TheErebinae are asubfamily ofmoths in the familyErebidae erected byWilliam Elford Leach in 1815. Erebine moths are found on all continents except Antarctica, but reach their greatest diversity in the tropics.[1] While the exact number of species belonging to the Erebinae is not known, the subfamily is estimated to include around 10,000 species.[2] Some well-known Erebinae include underwing moths (Catocala) and witch moths (Thermesiini). Many of the species in the subfamily have medium to large wingspans (7 to 10 cm, 3 to 4 inches), up to nearly 30 cm in the white witch moth (Thysania agrippina), which has the widest wingspan of allLepidoptera.[3] Erebine caterpillars feed on a broad range of plants; many species feed ongrasses andlegumes, and a few are pests ofcastor bean,[4]sugarcane,rice,[5] as well aspistachios[6] andblackberries.[7]
Erebine moths possess a number of adaptations for predator defense. Most Erebinae, such asZale have mottled, drably colored hindwings to better blend in with grass and tree trunks. In some Erebinae, such asCatocala, cryptically colored forewings conceal brightly colored hindwings which are suddenly revealed when the moth is disturbed from rest.[8] The sudden exposure of these bright colors is thought to startle vertebrate predators, giving the moths extra time to escape.[9] Like otherNoctuoidea, erebine moths can detect the calls ofecholocating bats or other approaching predators using hearing organs (tympana), which are among the most sensitive in the superfamily.[10][11]
Prior to recent phylogenetic studies on the superfamilyNoctuoidea, most Erebinae were classified within thenoctuid subfamilyCatocalinae, on the basis of a classification proposed byGeorge Hampson at the start of the 20th century.[12][13] Based on mounting evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies, Michael Fibiger and J. Donald Lafontaine[14] transferred Erebinae and relatives from the Noctuidae to the Erebidae, and reinstated Erebinae as a subfamily. Later, Catocalinae was synonymized with Erebinae in the classifications proposed by Lafontaine and Christian Schmidt[15] and Zahiri et al.[16][1] A historical summary of the systematics of this group is provided by Jeremy Daniel Holloway,[17] and a more detailed review of Erebinae taxonomy can be found in Nicholas T. Homziak et al.[18] The most recent study by Zahriri et al.[1] forms the basis for the current definition of the Erebinae. On the basis of consistent molecular support, Zahiri et al.[1] identified several potential morphological synapomorphies for the subfamily:proboscis with smoothapex andsensilla styloconicadorsally, modified seventhabdominalsternite in the female, divided in to two lobes surrounding the ostium bursae (femalecopulatory opening). In thelarvae, dorsolateraltubercles on segment A8, andpupae often with waxy bloom. Within the Erebinae, Zahiri et al.[1] recognized the following 19 tribes:
^Kononenko, V.S. & Pinratana, A. (2013).Moths of Thailand Vol. 3, Part 2. Noctuoidea. An illustrated Catalogue of Erebidae, Nolidae, Euteliidae, and Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Thailand. Bangkok: Brothers of St. Gabriel in Thailand.
^Naik, M. I.; Ajith Kumar, M. A.; Manjunatha, M.; Shivanna, B. K. (2010). "Survey for the pests of castor and natural enemies of castor semilooper".Environment and Ecology (Kalyani).28:558–563.
^Berlinger, M. J.; Yathom, S.; Halperin, J. (2001). "Ophiusa tirhaca Cramer (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) infesting pistachio trees in Israel".Zoology in the Middle East.22:83–86.doi:10.1080/09397140.2001.10637851.S2CID84318908.
^Sargent, T. D. (1976).Legion of Night: The Underwing Moths. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. xii + 222pp.
^Schlenoff, Debra H. (1985-11-01). "The startle responses of blue jays to Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) prey models".Animal Behaviour.33 (4):1057–1067.doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80164-0.S2CID53182274.
^Fullard, James H.; Napoleone, Nadia (2001-08-01). "Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera".Animal Behaviour.62 (2):349–368.doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1753.S2CID53182157.
^Fullard, James H. (1984-11-01). "Acoustic relationships between tympanate moths and the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus)".Journal of Comparative Physiology A.155 (6):795–801.doi:10.1007/BF00611596.ISSN0340-7594.S2CID206783324.
^Hampson, G. F. (1913).Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the British Museum. Vol. 12. London: Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 626 pp.
^Hampson, G. F. (1913).Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the British Museum. Vol. 13. London: Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 609 pp.
^Fibiger, Michael; Lafontaine, J. Donald (June 29, 2005). "A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna".Esperiana.11:27–28.
^Zahiri, Reza; Kitching, Ian J.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Mutanen, Marko; Kaila, Lauri; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Wahlberg, Niklas (2011-03-01). "A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)".Zoologica Scripta.40 (2):158–173.doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x.ISSN1463-6409.
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