving as anadjutant until 4 October 1937.[2]
On 5 October 1937, Topp started his U-boat training at the U-boat school inNeustadt in Holstein and then became instruction officer. Topp was then posted to theWegener Flotilla on 26 September 1938. There, he was appointed first watch officer onU-46 under the command ofKapitänleutnantHerbert Sohler. On 1 April 1939, Topp was promoted toOberleutnant zur See (sublieutenant).[4]
In May 1933, Topp joined theNazi Party and in 1934 also joined theAllgemeine-SS.[5] Topp took theHitler oath, convinced it was the "right thing to do."[6] To the beginning of the war at least, his peers regarded Topp as a Nazi.[7] Topp made the acquaintance ofMartin Bormann, Hitler's personal secretary and head of theNazi Party Chancellery. Bormann married the sister of Topp's crew mate, Walter Buch. Topp was close enough to be invited to Bormann's residence inBerchtesgaden.[8] Topp's political outlook was not shared by his uncle. His aunt through marriage, Anna Topp, was Jewish. During the Nazi reign, she was sent to and survived theTheresienstadt Ghetto.[9] In his memoirs, Topp claimed not to have believed inNazi ideology.[10] One analyst wrote, "the contrasts and Topp's individual course make obvious the limitations of any quantitative study" [of his political convictions].[5]
Topp came to terms with the Nazi regime and its crimes postwar.[5] He entered into heated arguments with former comrades over the cause for which they fought. Topp was particularly critical of AdmiralKarl Dönitz, commander-in-chief of U-boats and later theKriegsmarine.[5] After the war, Topp expressed his view that the German naval command, and his superior Karl Dönitz, knew of theHolocaust.[11] Topp referenced Dönitz's commitment toNational Socialism, admiration for Hitler, and his presence at thePosen speeches. Topp was critical of Dönitz's pretensions to have been an apolitical soldier.[12] Topp said of Dönitz, that his failure to do anything about it "comes very close to a passive toleration of these insane crimes."[13] Few former U-boat commanders were as vocal in attacking Dönitz's character. His aunt's experiences in the ghetto from 1943 may have been a factor.[13] Dönitz confronted Topp personally when the latter called upon him. He purportedly greeted Topp with a question, "I understand you think I should have been executed?"[14] He presented Topp with his accusation, underlined, and a letter fromSamuel Eliot Morison, the official historian of theUnited States Navy, which accepted Dönitz's defence that he knew nothing of the Nazi crimes. Morison was who told Dönitz of Topp's accusations, or "doubts", as Topp later claimed they were.[14]
World War II commenced following theGerman invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939.U-46, under the command of Sohler, had already been at sea since 19 August, returning to port on 15 September. Topp sailed on three further patrols onU-46 (3 October – 7 November 1939, 19 December 1939 – 10 January 1940 and 11 March – 23 April 1940). During these patrols,U-46 sank one ship of 7,028 gross register tons (GRT) on 17 October and another ship of 924 GRT on 21 December.[15] For his service onU-46, Topp was awarded theU-boat War Badge (U-Boot-Kriegsabzeichen) on 7 November 1939 and theIron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) in January 1940. On 1 May 1940, he was transferred to the1st U-boat Flotilla.[4]
After eight war patrols under the command ofKapitänleutnantClaus Korth, command ofU-57 of the1st U-boat Flotilla was passed to Topp on 5 June 1940. Topp's fifth war patrol began in Kiel on 11 July 1940 and was destined for the North Atlantic, into theNorth Channel, andthe Minch. Because theGruppenhorchgerät, ahydrophonearray, was experiencing technical difficulties, Topp tookU-57 to port for repairs.U-57 arrived in Bergen on 15 July, departed again that day only to return to Bergen on 20 July. Two days later,U-57 was able to begin her patrol. TheBefehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU—supreme commander of the U-boat arm) credited Topp with the sinking three ships of 12,773 GRT of shipping. On 7 August,U-57 arrived inLorient, France.[16][17]
On 14 August 1940,U-57 departed from Lorient on her 10th war patrol. Again, Topp ledU-57 into the North Atlantic, the North Channel, and theHebrides. On this patrol, Topp sank three ships of 24,088 GRT, and damaged another ship of 5,407 GRT. On 3 September 1940,U-57 collided with the Norwegian vesselRona near thelock atBrunsbüttel and sank.[18] Following the loss ofU-57 — the boat was later raised and used for training purposes — Topp was awarded Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) and initially remained with 1st U-boat Flotilla. On 4 November, he was sent toBlohm & Voss, the shipbuilding works inHamburg, for construction training ofU-552, aType VIIC U-boat.[16]
On 4 December 1940, Topp took command ofU-552 and commissioned the U-boat into the7th U-boat Flotilla. Following sea trials and training, Topp, withLeutnant zur SeeSiegfried Koitschka as his second watch officer, tookU-552 on its first war patrol on 13 February 1941. The patrol, which was destined for the North Atlantic west of Ireland, began in Kiel. That day, they headed for Brunsbüttel, where they stayed one day. The following day,U-552 made a stopover atCuxhaven before leaving forHeligoland on 15 February. After three days at Heligoland, Topp took the boat into the North Atlantic.U-552's first patrol ended inSaint-Nazaire, France on 16 March 1941.[16] On this patrol, Topp sank two ships of 12,749 GRT.[19]
The second patrol onU-552 began on 7 April 1941 from Saint-Nazaire and targeted the shipping routes in the North Atlantic, south ofIceland. On this patrol, the BdU credited Topp with the sinking of three ships and one escort totaling 24,319 GRT. The patrol ended on 6 May, again in Saint-Nazaire.[20] In reality, Topp sank three ships totaling 15,970 GRT, and damaged one ship of 8,190 GRT which was then sunk byU-201 (Adalbert Schnee).[21] The third ship sunk during Topp's second patrol in command of U-552, was the troopshipS.S.Nerissa (5,583 GRT, 207 casualties and 84 survivors) on 30 April 1941 about 140 nautical miles west of the North Channel. This sinking resulted in the third-largest loss of life for a ship sunk by U-boats in the approaches to the British Isles during the Second World War.[22]
On 25 May, Topp tookU-552 on its third war patrol. The next day,U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire before heading for North Channel on 3 June. The BdU assumed that Topp sank three ships of 25,548 GRT and he was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 20 June 1941. This patrol ended on 2 July in Saint-Nazaire.[23] Later analysis revealed that the true tonnage sunk accumulated to 24,401 GRT.[24] One of the ships was the 10,948 GRTNorfolk. The vessel carried mail and steel plates among 4,000 tons of general cargo. Captain Frederick Lougheed and 69 men were saved; one man was lost.[25]
KorvettenkapitänHarro Schacht was Topp's commander in training onU-552's fourth war patrol. The patrol, which began on 18 August and ended on 26 August in Saint-Nazaire, resulted in the sinking of one ship of 2,129 GRT.[20] This ship had previously been damaged byU-564 (Reinhard Suhren).[26] Following this patrol, Topp was promoted toKapitänleutnant (lieutenant commander) on 1 September 1941. The fifth war patrol tookU-552 into the North Atlantic, patrolling southeast ofGreenland. Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 4 September and sank three ships of 18,687 GRT.U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire on 5 October.[23][27]
The next patrol began on 25 October and ended on 26 November 1941 in Saint-Nazaire. This was also Koitschka's last war patrol as first watch officer onU-552.[20][28] OnU-552's sixth war patrol into the North Atlantic, east ofGrand Banks of Newfoundland, Topp sank thedestroyerUSS Reuben James on 31 October 1941, the firstUnited States Navy warship to be lost in World War II while it escortedConvoy HX 156.[29] The torpedo struck a forward magazine, blowing the ship apart. All of her officers and over 100 of the crew went down with the ship.[30] The destruction of theReuben James facilitated a worsening of already rapidly deteriorating diplomatic relations betweenNazi Germany and the still nominally neutral United States of America. PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt used the incident to shift public opinion toward a confrontational stance with the EuropeanAxis powers.[31] Support for theNeutrality Acts of the 1930s gradually eroded. On 13 November 1941, amendments to the act allowed for the arming of US merchant ships, their operation in the war zone, and active assistance to theBritish Empire to increase the tonnage available to it.[31] Hitler and theNazi leadership wished to keep the US neutral and the order to minimise contact at sea remained in force, at least untilOperation Barbarossa had destroyed theSoviet Union.[31] Roosevelt did not publicly mention the destroyer was escorting a British convoy, was not flying theEnsign of the United States, and was in the process of droppingdepth charges on another U-boat when it was engaged and sunk.[1]
On 11 December 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States. Dönitz ordered immediate offensive operations off theEast Coast of the United States. CodenamedOperation Drumbeat (Unternehmen Paukenschlag), the U-boat fleet inflicted the largest naval defeat on the US Navy in history.[32] Though few in number at the beginning—just five—the U-boats pressed home attacks close to the shore, fromNewfoundland to theGulf of Mexico.[33] The American failure to initialise ablackout, ship captains' insistence on following peace-time procedures, and lack of effectivenaval defences contributed to high losses.[34][35] In all, 397 ships were sunk during Drumbeat.[36] The Germans termed this period, the "Second Happy Time".[37] Topp crossed the Atlantic and joinedWolfpack Zieten.[38]
Oberleutnant zur SeeAlbrecht Brandi joined Topp's crew as a commander in training onU-552's seventh war patrol. The patrol to the West Atlantic,Grand Banks of Newfoundland, andNova Scotia started on 25 December in Saint-Nazaire. Topp sank three ships totaling 10,560 GRT before returning to Saint-Nazaire on 27 January 1942.[20] Topp experienced mechanical problems with his torpedoes. On 15 January, he expended four on the small merchant shipDayrose from a range of 800 metres before a fifth sank it. Topp signalled BdU about the incident.[39][40] Topp experienced the same problems in the sinking ofFrances Salman, five miles south ofCape Race. Repeated failures were psychologically unnerving. Unable to load the spare torpedoes from deck stowage due to icing and inclement weather, BdU called him home.[41]
The eighth war patrol tookU-552 to West Atlantic and to the East Coast of the United States. Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 7 March, returning on 27 April. On this patrol, he sank seven ships with a total tonnage of 45,731 GRT.[42][43] While at sea, Topp received the message on 11 April that he had been awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). He was the 87th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honoured. On 11 April,Karl Dönitz also awarded him the U-boat War Badge with Diamonds (U-Boot-Kriegsabzeichen mit Brillanten).[44]
Topp's sinking of theSS David H. Atwater has cast a shadow on his conduct in action. When he spotted the coastal steamer offChincoteague, Virginia, on 3 April 1942, he surfacedU-552, overtook it from astern, and, without offering the captain the chance to surrender, attacked it with his deck gun from 600 yards, firing a total of 93 rounds. Captain Bill Webster was killed in the shelling.Atwater's civilianMerchant Marine crew of 27 suffered 24 lost lives during the attack.[45] According to one account, whenUSCGC Legare appeared, it found the ship sunk with only several feet of its mast still visible. Bodies were seen, including one in a lifeboat riddled with machine gun holes.[45][46]
Topp's ninth war patrol onU-552 went to the North Atlantic, west of Spain. Leaving Saint-Nazaire on 9 June, Topp sank five ships totaling 15,825 GRT before returning to port 10 days later.[47] Topp formed part of a strong wolf pack againstConvoy HG 84. Topp engaged the convoy 400 nautical miles (460 miles; 740 kilometres) west-northwest ofA Coruña. Topp achieved all his successes on this patrol against HG 84.[48] On his 10th and last war patrol onU-552, Topp sank two ships of 14,555 GRT and damaged two further of 18,720 GRT. Topp had left Saint-Nazaire on 4 July and returned from the North Atlantic on 13 August.[47] Upon his return, he was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) on 17 August. He was the 17th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored. That day, he also received a preferential promotion toKorvettenkapitän (corvette captain) and Dönitz presented him an honorary dagger of theKriegsmarine with diamonds.[44]
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Command ofU-552 was passed on toKapitänleutnant Klaus Popp. Topp officially remained with the 7th U-boat Flotilla until 4 November, when he was appointed chief of the27th U-boat Flotilla, a training flotilla based inGotenhafen (nowGdynia,Poland). In August 1944, Topp was appointed head of the department charged with introducing theType XXI submarines into service, the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged. In this position, he was promoted toFregattenkapitän (frigate captain) on 1 December 1944.[4]
On 23 March 1945, he was appointed commander ofU-3010 in the4th U-boat Flotilla, and commander ofU-2513 in the11th U-boat Flotilla on 26 April. On 20 May 1945, Topp was takenprisoner of war inKragerø, Norway. He was released on 17 August 1945.[18] Topp's boat,U-2513, was tested by the US Navy. American reports concluded at 12 knots submerged speed, she is quieter than our best fleet submarines at six....up to 10 knots she is extremely quiet."[49] The same report concluded at least seven ships were required to carry out a search for the XXI submarine.[49]
On 4 June 1946, he started at theTechnical University of Hannover, studying architecture, and graduated in 1950 with a degree in engineering. He also served as technical advisor for the 1957 filmSharks and Little Fish.[citation needed]
On 3 March 1958, Topp joinedWest Germany's navy, at the time named theBundesmarine (Federal Navy), holding the rank ofFregattenkapitän. His first assignment was with theFührungsstab der Marine (navy staff). On 16 August 1958, he served with theNATO Military Committee in Washington, DC, initially as a naval speaker, later as thechief-of-staff of the German delegation in Washington. During this assignment, he was promoted toKapitän zur See (captain at sea/captain) on 1 November 1959. On 1 January 1962, Topp was transferred to the position of commander of theBundesmarine'sAmphibische Streitkräfte ("amphibious forces"), a position he held until 30 September 1963. In parallel, on 1 November 1962, he was made acting commander ofU-boats, serving in this capacity until 1 December 1962.[16]
Topp was then appointed chief-of-staff of theFlottenkommando (Fleet Command) on 1 October 1963. On 1 July 1965, he headed the sub command department withFührungsstab der Marine in theFederal Ministry of Defence. There, Topp was promoted toFlottillenadmiral (flotilla admiral) on 15 November 1965. On 1 October 1966, Topp was named deputyInspector of the Navy and at the same time became the chief of theFührungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence. In this role, Topp was promoted toKonteradmiral (counter admiral) on 21 December 1966. Topp held this position until 30 September 1969. He then continued to serve with Inspector of the Navy until his retirement on 31 December 1969. For his service with theBundesmarine, Topp was awarded the Commander's Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) on 19 September 1969.[16]
In 1968, Topp had been considered as head of the Plans and Policy department with theAllied Forces Northern Europe inKolsås, Norway which at the time was headed by the GermanKonteradmiral Heinrich Erdmann. TheSupreme Allied Commander Europe, US GeneralLyman Lemnitzer, had originally approved this nomination. In order to not unnecessarily stress the German-Norwegian relationship, Topp had sunk four Norwegian vessels in World War II, Lemnitzer later decided against Topp and appointedKonteradmiralFriedrich Guggenberger, instead.[50]
After retiring from the Bundesmarine, for a few years Topp was a technical advisor to the German shipyardHDW AG. His service as a NATO advisor was loosely portrayed (as "Commodore Wolfgang Schrepke") in the 1965 movieThe Bedford Incident. His memoirsThe Odyssey of a U-Boat Commander: The Recollections of Erich Topp was published in 1992. When Topp was asked in 1996 by publisher/historianTheodore P. Savas to contribute a Foreword for a collection of essays on German U-boat commanders, he instead submitted a contribution about his close friendEngelbert Endrass, who was lost with his crew and boatU-567 off Gibraltar in late December 1941. Topp had privately penned the piece about their friendship on his next patrol to the East Coast of America, but had never submitted it for publication. The essay was translated from German and footnoted by Dr. Eric Rust, and appeared as the opening chapter inSilent Hunters: German U-boat Commanders of World War II (1997, 2003, 2005). Savas also recruited Topp to serve as the technical adviser for the 2001 submarine simulation computer gameSilent Hunter II, and a series of interviews with him appears in the game.[51] He was interviewed on World War II submarine operations for theNova (TV series) specialHitler's Lost Sub, which detailed the efforts of a team of divers, led byJohn Chatterton andRichie Kohler, to identify an unknown German U-boat wreck 65 miles off the coast of New Jersey; the wreck was identified asU-869.[52]
A large oil painting of his deceased close comrade Endrass hung in his home after the war until the time of his death. In his front room overlooking the Rhine River was the top of the periscope fromU-552, which immediately after the war, some of his crewman had managed to remove from the captured boat and pass to him as a keepsake. Topp died on 26 December 2005, inSüßen, at the age of 91; he was survived by two sons, Peter Kay (1945-2015) and Michael (b. 1950), and five grandchildren.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Kapitän zur SeeOtto Kretschmer | commander of the amphibious forces 1 January 1962 – 30 September 1963 | Succeeded by Kapitän zur SeeAdolf Piening |
| Preceded by KonteradmiralKarl Hetz | Deputy Inspector of the Navy 1 October 1966 – 30 September 1969 | Succeeded by KonteradmiralHeinz Kühnle |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
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